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For the pejorative term, see Karen (slang).
Karen Americans
ပှၤကညီဖိလၢကီၢ်အမဲရံကး
Karen flag
Total population
215,000[1] (2024, est.)
Regions with significant populations
Minnesota (Minneapolis–Saint Paul)
Indiana (Indianapolis, Fort Wayne)
New York (Albany, Buffalo, Rochester, Syracuse, Utica),
California (San Francisco Bay Area),
Nebraska, (Omaha, Lincoln),
Texas (Austin, Houston, Dallas, Amarillo)
North Carolina (Chapel Hill, New Bern),
Utah (Salt Lake City)
Languages
Karen languages (S'gaw Karen, Karenni, Pa'O), English
Religion
Predominantly Christianity (especially Baptist and Seventh-day Adventist;[2] other denominations include Reformed Christian, Catholicism, Anglicanism, and Mormonism); minorities of Buddhism and Animism

Karen Americans (S'gaw Karen: ပှၤကညီဖိလၢကီၢ်အမဲရံကး) are Americans of full or partial Karen ancestry. They are a recent but rapidly growing immigrant population in the United States. Many Karen who emigrate are refugees as a result of violence in their homeland. Many come either from their traditional homeland of Kawthoolei in Myanmar or from refugee camps in Thailand.[2] Minnesota was reported to have had more than 12,000 Karen residents in 2017, making it the state with the largest Karen community.[3] Other states with significant populations are California, Texas, New York, and Indiana.[4]

Karen first started arriving in the United States en masse during the mid-2000s and now form a significant minority in several cities. The growth of Karen Americans is part of the larger growth of Burmese Americans in the United States.[5]

The Karenni, a related subgroup of the Karen, are sometimes included in official statistics of Karen Americans and other times are treated as a separate ethnicity.[6]

History

[edit]

The first Karen refugees started arriving in the United States in the late 1990s, but only during the mid-2000s did Karen people start emigrating en masse.[7] Resettlement of Burmese refugees peaked in October 2006 to August 2007, when 12,800 Karen refugees were resettled in the United States.[8]

In November 2017, over 9,000 Karen people gathered in Washington, D.C., to both thank the United States government for granting them settlement[9] and at the same time protest the Burmese government's treatment of the Karen and other minorities, especially the ongoing persecution of Rohingya people and the Trump-era policies on immigration.[10] Karen people have protested in the past in Washington, D.C., over the treatment of Karen by the Myanmar government.[11]

Distribution

[edit]
Karenni teenagers at Panama City Beach, Florida

As of June 2022 there were 75,218 Karen refugees that had been resettled in the United States, with an additional 13,509 of the Karenni ethnicity.[12] These numbers may be inaccurate as the statistics cover only Karen who came after 2000 and counted as refugees.

Minnesota

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Believed to be the state with the largest Karen population,[13] most Karen who live in Minnesota reside in the Twin Cities area although the exact population is unclear. As of 2012 there were believed to be 6,500 Karen refugees in the Twin Cities metropolitan area with Saint Paul having the largest and fastest-growing Karen population of any city in the United States.[14] The overall population of Karen in Minnesota could be more than 4,000[15] to 8,000.[16] The majority of Saint Paul's Baptist congregations' members are now Karens.[15] The Karen Organization of Minnesota (KOM), was founded to improve the community's social progress, health, and employment opportunities[16] and is today [when?] the largest Karen social organization in the country.

In 2017 the KOM claimed that there were over 17,000 Karen people in Minnesota (including those who had been resettled as refugees elsewhere and later moved to Minnesota) as well as 2,000 Karenni people.[10]

Ler Htoo was sworn in after graduating from the St. Paul Police Academy in Minnesota in 2014. Htoo is believed to be the first ever police officer of Karen ethnicity in the United States.[17]

The Saint Paul Public Library has commissioned and published two children's books in Karen because of the lack of these resources in the U.S. and the need within the city. The city of Saint Paul has the largest and fastest-growing population of Karen people in the U.S.[18]

New York

[edit]

Many of the major metropolitan areas of upstate New York have significant Karen populations.[19] Estimates in 2010 put their numbers at 2,500 in Buffalo, 500 in Rochester, 4,000 in Utica and Rome and 1,000 in Albany.[20] However, more recent accounts put the number much higher. In 2015 around 5,000 ware believed to reside in Albany,[21] while as of 2016 5,500 Karen and 1,200 Karenni were believed to live in Buffalo.[22] From 2006 to 2017 a total of around 2,400 Karen refugees settled in Syracuse.[23] A 2024 report said that more than 8,000 Karen lived in Utica.[24]

New York recognizes August as Karen American Heritage Month.[25]

Nebraska

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Karen refugees first started arriving in the Omaha area around 2005,[26] and as of 2013 an estimated 5,000 had settled in the area.[27] Nebraska was believed to be the state with the third-highest Karen population after Minnesota and New York.[27]

Indiana

[edit]

The city of Indianapolis has a significant population of Burmese immigrants which include the roughly 1,000 Karen and 300 Karenni refugees who have been resettled there.[1] Karen are a part of over 10,000 Burmese refugees that have been resettled in Indiana, including Chin and Rohingya.[28]

Other states

[edit]

Other areas with sizable Karen populations include southern portions of Salt Lake City,[29] the San Francisco Bay Area,[30][31] and several cities in Texas.[32] An approximate 3,500 Karen are believed to be living in Atlanta, Georgia, and Chapel Hill, North Carolina.[20] The town of New Bern, North Carolina is believed to have around 1,900[33] Karen and Karenni refugees who came because of the abundance of work and low cost of living in the 1990s.[34] Karen are one of the groups of Burmese refugees that have now been settled in Phoenix, Arizona, along with Chin and Burmese Muslim refugees.[35] Burmese refugees are the largest group being resettled in Iowa since 2008, with the majority being Karen.[36] Many Karen refugees have been settled in Des Moines, Iowa in particular by Adventist charity organizations, as well as in Nashville, Tennessee, and Saint Louis and Kansas City in Missouri.[37] A community of around 700 Karen refugees have settled in Clarksville, Arkansas, since 2005.[38]

Religion

[edit]

Christianity

[edit]

Although only around 15–20% of Karen people in Myanmar are Christians,[39] the vast majority of Karen refugees tend to practice Christianity, specifically the Baptist and Seventh-day-Adventist denominations.[40] Many Baptist churches and other religious denominations have separate services for their local Karen population.[41][19] Besides Baptist and Seventh-day-Adventist communities, there exists a Catholic Karenni community numbering around 4,500[42] in places such as Minnesota,[43] and Arizona.[44] Since the 2010s the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Saint Paul and Minneapolis has included prayers and hymns in the Karen language in their religious services.[45] Most Karen tend to be Baptist while the Karenni tend to be of Catholic and other Christian denominations.[22] In southern Salt Lake City, the Columbus LDS meetinghouse is now geared towards Karen and Karenni refugees who now make up the majority of the congregation.[46] Anglicanism[21] and Reformed Christian[13][47] are also are present in significant numbers. In 2013 the Karen community of Omaha planned to build the Karen Christian Revival Church costing an estimate 2 million for their worship needs.[27] Karen Christians usually congregate in rented space or borrow other churches' properties. In 2017 the Karen community of Syracuse bought a Polish-American bar and converted it into the Syracuse Karen Baptist church.[23]

Christianity tends to play an important part in many Karen Americans' lives, and church attendance is generally high. Churches tend to be the focal point of the Karen community where many activities and organizations are based, so much so that many Buddhist and other non-Christian Karen sometimes attend church for the sake of participating in community events with their Christian counterparts.[14]

Buddhism

[edit]

While Buddhists make up a majority of the overall Karen population, they are a minority within the Karen American population. The first Karen Buddhist temple with four monks was opened in 2013 in Minnesota.[48] Karen Buddhist associations exist in Minnesota, Colorado,[49] Iowa,[50] and Utica, New York.[51]

Because most aid directed to Karen refugees is primarily through Christian organizations, Karen Buddhists have complained of pressure to convert to Christianity by Karen Christians, to the extent that some Karen Buddhists would rather live separate from their Christian counterparts. Nonetheless, relationships between Karen Buddhists and Christians are generally good.[52] Most Christian and Buddhist Karen still traditionally celebrate Karen New Year together.[53]

Other religions

[edit]

Many Karen, especially Buddhist Karen, incorporate Animist traditions and beliefs in their spirituality.[52] The wrist-tying ceremony which is practiced by both Christian and Buddhist Karen has its origins in Karen Animism.[52]

In the Karen traditional heartland there exists a small community of Karen Muslims who are the descendants of Indian and Bengali Muslims who intermarried with Karen people. These people are called "Knyaw Too" or "Black Karen" and have been subject to persecution by Buddhists in Myanmar.[2][52] Some Knyaw Too have also emigrated to the United States but they often identify as Burmese Muslims and are not counted in the Karen statistics.[52]

In the late 2000s a Hmong American named Vaj Los Tuam (who later changed his name to "Txiv Nraug Cuam Dub" or Hmong for "Black Father") founded the "Huv" or "pure" religion based on traditional Karen beliefs, whom he perceived to be the most original of all Southeast Asian animist traditions. Followers of "Huv" must follow a vegetarian diet and dress in what they perceive to be traditional Karen cloths. While the "Huv" religious movement has around a thousand Hmong American followers there is no indication that it has any large following among Karen Americans.[54][55]

Health and social issues

[edit]
Poster released in the Karen language by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention to help slow the spread against COVID-19

Owing to the ongoing conflict and warfare in their homeland as well as the harsh conditions of the refugee camps in Thailand where many come from, a sizable percentage of Karen adults in the United States may have PTSD.[15] Perhaps one of the biggest issues facing the Karen American community is the lack of fluency and literacy in English.[15] A 2013 study found that Karen students were far more likely to miss classes or quit school or sports teams because of lack of fluency. In many cases bullying and feelings of isolation were effects of an inability by Karen youth to speak English.[14] Being unable to speak English was also correlated with unemployment and a lower standard of living.[31]

The issues of English fluency and lack of understanding the justice system were brought to light in 2015 when a mentally disturbed Karen man Eh Lar Doh Htoo attacked a Karenni-speaking family in their home in New Bern, North Carolina, with a machete. Three children (aged 1, 5, and 12) were hacked to death and the mother had to escape by jumping out of the second floor window. Police response to the attack was severely delayed because neither the victims or her neighbors were fluent in English.[34] The case also drew attention because neighbors of Htoo had been aware of his violent nature for some time but had not contacted the police because of language and cultural barriers.[33][56][57]

Around 80% of Karen adults either smoke tobacco and/or chew betel nut, both of which are considered serious health hazards.[16] Because many priests, elders, and other respected community members smoke or chew betel nut it is difficult to convince Karen youth not to take up the habit. Karen children are more likely to be exposed to second hand smoke than non-Karen children. In Minnesota Karen organizations have started partnering with health anti-smoking groups in hope of improving the problem.[16]

Gang membership and violence is a recent but serious problem facing the Karen communities. Unlike many other refugees Karen usually come exclusively from rural areas and often have trouble adapting to urban life.[58] A survey in 2015 found that Karen youth were more likely to becoming involved in gang activities than any other refugee group.[58]

In response to the difficulties Karen and other refugee communities face, some cities have opened up special schools exclusively for refugees.[59]

In June 2024, a fatal police police shooting of 13 year old Karen refugee named Nyah Mway In Utica, New York generated significant controversy, and was the first time that a Karen person in the United States was killed by a police officer.[60][61]

Sports

[edit]

Soccer is popular among the Karen people, with some youths being recruited to play in college.[62] Many Karen, however, feel alienated when playing for a school's sports team and so generally tend to play the sport among themselves,[14] organizing teams and tournaments.[63][64] These youths, however, are not able to pay for transportation and related costs of playing on a club team.[53] To combat these issues, some schools and non-profit organizations started soccer programs primarily geared towards Karen and other refugee communities.[65][66]

Besides soccer, both volleyball and sepak takraw are also popular sports. In 2017, Bishop Maginn High School in Albany, New York, formed a mostly Karen baseball team.[67][68]

Notable people

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References

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  1. ^ a b "Burmese Refugee Population in the US". baci-indy.org. January 1, 2024. Archived from the original on March 29, 2017. Retrieved June 28, 2017.
  2. ^ a b c Eh Taw Dwe; Tonya Cook (October 3, 2017). "Karen Refugees from Burma in the US: an Overview for Torture Treatment Programs". healtorture.org. Archived from the original on January 8, 2018. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
  3. ^ Refugees from Burma, Minnesota Literacy Council, December 12, 2017.
  4. ^ "Karen - International Institute of Minnesota".
  5. ^ Lalit K Jha (June 1, 2007). "A Little Burma in Fort Wayne". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on December 16, 2008. Retrieved November 27, 2008.
  6. ^ "Karenni and Kayah: The Nature of Burma's Ethnic Problem over Two Names and the Path to Resolution". Peacebuilding Asia. February 5, 2014. Retrieved March 31, 2020.
  7. ^ "Utica Karen Baptist Church". pluralism.org. 2016. Archived from the original on September 24, 2016. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
  8. ^ Cheah, Joseph (2008). Huping Ling (ed.). Emerging voices: experiences of underrepresented Asian Americans. Rutgers University Press. pp. 199–217. ISBN 978-0-8135-4342-0.
  9. ^ Ryan, Luke (November 11, 2017). "Thousands of Karen people gather in DC, simply 'thankful to be here'". Htoo Aye. SOFREP. Archived from the original on December 27, 2017. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
  10. ^ a b Koumpilova, Mila (November 7, 2017). "Minnesota's Karen refugees join march on Washington to keep pressure on Myanmar". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on January 7, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
  11. ^ Saw Thein Myint (November 15, 2016). "Hundreds of Karen Protest Outside U.S. White House Calling for Continued Sanctions On Burma". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on January 25, 2018. Retrieved January 23, 2018.
  12. ^ "Burmese Population in the USA". Burmese American Community Institute. August 4, 2023.
  13. ^ a b Van Farowe, Roxanne (June 21, 2017). "The women improved our workforce tremendously". crcna.org. Christian Reformed Church. Archived from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved August 4, 2017.
  14. ^ a b c d Crenshaw, Margaret A. (Spring 2013). "Karen Students' Social and Academic Experiences in Minnesota K-12 Schools". digitalcommons.hamline.edu. Hamline University. Archived from the original on October 11, 2014. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
  15. ^ a b c d "Karen People in Minnesota – Common medical issues and cultural concerns of Karen patients" (PDF). Culture Care Connection. 2012. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
  16. ^ a b c d "Karen Community Tobacco Prevention" (PDF). hcbsimprovement.info. Wellshare International. Archived (PDF) from the original on November 10, 2016. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
  17. ^ Walsh, James. "St. Paul swears in nation's first Karen police officer". Star Tribune. Archived from the original on March 29, 2017. Retrieved June 28, 2017.
  18. ^ "Children's Books in Karen, Amharic, and Oromo". sppl.org. Retrieved January 11, 2024.
  19. ^ a b Chanatry, David (February 10, 2012). "Burmese refugees hope for change". NCPR News. North Country Public Radio. Archived from the original on May 11, 2013. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
  20. ^ a b "Building A New Life: Burmese Refugees And Their Resettlement" (PDF). Asian Languages BETAC (ALBETAC). City School District of Albany. March 27, 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 17, 2013. Retrieved July 31, 2017.
  21. ^ a b McKibben, Matthew (January 12, 2015). "Albany's Karen community celebrates New Year". The Daily Gazette. Archived from the original on November 24, 2015. Retrieved November 23, 2015.
  22. ^ a b Zremski, Jerry (October 21, 2016). "Tribes from a divided land settle in Buffalo". The Buffalo News. Archived from the original on July 6, 2017. Retrieved August 3, 2017.
  23. ^ a b Eisenstadt, Marnie (October 3, 2017). "From a bar to a Baptist church: Syracuse's 'Klub Polski' is sold and remade". The Post-Standard. Archived from the original on January 8, 2018. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
  24. ^ Mills, Sean I. (August 15, 2024). "Who are the Karen? New Year celebrated at MVCC in Utica". Rome Sentinel. Retrieved August 16, 2024.
  25. ^ "Karen American Community Recognized Statewide This Month".
  26. ^ Shoro, Michael (November 11, 2014). "'Father' of Nebraska's Karen refugees mourned". Omaha World-Herald. Archived from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  27. ^ a b c Burbach, Christopher (December 20, 2013). "Ethnic Karen refugees from Myanmar plan $2M church in north Omaha". Omaha World-Herald. Archived from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved August 4, 2017.
  28. ^ "A new wave of Burmese find refuge in Indiana". IndyStar. March 18, 2017. Archived from the original on July 4, 2019. Retrieved August 26, 2019.
  29. ^ Falk, Aaron (December 28, 2008). "Myanmar refugees celebrate Karen new year". Deseret News. Archived from the original on September 27, 2018. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
  30. ^ Kalantari, Shuka (December 25, 2013). "These Liberian and Myanmar refugees cook up old, and new, Christmas traditions". PRI: The World. Archived from the original on January 15, 2016. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
  31. ^ a b Saw Yan Naing (2015). "Children of refugees from Burma thrive in San Diego". Alfred Friendly Press Partners. Archived from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
  32. ^ Smith, Diane (September 30, 2015). "Refugees find a haven in North Texas". Fort Worth Star-Telegram. Archived from the original on August 6, 2017. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
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  34. ^ a b Drew, Jonathan (March 19, 2015). "Grisly slayings shock refugee community in North Carolina". The Oklahoman. Associated Press. Archived from the original on December 23, 2015. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
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  37. ^ Stephen Moe Tha Po (September 4, 2018). "Myanmar Refugee Finds His Pastoral Calling in the U.S." Adventist Review. Archived from the original on August 27, 2019. Retrieved August 27, 2019.
  38. ^ Jones, Mike (January 13, 2019). "Karen New Year's celebration held at Jones Center". Arkansas Democrat-Gazette. Archived from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved March 30, 2020.
  39. ^ Gravers, Mikael (2007). "Conversion and Identity: Religion and the Formation of Karen Ethnic Identity in Burma". In Gravers, Mikael (ed.). Exploring Ethnic Diversity in Burma. Copenhagen: Nordic Institute of Asian Studies. p. 228. ISBN 978-87-91114-96-0. An estimated 15-20 per cent of Pwo and Sgaw Karen are Christian ... historical confrontation of Buddhism and Christianity which was a crucial part of the colonial conquest of Burma. This confrontation, which began with Christian conversion in 1830, created an internal opposition among the Karen.
  40. ^ "Karen Seventh–Day Adventist Church – North America". Karen SDA Church. Archived from the original on July 20, 2017. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
  41. ^ Fitzgerald, Bryan (November 24, 2013). "East meets west at Baptist church: Congregations join to witness rare ceremony". Times Union (Albany). Archived from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
  42. ^ Oo Reh Sor (2014). "Karenni People Host Their Inaugural National Catholic Gathering" (PDF). ncbac.us. Retrieved July 29, 2017.
  43. ^ Soucheray, Melenie (April 6, 2017). "St. Bernard to welcome Karenni converts at Easter". The Catholic Spirit. Archived from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
  44. ^ Tran, Peter (September 28, 2017). "Young Karenni Catholics, once refugees, hit the road for a retreat". National Catholic Reporter. Archived from the original on October 1, 2017. Retrieved October 22, 2017.
  45. ^ Ruff, Joe (May 25, 2019). "Archbishop: Newly-ordained priests called to discern, serve". The Catholic Spirit. Archived from the original on May 29, 2019. Retrieved April 29, 2020.
  46. ^ "About LDS Columbus Meetinghouse". January 20, 2013. Archived from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
  47. ^ "A New Burmese Christian Reformed Church? By Pastor Joel". Pathway Church. May 25, 2017. Archived from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2017.
  48. ^ David Zander; Ahmad Ya (February 9, 2014). "New Karen Buddhist temple open in Minnesota". Asian American Press. Twin Cities Daily Planet. Archived from the original on October 16, 2016. Retrieved July 30, 2017.
  49. ^ Thay Oo (February 10, 2016). "Karen Buddhist Society of Colorado First Time Celebrating". YouTube. Archived from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
  50. ^ All Karen (July 23, 2017). "Karen Buddhist Association of Iowa". YouTube. Archived from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
  51. ^ "Nandamala Buddhist Temple". pluralism.org. Archived from the original on September 24, 2016. Retrieved January 19, 2018.
  52. ^ a b c d e Venerable Abbott Ashin Moonieinda (2010). "The Karen people: culture, faith and history" (PDF). Karen Buddhist Dhamma Dhutta Foundation. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved October 23, 2017.
  53. ^ a b Sendor, Julia (January 18, 2016). "Orange County's Karen refugees: "We know where we came from"". Chapel Hill News. The News & Observer. Archived from the original on November 16, 2017. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
  54. ^ "HMONGTALK: Ancient Karen religion is now being practiced by Hmong people". YouTube. 3 Hmong TV. July 15, 2015. Archived from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
  55. ^ "HMONGTALK: Kaybeej sits down with Txiv Nraug Cuam Dub about HUV Religion from Burma". YouTube. 3 Hmong TV. January 30, 2016. Archived from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved January 22, 2018.
  56. ^ Goldstein, Sasha (March 18, 2015). "Teen fatally stabs 3 young boys with machete-like blade in gruesome attack on North Carolina neighbors: cops". New York Daily News. Archived from the original on November 5, 2017. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
  57. ^ "Police: Myanmar refugee used machete to kill 3 neighbor boys". Associated Press, Tribune Wire Reports. Chicago Tribune. March 19, 2015. Archived from the original on March 17, 2017. Retrieved October 24, 2017.
  58. ^ a b Bellitto, Justyn (December 8, 2015). "Becoming New Americans". The Public. Archived from the original on February 11, 2016. Retrieved August 6, 2017.
  59. ^ Bump, Bethany (August 3, 2017). "Albany school for immigrants, refugees opening this fall". Times Union (Albany). Archived from the original on October 15, 2017. Retrieved November 14, 2017.
  60. ^ "New details emerge in police shooting of 13-year-old New York boy". ABC News. Retrieved July 3, 2024.
  61. ^ Meko, Hurubie (July 1, 2024). "Utica Residents Grill Mayor After Police Killing of 13-Year-Old Boy". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved July 3, 2024.
  62. ^ Grub, Tammy (August 14, 2016). "Soccer standout champions fellow Karen refugees through sport". Chapel Hill News. The News & Observer. Archived from the original on August 18, 2016. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
  63. ^ Carroll, Michael (July 3, 2017). "Kicking back for Karen Soccer tourney". Huron Plainsman. Archived from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
  64. ^ Carroll, Michael (June 30, 2017). "Paw Say 2017 Third Annual Fourth of July Karen Soccer Tournament". Huron Plainsman. Archived from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
  65. ^ "Soccer offers refugee teens a shot at life in U.S." Times Union (Albany). June 1, 2018. Archived from the original on August 26, 2019. Retrieved August 26, 2019.
  66. ^ "Albany Soccer Team With Stellar Season Once Escaped Genocide". Spectrun Local News. October 26, 2018. Archived from the original on August 26, 2019. Retrieved August 26, 2019.
  67. ^ Churchill, Chris (May 13, 2017). "Churchill: For team of refugees, baseball is a path to joy". Times Union (Albany). Archived from the original on July 17, 2017. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
  68. ^ Banas, Andrew (May 15, 2017). "Baseball brings together refugee players on Bishop Maginn's varsity team". NEWS10 ABC. Archived from the original on September 17, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2017.
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