Camarilla

A camarilla is a group of courtiers or favourites who surround a king or ruler. Usually, they do not hold any office or have any official authority at the royal court but influence their ruler behind the scenes. Consequently, they also escape having to bear responsibility for the effects of their advice. The term derives from the Spanish word camarilla (diminutive of cámara), meaning 'little chamber' or private cabinet of the king. It was first used of the circle of cronies around Spanish King Ferdinand VII (reigned 1814–1833). The term involves what is known as cronyism. The term also entered other languages like Polish, German and Greek, and is used in the sense given above.

A similar concept in modern politics is that of a Kitchen Cabinet, which is often composed of unelected advisers bypassing traditional governance practices.

Examples

Germany

In particular, two groups are called camarillas: those who surrounded the Emperor Wilhelm II^{[citation needed]} and the President Paul von Hindenburg.^[1]

The camarilla of President Paul von Hindenburg

Oskar von Hindenburg, the son of the President^[1]
Otto Meissner,^[1] secretary of state, chief of the presidential office
General Kurt von Schleicher,^[1] head of the military office in the Defence Ministry, later Chancellor
Franz von Papen, Chancellor

Romania

The camarilla of Queen Marie

Barbu Ştirbey, prince and lover of the queen ^[2]

The camarilla of King Carol II

Elena Lupescu, mistress and later wife of King Carol II ^[2]^[3]
Puiu Dumitrescu, private secretary of King Carol II (earlier period) ^[3]
Barbu Ionescu, businessman ^[3]
Hugo Bacher ^[3]
Nae Ionescu, philosopher and journalist (1930–1933)^[4]
Gavrilă Marinescu, Bucharest police prefect^[3]
Ernest Urdăreanu, secretary of King Carol II (later period)^[2]
Max Auschnitt, industrialist ^[2]
Nicolae Malaxa, industrialist ^[2]^[5]
Aristide Blank, industrialist
Mihai Moruzov, head of the Romanian Secret Intelligence Service ^[2]

Russia

In the 19th century, Russia's government was frequently described as a "camarilla", starting as early as 1860.^[6] This usage remained common into the 20th century; for instance, in 1917, commentator Robert Machray wrote of "certain forces in the background of the political life of Russia known as the 'Camarilla', which exercised and still exercise an extraordinary influence".^[7]

Spain

The right-wing domestic circle with which Francisco Franco surrounded himself with in his final years at the Royal Palace of El Pardo, his official residence, has been referred to as a "camarilla" by multiple authors.^[8]^[9]^[10]

The "El Pardo" camarilla of Francisco Franco

Cristóbal Martínez-Bordiú, son-in-law of Franco^[8]^[9]
Carmen Polo, wife of Franco^[8]^[9]
Vicente Gil García, personal physician to Franco^[9]
José Ramón Gavilán, head of Franco's personal military staff^[9]
Antonio Urcelay Rodríguez, naval aide to Franco^[9]
Felipe Polo Martínez-Valdés, brother-in-law and personal lawyer of Franco^[9]

Other

"Camarilla" is also the name of a "sect" (faction) in the role-playing game Vampire: The Masquerade.
The Camarilla is a multi-planetary, multi-species secret organization intent on keeping Earth isolated from the rest of the galaxy in Brian Daley's "Fitzhugh & Floyt" trilogy.
The Camarilla is a multi-planetary, multi-species secret organization with varied and often obscure motives in Lisanne Norman's Sholan Alliance.
The Camarilla is an ancient, secret organization of witch hunters in the American TV show Motherland: Fort Salem.

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Gunther, John (1940). Inside Europe. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 33–34.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f R. G. Waldeck, Athene Palace, New York: Robert M. McBride and Company, 1942.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Hans-Christian Maner, Parlamentarismus in Rumänien (1930-1940): Demokratie im autoritären Umfeld, Munich: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 1997, ISBN 3-486-56329-7, ISBN 978-3-486-56329-0.
^ (in Romanian) Zigu Ornea, "Dezvăluirile lui Constantin Beldie" Archived 2014-03-10 at the Wayback Machine, România literară, 46/2000
^ Petre Pandrea, Cronică valahă cu inginerul Malaxa ("Wallachian Chronicle with Engineer Malaxa"), in Magazin Istoric, May 2002.
^ "Prince Dolgoroukov on Russia and Self-Emancipation." Edinburgh Review, July, 1860. p. 90
^ Machray, Robert. "The Political Situation in Russia." The Nineteenth Century and After, volume 81, March 1917. pp. 601-602
^ ^a ^b ^c Preston, Paul (1994). Franco: A Biography. New York, New York: BasicBooks. p. 734. ISBN 0-465-02515-3.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Payne, Stanley G. (2014). Franco: A Personal and Political Biography. Madison, Wisconsin: Wisconsin University Press. p. 470. ISBN 978-0-299-30213-9.
^ Somalo, Javier (26 October 2019). "Franco y el paréntesis de la Democracia" [Franco and the Parenthesis of Democracy]. Libertad Digital (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 July 2020.

[gunther1940-1] Gunther, John (1940). Inside Europe. New York: Harper & Brothers. pp. 33–34.

[waldeck-2] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f R. G. Waldeck, Athene Palace, New York: Robert M. McBride and Company, 1942.

[maner-3] Hans-Christian Maner, Parlamentarismus in Rumänien (1930-1940): Demokratie im autoritären Umfeld, Munich: Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 1997, ISBN 3-486-56329-7, ISBN 978-3-486-56329-0.

[ornea-4] (in Romanian) Zigu Ornea, "Dezvăluirile lui Constantin Beldie" Archived 2014-03-10 at the Wayback Machine, România literară, 46/2000

[5] Petre Pandrea, Cronică valahă cu inginerul Malaxa ("Wallachian Chronicle with Engineer Malaxa"), in Magazin Istoric, May 2002.

[6] "Prince Dolgoroukov on Russia and Self-Emancipation." Edinburgh Review, July, 1860. p. 90

[7] Machray, Robert. "The Political Situation in Russia." The Nineteenth Century and After, volume 81, March 1917. pp. 601-602

[Preston1994-8] Preston, Paul (1994). Franco: A Biography. New York, New York: BasicBooks. p. 734. ISBN 0-465-02515-3.

[Payne2014-9] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Payne, Stanley G. (2014). Franco: A Personal and Political Biography. Madison, Wisconsin: Wisconsin University Press. p. 470. ISBN 978-0-299-30213-9.

[10] Somalo, Javier (26 October 2019). "Franco y el paréntesis de la Democracia" [Franco and the Parenthesis of Democracy]. Libertad Digital (in Spanish). Retrieved 24 July 2020.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]