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Together for Catalonia (2020)

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Not to be confused with Together for Catalonia (2017).
Together for Catalonia
Junts per Catalunya
AbbreviationJxCat, Junts
PresidentCarles Puigdemont
Secretary-GeneralJordi Turull
Vice PresidentsAnna Erra
Josep Rius
Francesc de Dalmases
Aurora Madaula
FounderCarles Puigdemont
Founded18 July 2020 (2020-07-18)[1]
Registered11 July 2018 (2018-07-11)[2]
Split fromCatalan European Democratic Party
HeadquartersPassatge de Bofill, 9
08013, Barcelona
Youth wingNationalist Youth of Catalonia
Membership (2024)Increase 6,583[3]
Ideology
Political positionCentre-right[9][10][11][A]
European Parliament groupNon-Inscrits
Colours  Turquoise
SloganJunts, per Catalunya
("Together, for Catalonia")
MembersSee list of members
European Parliament (Spanish seats)
1 / 61
Congress of Deputies (Catalan seats)
7 / 48
Spanish Senate (Catalan seats)
4 / 24
Parliament of Catalonia
35 / 135
Mayors
334 / 947
Town councilors
2,683 / 9,139
County councils
20 / 40
County councilors
321 / 1,028
Website
junts.cat
^ A: The party has also been described as a big tent/catch-all party.

Together for Catalonia (Catalan: Junts per Catalunya, JxCat), frequently shortened to Junts, is a Catalan nationalist and pro-independence political party that sits on the centre-right of the political spectrum. It is the second-largest party in the Parliament of Catalonia, holding 35 of the 135 seats. The current party president since 2024 is Carles Puigdemont.

Junts was established in July 2020 by former Catalan President Carles Puigdemont, as a result of his rupture with the Catalan nationalist Catalan European Democratic Party (PDeCAT).[12] The party adopted the name of the homonym alliance, founded in 2017 and held its founding congress between 25 July and 3 October 2020.[13] The party soon divided between the most moderate separatist faction formed by former members of the PDeCAT and those more radical who came from the civil society.[14]

The new Together for Catalonia was formed by the merger of the National Call for the Republic (CNxR),[15][16][17] the Action for the Republic (AxR),[18][19] The Greens–Green Alternative (EV–AV) and splinter elements from the PDeCAT[20][21] such as Independence Rally (RI.cat),[22] but it also aims at the eventual incorporation of members from the Democrats of Catalonia (DC) and the Popular Unity Candidacy (CUP) parties.[23][24] The party is to co-exist with the old Together for Catalonia alliance as a result of the Puigdemont–PDeCAT clash over the trademark's property rights, with those of the party having been taken over by the former but the latter still retaining the rights over the electoral coalition and the public funding.[25][26]

Ahead of the 2024 Catalan regional election, the party announced that it would run under the Together+Carles Puigdemont for Catalonia platform (abbreviated as Cat–Junts+ or Junts+, Catalan: Junts+Carles Puigdemont per Catalunya).[27]

History

[edit]

Background

[edit]

Convergence and Union (CiU), a Catalan nationalist alliance between the liberal Democratic Convergence of Catalonia (CDC) and the Christian democratic Democratic Union of Catalonia (UDC), had been the dominant political force in Catalonia since the Transition, having governed from 1980 to 2003 under Jordi Pujol. In 2010, CiU returned to the government under the leadership of Artur Mas, who embraced the pro-independence movement following the 2012 Diada. In the run-up to the 2015 regional election, CDC formed a joint list with other pro-independence parties, whereas UDC members narrowly voted to run independently, effectively dissolving CiU.[28] The pro-independence faction of the UDC split and established Democrats of Catalonia (DC), joining the CDC and Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC), among others, to form Junts pel Sí (JxSí).[29]

Ultimately, JxSí fell short of a majority in the election and the Popular Unity Candidacy (CUP) forced Mas to step down, leading to the election of Carles Puigdemont as President of Catalonia.[28] In 2016, CDC was re-founded into the Catalan European Democratic Party (PDeCAT) in an attempt to distance itself from the corruption scandals involving CDC and elected Mas president of the party.[30]

The government of Puigdemont held the 2017 Catalan independence referendum, which culminated in the unilateral Declaration of independence of Catalonia and the removal of Puigdemont and his government, with the central government calling for an early election on 21 December.[31] Following the rupture of JxSí, the PDeCAT chose Puigdemont—who had chosen to self-exile himself in Belgium to escape from the Spanish judiciary—as their leading candidate. In November 2017, Puigdemont launched an electoral list under the name Together for Catalonia (JuntsxCat), comprising independents close to Puigdemont and members of the PDeCAT, but exluding the leadership of the party.[32]

The election saw JuntsxCat becoming the main pro-independence force in the parliament, slightly ahead of ERC. The alliance's success in the election resulted in an increase of influence for Puigdemont within both the PDeCAT and the pro–Catalan independence camp,[33][34] but his establishment of the National Call for the Republic (CNxR) as a rallying force for pro-independence parties would not achieve the expected results.[35][36][37] Concurrently, the PDeCAT registered the trademark of Together for Catalonia as a political party on 11 July 2018,[2] associated with the JxCat alliance but with not separate political activity at the time.

From 2019, negotiations between the PDeCAT and Puigdemont's CNxR would ensue for the reorganization of the post-convergent space under the "Together for Catalonia" umbrella,[38][39] but the former's insistence on refusing to dissolve itself as a party would lead to Puigdemont breaking ties with the PDeCAT and announcing the foundation of a new party on 2 July 2020,[12][40] with its founding congress starting telematically on 25 July and scheduled to last until 3 October.[7][41] The new party's name , intending to make use of the "Together for Catalonia" label, sparked another conflict with the PDeCAT as the latter held the ownership rights over the trademark.[42] Puigdemont's supporters within the PDeCAT took it over on 10 July by changing the registration data in the interior ministry to reflect its new ownership,[43][44] but the change did not affect the electoral coalition comprising the PDeCAT nor its electoral rights,[25] which Puigdemont's party renounced to use.[26][45]

The new party unveiled its logo and corporate identity on 18 July, presented by Elsa Artadi and Marta Madrenas.[46] Joan Canadell, the president of the Barcelona Chamber of Commerce, voiced his openness to collaborating with the new organization, although he claimed he did not see himself leading a future list at the ballots.[47] Jordi Puigneró, incumbent regional minister of Digital Policies and Public Administration, had been also commented as a potential candidate for Junts in a future regional election in a list to be symbolically led by Puigdemont.[48][49] The party was joined by Independence Rally (RI.cat) on 24 July, which broke the collaboration agreement under which it had been allied with CDC/PDeCAT since 2013.[22][50]

From 29 August onwards and starting with the party's five senators,[51] members from the PDeCAT aligned with Puigdemont started defecting en masse from the former, in response to it announcing a formal lawsuit against Puigdemont for taking over the JxCat's brand,[52][53][54] with Puigdemont himself forfeiting his PDeCAT membership on 31 August.[55]

Composition

[edit]
Party Notes
National Call for the Republic (CNxR) Merged in July 2020.[17]
Action for the Republic (AxR)
Independence Rally (RI.cat)
The Greens–Green Alternative (EV–AV) Left in 2020.[56]
Democrats of Catalonia (DC) Joined in December 2020.[57]
Left Movement (MES) Joined in December 2020.[58]
Catalan Solidarity for Independence (SI) Left in March 2024.[59]
Catalan State Joined in March 2024.
Republican Youth of Lleida (JRL) Joined in March 2024.

Ideology

[edit]

The party's overall political stance was laid out in the manifestos launched by independents within the parliamentary Together for Catalonia (JxCat) together with several PDeCAT elected members during the final stages of the failed negotiations between the PDeCAT and Puigdemont.[60][61] Aside of urging for the reorganization of the post-convergent space under the umbrella of "Together for Catalonia", the manifestos advocated for the defense of the right to self-determination, the unilateral enforcement of the "1 October commitment" to Catalan independence and a goal to "bring together the central current of Catalanism—today mostly pro-independence—with the articulation of a social, economic and modernizing agenda of a country small in size but large in aspirations", while advancing towards democratic souverainism, direct democracy and the fight against corruption.[4]

One of the reasons cited for the breakup of negotiations between the PDeCAT and Puigdemont was on the issue of ideology, as the former—advocating for a project in the political centre ground—considered that Puigdemont's platform had drifted to the left-wing of the political spectrum in recent times.[8][62][63] Paris Grau, associate professor of Political and Constitutional System in the University of Barcelona, commented on the new party promoted by Puigdemont by stating that, while it had been common for pro-independence parties to show different levels of support on the issue—ranging from unilateralism to more bilateral solutions inspired by the "Scottish way"—a new, unexpected situation was unveiling as "some of those [parties] who have been representative of the centre-right in Catalonia are increasingly revealing themselves more supportive of appealing to the centre-left or left-wing", in what he considered a clear move to dispute voters to Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC).[64]

In an extraordinary assembly held on 19 July 2020, the small Action for the Republic party voted in favour of urging its members to "individually" join Junts and "actively participate in the process of constituting the new party", ideologically describing Junts as an organization "of progressive values, in the ideological big tent axis of [Catalonia's] centre-left majority, and decidedly republican".[18][19]

Multiple sources refer to the party as being centre-right on the political spectrum.[65][66][9][10][11] In 2022 and 2023, there have been a lesser number of sources that have called the party right-wing.[65][66][9][10][11][67]

Leadership

[edit]
Portrait Name
(Birth–Death) 		Term of office Secretary-General
(Tenure)
Took office Left office Duration
Carles Puigdemont
(born 1962) 		9 August
2020 		4 June
2022 		1 year and 299 days Jordi Sànchez
(2020–2022)
Laura Borràs
(born 1970) 		4 June
2022 		27 October
2024 		2 years and 145 days Jordi Turull
(2022–present)
Carles Puigdemont
(born 1962) 		27 October
2024 		Incumbent 59 days

Timeline

[edit]
Laura BorràsCarles Puigdemont

Electoral performance

[edit]

Parliament of Catalonia

[edit]
Parliament of Catalonia
Election Leading candidate Votes % Seats +/– Government
2021 Laura Borràs 570,539 20.07 (#3)
32 / 135
 12[a] Coalition (2021–2022)
Opposition (2022–2024)
2024 Carles Puigdemont 681,470 21.59 (#2)
35 / 135
 3 Opposition

Cortes Generales

[edit]

Nationwide

[edit]
Cortes Generales
Election Congress Senate Government
Votes % Seats +/– Seats +/–
2023 395,429 1.60 (#6)
7 / 350
 1[b]
1 / 208
 2[b] Confidence and supply

Regional breakdown

[edit]
Election Catalonia
Congress Senate
Votes % Seats +/– Seats +/–
2023 395,429 11.16 (#5)
7 / 48
 1[b]
1 / 16
 2[b]

European Parliament

[edit]
European Parliament
Election Total Catalonia
Votes % Seats +/– Votes %
2024 442,297 2.52 (#8)
1 / 61
 2[c] 433,200 18.05 (#2)

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Within the JuntsxCat alliance in the 2017 election. Totals for the new JxCat refer to the 20 independent candidates elected within JuntsxCat's lists, who ended up joining Puigdemont-aligned parties such as CNxR or AxR and, eventually, JxCat itself. On the other hand, and following a dispute between the two parties over the JuntsxCat's brand, the PDeCAT preserved the late's electoral rights and financing over the claim presented by JxCat.
  2. ^ a b c d Compared to Together for Catalonia in the November 2019 general election.
  3. ^ Compared to Together for Catalonia in the 2019 European Parliament election.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Junts per Catalunya arrenca el procés de creació del partit i actualitza la seva imatge". www.junts.cat (in Catalan). Together for Catalonia. 18 July 2020. Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 24 July 2020.
  2. ^ a b "Registro de Partidos Políticos". sede.mir.gob.es (in Spanish). Ministry of the Interior. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  3. ^ Lamelas, Marcos (28 October 2024). "Puigdemont entierra la idea del 'president' legítimo para armar un partido de derechas". El Confidencial (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
  4. ^ a b c Lasalas, Marta (2 July 2020). "Puigdemont anuncia el nuevo partido". El Nacional (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
  5. ^ Fernández, Antonio (25 July 2020). "Puigdemont abre ciclo político en Cataluña con su partido y el 1-O como única ideología". El Confidencial (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  6. ^ Querol, Jordi (16 September 2020). ""Más que criticar a los políticos populistas, habría que convencer a sus votantes"". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 6 December 2020.
  7. ^ a b "Puigdemont creará Junts en congreso telemático del 25 de julio al 3 de octubre". El Nacional (in Spanish). Barcelona. 18 July 2020. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
  8. ^ a b Tomàs, Neus (10 July 2020). "¿Un partido sin ideología? Puigdemont lo intentará". eldiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  9. ^ a b c Redacción (14 February 2021). "Catalonia election: pro-independence parties increase majority". The Guardian. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  10. ^ a b c Faus, Joan (19 May 2021). "Catalan separatist parties agree to renew governing coalition". Reuters. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  11. ^ a b c "Spain in stalemate after right fails to win predicted majority". ABC News (Australia). 24 July 2023. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
  12. ^ a b Masreal, Fidel; García Sastre, Daniel (2 July 2020). "Puigdemont anuncia la creación de un partido al margen del PDECat". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  13. ^ Regué, Júlia (18 July 2020). "El congreso fundacional de JxCat se alargará hasta el 3 de octubre". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
  14. ^ Pujol, Guillem (3 February 2021). "Radiografia de Junts per Catalunya: qui és qui i qui mana a qui". Catalunya Plural (in Catalan). Retrieved 22 October 2024.
  15. ^ Quitian, Sergi (8 July 2020). "La dirección de la Crida apuesta por disolver la entidad y sumarse al partido de Puigdemont". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  16. ^ Gisbert, Josep (16 July 2020). "La Crida se convertirá en fundación del nuevo partido de Carles Puigdemont". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  17. ^ a b "La Crida aprueba convertirse en fundación del partido de Puigdemont". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona. EFE. 19 July 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  18. ^ a b "Comunicat després de l'assemblea general extraordinària d'Acció". www.acciorepublica.cat (in Catalan). Action for the Republic. 19 July 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  19. ^ a b "Junts per Catalunya, el partit". www.acciorepublica.cat (in Catalan). Action for the Republic. 23 July 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  20. ^ Quitian, Sergi (25 July 2020). "El partido de Puigdemont echa a andar con los asociados del PDECat a la fuga". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  21. ^ Hernández Valls, Fernando (15 July 2020). "Puigdemont plantea llevar las catalanas a noviembre y enreda los PGE a Sánchez". La Información (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  22. ^ a b "Reagrupament se desliga del PDeCAT y apoya el nuevo partido de Puigdemont". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona. EFE. 24 July 2020. Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  23. ^ Lamelas, Marcos (17 June 2020). "La coalición de Puigdemont busca romper la CUP, sumar a Demòcrates y diluir el PDeCAT". El Confidencial (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  24. ^ Reino, Cristian (25 July 2020). "Puigdemont lanza un nuevo partido para competir contra Esquerra". El Comercio (in Spanish). Retrieved 25 July 2020.
  25. ^ a b Gisbert, Josep (10 July 2020). "Puigdemont arrebata la marca JxCat a la dirección del PDECat". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  26. ^ a b Piñol, Àngels (12 July 2020). "El partido que impulsa Carles Puigdemont renuncia a los derechos electorales del PDeCAT". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  27. ^ Navarro, Raquel (27 March 2024). "La candidatura de Puigdemont para el 12M ya tiene nombre: se llamará "Junts+Puigdemont"". 20 minutos (in Spanish). Retrieved 27 March 2024.
  28. ^ a b Segura, Cristian (9 February 2021). "La década que acabó con Convergència i Unió". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
  29. ^ Molina, Jordi (10 September 2015). "Tres Diadas y una metamorfosis de Artur Mas al independentismo". elDiario.es (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 22 October 2024.
  30. ^ Puente, Arturo (4 May 2017). "Siete síntomas que muestran que la refundación de Convergència en el PDECat no ha funcionado". elDiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 28 October 2024.
  31. ^ Ponce de León, Rodrigo; Castro, Irene (27 October 2017). "Rajoy cesa al Govern, disuelve el Parlament y convoca elecciones para el 21 de diciembre". elDiario.es (in Spanish). Retrieved 29 October 2024.
  32. ^ "Puigdemont encabezará una lista el 21-D bajo el nombre de 'Junts per Catalunya'". El Mundo (in Spanish). Barcelona. 13 November 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2024.
  33. ^ Baquero, Camilo Sixto (9 January 2018). "El plan de Puigdemont desata las primeras bajas en el separatismo". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  34. ^ Masreal, Fidel (21 July 2018). "Puigdemont somete al PDECat y defenestra a Pascal". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  35. ^ Masreal, Fidel (16 July 2018). "Puigdemont impulsa la Crida Nacional para superar instrumentos "caducos"". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  36. ^ Masreal, Fidel; Barrena, Xabi (28 October 2018). "ERC y la CUP se apartan de la Crida de Puigdemont por ser de derechas". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  37. ^ Noguer, Miquel (27 January 2019). "El nuevo partido de Puigdemont no encuentra apoyos más allá de sus fieles". El País (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 27 January 2019.
  38. ^ "Nuevo paso en el espacio posconvergente". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). 14 December 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  39. ^ "Bonvehí y Sànchez ya negocian el encaje entre el PDeCAT y la Crida". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). Barcelona. ACN. 8 January 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  40. ^ "Puigdemont rompe definitivamente con el PDeCAT y presentará un nuevo partido en julio". eldiario.es (in Spanish). ACN. 2 July 2020. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  41. ^ Quitian, Sergi (2 July 2020). "Puigdemont hace oficial que su nuevo partido nacerá el 25 de julio". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  42. ^ Masreal, Fidel (8 July 2020). "Puigdemont maniobra para arrebatarle al PDECat la marca JxCat". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 9 July 2020.
  43. ^ González, David (10 July 2020). "Puigdemont se hace con el control de Junts per Catalunya con un presidente afín". El Nacional (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  44. ^ Masreal, Fidel (10 July 2020). "Puigdemont arrebata al PDECat la marca Junts per Catalunya". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  45. ^ "Sànchez descarta una coalición de Junts y el PDECat porque "comporta cuotas"". Crónica Global (in Spanish). 12 July 2020. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  46. ^ "El nuevo partido de Puigdemont revela su identidad: Junts". Nius Diario 1location=Barcelona (in Spanish). Agencias. 19 July 2020. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  47. ^ "Junts inicia su andadura política el sábado con un congreso telemático". Barcelona: Segre. Agencias. 19 July 2020. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  48. ^ González, David (8 July 2020). "Puigdemont, candidato preferido para JxCat, con Puigneró o Canadell de segundo". El Nacional (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  49. ^ Anguera de Sojo, Iva (10 July 2020). "Puigneró se lanza a la carrera electoral con la promesa de su república digital". El Independiente (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  50. ^ Segura Insa, Núria (15 November 2020). "Reagrupament da su "pleno apoyo" a Borràs en las primarias JxCat". El Nacional (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 7 December 2020.
  51. ^ "Los cinco senadores del grupo de JxCat se dan de baja del PDeCAT" (in Spanish). Barcelona: Europa Press. 29 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  52. ^ Gisbert, Josep (30 August 2020). "Puigdemont y el PDECat rompen". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  53. ^ Gisbert, Josep (31 August 2020). "El PDECat se escinde". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  54. ^ Lamelas, Marcos (30 August 2020). "La ruptura del PDeCAT con Puigdemont da aire a Pedro Sánchez con los Presupuestos". El Confidencial (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  55. ^ "Puigdemont se da de baja del PDeCAT y confirma la ruptura en el espacio posconvergente". eldiario.es (in Spanish). 31 August 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2020.
  56. ^ Fanals, Laura (27 March 2024). "Alternativa Verda es desmarca de l'acord amb Puigdemont". Diari de Girona (in Catalan). Girona. Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  57. ^ Quitian, Sergi (29 December 2020). "JxCat suma a Demòcrates a sus listas para el 14-F". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Retrieved 30 December 2020.
  58. ^ "MES llega a un acuerdo con JxCat para concurrir a las elecciones del 14F". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). Barcelona. EFE. 31 December 2020. Retrieved 31 December 2020.
  59. ^ "Solidaritat Catalana aprova de presentar-se a les eleccions". VilaWeb (in Catalan). Retrieved 2024-03-27.
  60. ^ Manchón, Manel (27 June 2020). "Puigdemont llama al orden con un manifiesto contra el PDECat". Crónica Global (in Spanish). Retrieved 10 July 2020.
  61. ^ Bou, Lluís (27 June 2020). "Un manifiesto reclama hacer de JxCAT una organización, liderada por Puigdemont". El Nacional (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  62. ^ Masreal, Fidel (5 July 2020). "Las cinco causas del divorcio Puigdemont - PDECat". El Periódico de Catalunya (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  63. ^ Gallego, Javier (19 July 2020). "Puigdemont suaviza su órdago al PDeCat y evita una ruptura inminente". La Razón (in Spanish). Barcelona. Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  64. ^ Cañizares, María Jesús (3 July 2020). "El nuevo partido de Puigdemont, ¿una amenaza para la victoria de ERC?". Crónica Global (in Spanish). Retrieved 19 July 2020.
  65. ^ a b Redacción (14 February 2021). "Catalan separatists projected to win majority in regional polls". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 14 February 2021.
  66. ^ a b Redacción (21 May 2021). "Catalonia's new president Pere Aragonés will ask Madrid for a referendum on independence". Euronews. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  67. ^ "Ruling pro-independence coalition parties in Catalonia split after ten years". SUR in English. Barcelona. 14 October 2022. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
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