Jumping spider: Difference between revisions

Jumping spiders; Temporal range: Eocene - present
	An adult female Phidippus mystaceus jumping spider
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Arachnida
Order:	Araneae
Section:	Entelegynae
Family:	Salticidae; Blackwall, 1842
Subfamilies
	Aelurillinae; Agoriinae; Amycinae; Ballinae; Dendryphantinae; Euophryinae; Hasariinae; Heliophaninae; Hisponinae; Lyssomaninae; Marpissinae; Myrmarachninae; Pelleninae; Plexippinae; Salticinae; Spartaeinae; Synagelinae; Synemosyninae; See List of Salticidae genera
Diversity
	553 genera, 5025 species

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Revision as of 21:25, 13 June 2011

The jumping spider family (Salticidae) contains more than 500 described genera and about 5,000 described species,^[2] making it the largest family of spiders with about 13% of all species.^[3] Jumping spiders have good vision and use it for hunting and navigating. They are capable of jumping from place to place, secured by a silk tether. Both their book lungs and the tracheal system are well-developed, as they depend on both systems (bimodal breathing).

Habitat

Jumping spiders live in a variety of habitats. Tropical forests harbor the most species, but they are also found in temperate forests, scrub lands, deserts, intertidal zones, mountains, and Richard Banna's hair. Euophrys omnisuperstes is a species reported to have been collected at the highest elevation, on the slopes of Mount Everest.^[4]

Jumping spiders are generally recognized by their eye pattern. All jumping spiders have four pairs of eyes with very large anterior median eyes. All jumping spiders have their eyes arranged in three rows, except for the Lyssomaninae, which have four rows (one for each pair).

Behavior

Jumping spiders are generally diurnal, active hunters. Their well-developed internal hydraulic system extends their limbs by altering the pressure of body fluid (hemolymph) within them. This enables the spiders to jump without having large muscular legs like a grasshopper. Most jumping spiders can jump several times the length of their body. When a jumping spider is moving from place to place, and especially just before it jumps, it tethers a filament of silk (or dragline) to whatever it is standing on. Should it fall for one reason or another, it climbs back up the silk tether.

Vision

Jumping spiders have very good vision centered in their anterior median eyes (AME). Their eyes are able to create a focused image on the retina, which has up to four layers of receptor cells in it (Harland & Jackson, 2000). Physiological experiments have shown that they may have up to four different kinds of receptor cells, with different absorption spectra, giving them the possibility of up to tetrachromatic color vision, with sensitivity extending into the ultraviolet range. It seems that all salticids, regardless of whether they have two, three, or four kinds of color receptors, are highly sensitive to UV light (Peaslee & Wilson, 1989). Some species (for example, Cosmophasis umbratica) are highly dimorphic in the UV spectrum, suggesting a role in sexual signaling (Lim & Li, 2005). Color discrimination has been demonstrated in behavioral experiments.

The principal eyes have high resolution (11 min. visual angle),^[5] but the field of vision is narrow, from 2 to 5 degrees.

Hunting

Jumping spiders are active hunters, which means that they do not rely on a web to catch their prey. Instead, these spiders stalk their prey. They use their superior eyesight to distinguish and track their intended meals, often for several inches. Then, they pounce, giving the insect little to no time to react before succumbing to the spider's venom.^[6] They are capable of learning, recognizing, and remembering colours.^[7]

Diet

Although jumping spiders are generally carnivorous, many species have been known to include nectar in their diet,^[8] and one species, Bagheera kiplingi, feeds primarily on plant matter.^[9] None are known to feed on seeds or fruit. Plants such as the partridge pea offer the jumping spiders nectar through extrafloral nectaries, and in return the spiders help to protect the plant by killing and eating pests.

Reproduction

Jumping spiders use their vision in complex visual courtship displays. Males are often quite different in appearance than females and may have plumose hairs, colored or iridescent hairs, front leg fringes, structures on other legs, and other, often bizarre, modifications. These are used in visual courtship in which the colored or iridescent parts of the body are displayed and complex sideling, vibrational, or zigzag movements are performed in a courtship "dance". If the female is receptive to the male she will assume a passive, crouching position. In some species, the female may also vibrate her palps or abdomen. The male will then extend his front legs towards the female to touch her. If the female remains receptive, the male will climb on the female's back and inseminate her with his palps.^[10]

A 2008 study of the species Phintella vittatain in Current Biology suggests that female spiders react to the male reflecting ultraviolet B light before mating, a finding that challenges the previously held assumption that animals did not register ultraviolet B light.^[11] In recent years it has been discovered that many jumping spiders may have auditory signals as well, with amplified sounds produced by the males sounding like buzzes or drum rolls.^[12]

Taxonomy and systematics

Jumping spider classification

	Marpissinae

	Dendryphantinae

Plexippoida

	Pelleninae

	Plexippinae

The monophyly of the family Salticidae is well established through both phylogenetic and morphological analyses. There is, however, no consensus on what other group of spiders are most closely related to the jumping spiders. Suggested sister groups have included the oxyopids (lynx spiders), thomisids (crab spiders), clubionoids (sac spiders), and web building spiders.^[13]

Jumping spiders can be divided into three major lineages: the lyssomanines (subfamily Lyssomaninae), the spartaeines (subfamily Spartaeinae), and the salticoids (unranked clade Salticoida).^[13] Of these, Salticoida accounts for over 90% of all jumping spider species. Salticoida can be further divided into numerous groups including Amycoida, Astioida, Aelurilloida, Euophryinae, Heliophaninae, Marpissoida, and Plexippoida.^[13]

Fossils

Very few jumping spider fossils have been found. Of those that are known, all are from Cenozoic era amber. The oldest fossils are from Baltic amber dating to the Eocene epoch, specifically, 54 to 42 Ma (million years ago). Other fossil jumping spiders have been found in Chiapas amber and Dominican amber.^[1]

Footnotes

^ ^a ^b Hill, David Edwin (October 7, 2009). "Salticidae of the Antarctic land bridge" (PDF). Peckhamia.
^ Maddison, Wayne P. (October 6, 2008). "Salticid spider phylogeny revisited, with the discovery of a large Australasian clade (Araneae: Salticidae)". Zootaxa. 1893: 49–64. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ Peng, Xian-Jin (2002). "Five New and Four Newly Recorded Species of Jumping Spiders from Taiwan (Araneae: Salticidae)" (PDF). Zoological Studies. 41 (1): 1–12. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ Wanless, F. R. (1975). "Spiders of the family Salticidae from the upper slopes of Everest and Makalu". Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society. 3 (5): 132–136.
^ [1]
^ National Geographic video of capture of bee by jumping spider
^ Elizabeth M. Jakob, Christa D. Skow, Mary Popson Haberman, Anna Plourde (2007). "Jumping spiders associate food with color cues in a T-maze" (PDF). Journal of Arachnology. 35: 487–492. doi:10.1636/JOA-ST06-61.1. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Jackson, Robert R. (2001). "Jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) that feed on nectar" (PDF). Journal of Zoology, London. 255: 25–29. doi:10.1017/S095283690100108X. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
^ Milius, Susan (August 30, 2008). "Vegetarian Spider". Science News. Retrieved 2009-04-09.
^ Foelix, Rainer F. (1996). Biology of Spiders. Oxford University Press. pp. 195–197. ISBN 0674074319.
^ Rebecca Morelle, " Study sheds light on spider sex", BBC News, 2 May 2008.
^ Damian O. Elias et al. "Seismic signals in a courting male jumping spider" (retrieved 11 July 2008)
^ ^a ^b ^c Maddison, Wayne P.; Hedin, Marshal C. (2003). "Jumping spider phylogeny (Araneae:Salticidae)". Invertebrate Systematics. 17: 529–549. doi:10.1071/IS02044.

References

Kaston, B.J. (1953). How to Know the Spiders, Dubuque, Iowa.
Crompton, J. (1954). The Life of the Spider. Mentor.
Forster, L.M. (1982). Vision and prey-catching strategies in jumping spiders. American Scientist 70: 165-175.
Jackson, R.R. (1982). The behavior of communicating in jumping spiders (Salticidae). In P. Witt and J. Rovner (eds).Spider Communication Mechanisms and Ecological Significance, p. 213-247. Princeton, New Jersey.
Peaslee, A.G. & Wilson, G. (1989). Spectral sensitivity in jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae). Journal of Comparative Physiology A 164: 359-363.
Richman, D.B. & Jackson, R.R. (1992). A review of the ethology of jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae). Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, 933-37.
Jackman, John A. (1997). A Field Guide to Spiders & Scorpions of Texas. Gulf Publishing Company. Houston, Texas. p. 127.
Harland, D.P & Jackson, R.R. (2000). 'Eight-legged cats' and how they see - a review of recent research on jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae). Cimbebasia 16: 231-240 PDF
Nakamura, T. & Yamashita, S. (2000). Learning and discrimination of colored papers in jumping spiders (Araneae, Salticidae). Journal of Comparative Physiology A 186: 897-201.
Elias, D.O., Mason, A.C., Maddison, W.P. & Hoy, R.R. (2003). Seismic signals in a courting male jumping spider (Araneae: Salticidae). Journal of Experimental Biology 206: 4029-4039.
Lim, M.L.M. & Li, D. (2005). Extreme ultraviolet sexual dimorphism in jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 89: 397-406. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2006.00704.x
Richman, D.B., Edwards, G.B. & Cutler, B. (2005). Salticidae. pp. 205–216 in D. Ubick, P. Paquin, P. E. Cushing, and V. Roth (eds.) Spiders of North America: an identification manual. American Arachnological Society.

External links

[Hill2009-1] Hill, David Edwin (October 7, 2009). "Salticidae of the Antarctic land bridge" (PDF). Peckhamia.

[2] Maddison, Wayne P. (October 6, 2008). "Salticid spider phylogeny revisited, with the discovery of a large Australasian clade (Araneae: Salticidae)". Zootaxa. 1893: 49–64. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[3] Peng, Xian-Jin (2002). "Five New and Four Newly Recorded Species of Jumping Spiders from Taiwan (Araneae: Salticidae)" (PDF). Zoological Studies. 41 (1): 1–12. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[4] Wanless, F. R. (1975). "Spiders of the family Salticidae from the upper slopes of Everest and Makalu". Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society. 3 (5): 132–136.

[5] [1]

[6] National Geographic video of capture of bee by jumping spider

[7] Elizabeth M. Jakob, Christa D. Skow, Mary Popson Haberman, Anna Plourde (2007). "Jumping spiders associate food with color cues in a T-maze" (PDF). Journal of Arachnology. 35: 487–492. doi:10.1636/JOA-ST06-61.1. {{cite journal}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |month= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[8] Jackson, Robert R. (2001). "Jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) that feed on nectar" (PDF). Journal of Zoology, London. 255: 25–29. doi:10.1017/S095283690100108X. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)

[9] Milius, Susan (August 30, 2008). "Vegetarian Spider". Science News. Retrieved 2009-04-09.

[Foelix-10] Foelix, Rainer F. (1996). Biology of Spiders. Oxford University Press. pp. 195–197. ISBN 0674074319.

[11] Rebecca Morelle, " Study sheds light on spider sex", BBC News, 2 May 2008.

[12] Damian O. Elias et al. "Seismic signals in a courting male jumping spider" (retrieved 11 July 2008)

[Maddison1-13] Maddison, Wayne P.; Hedin, Marshal C. (2003). "Jumping spider phylogeny (Araneae:Salticidae)". Invertebrate Systematics. 17: 529–549. doi:10.1071/IS02044.

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 == Habitat ==
-Jumping spiders live in a variety of habitats. [[tropics|Tropical]] forests harbor the most species, but they are also found in [[temperateness|temperate]] [[forest]]s, scrub lands, [[desert]]s, [[intertidal zone]]s, and even mountains. ''[[Euophrys omnisuperstes]]'' is a species reported to have been collected at the highest elevation, on the slopes of [[Mount Everest]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wanless|first=F. R.|year=1975|title=Spiders of the family Salticidae from the upper slopes of Everest and Makalu|journal=Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society|volume=3|issue=5|pages=132–136}}</ref>
+Jumping spiders live in a variety of habitats. [[tropics|Tropical]] forests harbor the most species, but they are also found in [[temperateness|temperate]] [[forest]]s, scrub lands, [[desert]]s, [[intertidal zone]]s, mountains, and Richard Banna's hair. ''[[Euophrys omnisuperstes]]'' is a species reported to have been collected at the highest elevation, on the slopes of [[Mount Everest]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Wanless|first=F. R.|year=1975|title=Spiders of the family Salticidae from the upper slopes of Everest and Makalu|journal=Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society|volume=3|issue=5|pages=132–136}}</ref>
 Jumping spiders are generally recognized by their [[eye]] pattern. All jumping spiders have four pairs of eyes with very large anterior median eyes. All jumping spiders have their eyes arranged in three rows, except for the [[Lyssomaninae]], which have four rows (one for each pair).