Jujube: Difference between revisions
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{{for|the chewy candy|Jujube (confectionery)}} |
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{{Taxobox |
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| name = ''Ziziphus zizyphus'' |
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| image = ZiziphusJujubaVarSpinosa.jpg |
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| image_width = 240px |
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| image_caption = ''Ziziphus zizyphus'' |
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| regnum = [[Plant]]ae |
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| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]] |
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| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]] |
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| ordo = [[Rosales]] |
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| familia = [[Rhamnaceae]] |
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| genus = ''[[Ziziphus]]'' |
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| species = '''''Z. zizyphus''''' |
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| binomial = ''Ziziphus zizyphus'' |
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| binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Gustav Karl Wilhelm Hermann Karsten|H.Karst.]] |
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}} |
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[[Image:Ziziphus_jujuba.jpg|thumb|rigtht|150px|The [[Ziziphus jujuba]] which written in ''[[Monbusho]]'' chant lyrics.<br/>It is located in [[General]] [[Nogi]]'s [[mansion]] now.]] |
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'''''Ziziphus zizyphus''''' (from [[Greek language|Greek]] ''ζίζυφον'' - ''zizuphon''<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2346277 Zizuphon],Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, "A Greek-English Lexicon", at Perseus</ref>, [[synonymy|syn.]] ''Z. jujuba'', ''Rhamnus zizyphus''), commonly called '''Jujube''', '''Red Date''' (紅棗), or '''Chinese Date''', is a species of ''[[Ziziphus]]'' in the buckthorn [[family (biology)|family]] [[Rhamnaceae]], used primarily for its fruits. |
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Its precise natural distribution is uncertain due to extensive cultivation, but is thought to be in southern [[Asia]], between [[Syria]], northern [[India]], and southern and central [[China]], and possibly also southeastern [[Europe]] though more likely introduced there.<ref name=rushforth>Rushforth, K. (1999). ''Trees of Britain and Europe''. Collins ISBN 0-00-220013-9.</ref> |
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It is a small [[deciduous]] [[tree]] or [[shrub]] reaching a height of 5-10 m, usually with thorny branches. The [[leaf|leaves]] are shiny-green, ovate-acute, 2-7 cm long and 1-3 cm broad, with three conspicuous veins at the base, and a finely toothed margin. The [[flower]]s are small, 5 mm diameter, with five inconspicuous yellowish-green petals. The [[fruit]] is an edible oval [[drupe]] 1.5-3 cm long; when immature it is smooth-green, with the consistency and taste of an [[apple]], maturing dark red to purplish-black and eventually wrinkled, looking like a small [[Date Palm|date]]. There is a single hard stone similar to an [[olive]] stone.<ref name="rushforth" /> |
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==Nomenclature== |
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The species has a curious nomenclatural history, due to a combination of botanical [[International Code of Botanical Nomenclature|naming regulations]], and variations in spelling. It was first described scientifically by [[Carolus Linnaeus]] as ''Rhamnus zizyphus'', in ''[[Species Plantarum]]'' in 1753. Later, in 1768, [[Philip Miller]] concluded it was sufficiently distinct from ''[[Rhamnus]]'' to merit separation into a new genus, in which he named it ''Ziziphus jujube'', using Linnaeus' species name for the genus but with a probably accidental single letter spelling difference, 'i' for 'y'; for the species name he used a different name, as [[tautonymy|tautonyms]] (repetition of exactly the same name in the genus and species) are not permitted in botanical naming. However, because of Miller's slightly different spelling, the combination correctly using the earliest species name (from Linnaeus) with the new genus, ''Ziziphus zizyphus'', is ''not'' a tautonym, and therefore permitted as a botanical name; this combination was made by [[Gustav Karl Wilhelm Hermann Karsten|Hermann Karsten]] in 1882.<ref name=clarke>Clarke, D. L. (1988). ''W. J. Bean Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles'', Supplement. John Murray ISBN 0-7195-4443-2.</ref><ref name=rushforth/> |
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==Cultivation and uses== |
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Jujube was domesticated in the [[Indian subcontinent]] by 9000 BCE.<ref name=gupta54>Gupta, Anil K. in ''Origin of agriculture and domestication of plants and animals linked to early Holocene climate amelioration'', Current Science, Vol. 87, No. 1, 10 July 2004 59. Indian Academy of Sciences.</ref> Over 400 [[cultivar]]s have been selected. |
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The tree tolerates a wide range of temperatures and rainfall, though it requires hot summers and sufficient water for acceptable fruiting. Unlike most of the other species in the genus, it tolerates fairly cold winters, surviving temperatures down to about -15°C. This enables the jujube to grow in desert habitats, provided there is access to underground water through the summer. Virtually no temperature seems to be too high in summertime. |
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===Medicinal use=== |
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The fruits are used in Chinese and Korean [[traditional Chinese medicine|traditional medicine]], where they are believed to alleviate stress. {{Fact|date=October 2007}} The jujube-based Australian drink [[1-bil]] avoids making specific stress-related claims, but does suggest drinking 1-bil "when you feel yourself becoming distressed".<ref>[http://www.1-bil.com/about.html] Information on 1-bil from the company's website.</ref><!--It is not always ground to a powder; it may also be eaten or boiled by itself or with other herbs. Why do you say it is always ground to a powder? Also, stress is not the only condition jujube is recommended for in TCM.--> |
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[[Ziziphin]], a compound in the leaves of the jujube, suppresses the ability to perceive sweet taste in humans.<ref name="crfsn-32-231">[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?db=pubmed&uid=1418601&cmd=showdetailview Kurihara, Y. 1992. Characteristics of antisweet substances, sweet proteins, and sweetness-inducing proteins. Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr. 32:231-252.]</ref> The fruit, being [[Mucilage|mucilaginous]], is also very soothing to the throat and decoctions of jujube have often been used in pharmacy to treat sore throats. |
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[[Image:Azufaifas fcm.jpg|thumb|left|jujube fruit]] |
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===Culinary use=== |
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[[Image:Ziziphus jujuba MS 2461.JPG|right|thumb|Dried red jujube fruits]] |
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The freshly harvested as well as the candied [[dried fruit]]s are often eaten as a snack, or with tea. They are available either red or black (called ''hóng zǎo'' or ''hēi zǎo'', respectively, in Chinese), the latter being [[Smoking (food)|smoked]] to enhance their flavour [http://www.seasonalchef.com/jujubes.htm]. In mainland China, Korea, and Taiwan, a sweetened tea syrup containing jujube fruits is available in glass jars,<sup>[http://www.megaq.co.kr/product_images/pro_images/04441649/S04441649L.jpg photo]</sup> and canned jujube tea or jujube tea in the form of teabags is also available. Although not widely available, jujube juice[http://www.tianjiaohong.com.cn/ecpjs/ZAOZHI.HTM] and jujube [[Vinegar#Fruit|vinegar]]<sup>[http://web.xxit.net/web/corpproductimage/ztsp20070825051056ztsp200708200204583.jpg photo]</sup> (called [[wikt:枣|枣]][[wikt:醋|醋]] or [[wikt:红枣|红枣]][[wikt:醋|醋]] in Chinese) are also produced. |
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In China, a wine made from jujubes called ''hong zao jiu'' (红枣酒) is also produced.[http://www.tianjiaohong.com.cn/ecpjs/ZAOJIU.HTM] Jujubes are sometimes preserved by storing in a jar filled with ''[[baijiu]]'' (Chinese liquor), which allows them to be kept fresh for a long time, especially through the winter. Such jujubes are called ''jiu zao'' (酒枣; literally "spirited jujube"). |
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In Korea, jujubes are called daechu (대추) and are used in teas. It is said to be helpful in aiding the common cold. |
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In addition, jujubes, often stoned, are a significant ingredient in a wide variety of Chinese delicacies. In [[Persian cuisine]], the dried drupes are known as ''annab''. |
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===Other uses=== |
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The jujube's sweet smell is said to make teenagers fall in love, and as a result, in the [[Himalaya]] and [[Karakoram]] regions, men take a stem of sweet-smelling jujube flowers with them or put it on their hats to attract women.{{Fact|date=September 2007}} |
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In traditional Chinese wedding ceremony, jujube and walnut were often placed in the newlyweds' bedroom as a sign of fertility. |
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In Japan, the ''natsume'' has given its name to a style of [[Chaki|tea caddy]] used in the [[Japanese tea ceremony]]. |
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In Korea, the wood is used to make the body of the ''[[taepyeongso]]'', a double-reed wind instrument. |
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In Bhutan, the leaves are used as a popuri to help keep the houses of the inhabitants smelling fresh and clean. Also It is said to keep bugs and other insects out of the house and free of infestation. |
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===Pests and diseases=== |
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[[Witch's broom]]s, prevalent in China and Korea, is the main disease affecting jujubes, though plantings in North America currently are not affected by any pests or diseases.<ref>Fruit Facts: [http://www.crfg.org/pubs/ff/jujube.html Jujube]</ref> |
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==Names in other languages== |
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*Arabic - ''ennab'' (عنّاب) or ''sedr'' (سدر) |
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*[[Assamese language| Assamese]]: - ''bogori'' |
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*[[Kannada language| Kannada]]: - ''bari hannu'' |
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*[[Bengali language|Bangla]]: - ''boroi'' |
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*Chinese - ''zǎo'' (simplified: [[wikt:枣|枣]]; traditional: [[wikt:棗|棗]]; [[Wade-Giles]]: ''tsao''; also ''hóng zǎo'' (红枣), ''dà zǎo'' (大枣), ''hēi zǎo'' (黑枣), or ''zǎozi'' 枣子) |
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*[[Croatian]]: ''žižula'', ''čičindra'' |
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*[[Dhivehi]]: ''kunnaaru'' (ކުންނާރު) |
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*[[Gujarati language|Gujarati]]: ''bor'' (બોર) |
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*[[Hindi language|Hindi]]: ''ber'' |
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*[[Italian language|Italian]]: ''giuggiolo'' |
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*[[Japanese language|Japanese]]: ''natsume'' (棗) |
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*[[Korean language|Korean]]: ''daechu'' (대추) |
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*[[Marathi language| Marathi]]: ''bor'' (बोर) |
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*Persian - ''annab'' (عَنّاب) |
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*[[Sindhi]] - ''beir'' |
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*[[Tagalog]] - ''manzanitas''<!--Why is this plural?--> |
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*[[Thai Language]] - ''Bhud-Saar'' (พุทรา)<!--Why does the Thai say "putra"?--> |
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*Turkish - ''hünnap'' |
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*[[Tamil language|Tamil]] - ''elanthai'' |
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*[[Telugu]] - ''regu pandlu''-(రేగుపండు) |
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*[[Urdu]] - ''ennab'' (عنّاب) |
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*Vietnamese - ''táo tàu'' |
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==References== |
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{{commons|Ziziphus zizyphus}} |
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{{reflist}} |
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*''Fruits of Warm Climates''. [[Julia Morton|Julia. F. Morton]], Miami, FL: 1987. |
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==External links== |
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*[http://www.nutritiondata.com/facts-B00001-01c20VA.html Nutritional data for the jujube] |
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[[Category:Ziziphus]] |
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[[Category:Fruit]] |
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[[Category:Medicinal plants]] |
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[[Category:Plants used in Traditional Chinese medicine]] |
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[[Category:Chinese ingredients]] |
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[[Category:Iranian cuisine]] |
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[[Category:Dietary supplements]] |
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[[Category:Greek loanwords]] |
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[[ar:سدر جبلي]] |
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[[ca:Ginjoler]] |
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[[de:Jujube]] |
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[[dv:ކުންނާރު]] |
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[[es:Azufaifo]] |
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[[fa:كنار]] |
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[[fr:Jujubier commun]] |
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[[hr:žižula]] |
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[[it:Ziziphus zizyphus]] |
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[[mr:बोर]] |
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[[nl:Jujube]] |
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[[ja:ナツメ]] |
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[[pt:Jujuba]] |
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[[sv:Jujubär]] |
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[[vi:Táo tàu]] |
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[[tr:Hünnap]] |
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[[zh:枣树]] |
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[[ru:Зизифус настоящий]] |
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Revision as of 14:41, 19 October 2008
i like eggs