Joshua

Joshua praying God to stop the Sun by Gustave Doré

Joshua, Jehoshuah or Yehoshua (Template:Lang-he-n, Tiberian: jə.ho.ˈʃu.aʕ, Israeli: Yəhoshúa), born in Egypt, was a biblical Israelite leader who succeeded Moses. His story is told in the Hebrew Bible, chiefly in the books Exodus, Numbers and Joshua. He was one of the twelve spies sent on by Moses to explore the land of Canaan who would later lead the conquest of that land, the Bible's Promised Land.

If there was an historical Joshua he lived sometime in the late Bronze Age, in a range c 1450 - 1370 BC. He is associated with the Exodus from Egypt c 1450 BC and the Conquest of Canaan starting c 1410 BC, about 60 years after the battle of Megiddo and 80 years before the Battle of Kadesh. Comparisons of Biblical data about the Exodus and Conquest with archaeological data would place Joshua and Judges in the Eighteenth dynasty of Egypt and Nineteenth Dynasty of Egypt when the capital of Egypt was at Thebes, the Hyksos were expelled from Avaris, and lawlessness and banditry in Canaan matches many of the Biblical accounts of putting cities under the ban.

Some archaeologists have disputed the historicity of the Biblical account of the Exodus and Conquest and treat them as legendary.

Scholars who have taken the accounts as accurate historical narratives have referred largly to Egyptian campaign records, the Papyrus Anastasi I, the Amarna letters, and the archaeology of Canaan. Kenneth Kitchen has used the geo-political context from Genesis and Exodus to look at textual artifacts such as the price of slaves and the form of covenants with men and gods to arrive at the dates when there are matchups. The conquest of Canaan and the distribution of lands by Joshua mentions many of the places in the same context as the Egyptian accounts.

Detailed agreements between the description of the Battle of Megiddo and the battle of Kadesh making Joshuah and Judges contemporary with Egyptian accounts exist. Both "The Song of Deborah and Barak" and the account of Thutmosis III place the Egyptian approach to the battle with the king of Kadesh at Megiddo in 1470 BC along the southern route which was narrow, mountainous, subject to ambush and consequently unguarded. Some of the earliest accounts of the Book of Judges occur 30 years after the expulsion of the Hyksos and 60 years before Joshua and the people of the Exodus enter Canaan. The Amarna letters begin in the range of Amenophis II c 1427-1401 BC, about 7 years after the death of Moses and the start of the Biblical conguest. Its appeals by Canaanite leaders to Egypt seeking assistance against the invasion of the Hapiru starting about who may or may not be the ancient Hebrews sound a lot like the same story at the same time to some researchers looking at the reign of Akhenaten c 1353-1335.

Seti I c 1306 BC – 1290 BC fought against the king of kadesh, at Beth Shean and Yenoam and took kadesh in the mountians c 1293. Ramesses II fought the Battle of Kadesh c 1285. By then the conquest of Joshua had already taken place.

In Biblical Literature Tard Karts!!

"The Children of Israel Crossing the Jordan" by Gustave Doré (d. 1883)

See also: History of ancient Israel and Judah

According to the Bible, Joshua was the son of Nun, of the tribe of Ephraim, which would become known as the most militaristic of the tribes of Israel, largely through Joshua's campaigns. He was born in Egypt during the Israelite enslavement, and was probably the same age as Caleb, with whom he is generally associated.

Joshua shared in all the events of the Exodus. He was Moses' apprentice, and accompanied him part of the way when he ascended Mount Sinai to receive the Ten Commandments (Exd. 32:17). He was also one of the twelve spies who were sent on by Moses to explore the land of Canaan (Num. 13:16, 17), and only he and Caleb gave an encouraging report. He was commander at their first battle after exiting Egypt, against the Amalekites in Rephidim (Ex. 17:8-16), in which they were victorious.

Joshua was appointed by Moses to succeed him as leader of the Israelites upon Moses' death. The majority of his book covers the period when he commanded the subsequent conquest of Canaan. As the Israelites came to the Jordan River, the waters parted, as they did for Moses at the Red Sea. The first major battle was in Jericho, a heavily fortified city just five miles west of the Jordan River, northwest of the Dead Sea which he took by following God's instruction, ordering his host to march around the city for seven days, whereupon the city walls fell, just as God said they would. The Israelites then slaughtered "every living thing" inside Jericho and completely destroyed the city except for Rahab and her family, who had aided the two spies sent by Joshua to check out the city. Although they had been forbidden by God to take any of the spoils, Achan disobeyed and took some garments and silver, hiding them in his tent. When Israel tried to conquer Ai, a small neighboring city just West of Jericho, they were defeated and 36 Israelite warriors were killed. Achan's sin was exposed, he and his family and his animals were stoned to death, and the favor of God was again restored towards His people. Next, through clever ambush tactics, Joshua defeated Ai. The Israelites faced a Southern alliance of the Amorite kings of Jerusalem, Hebron, Jarmuth, Lachish, and Eglon. At Gibeon Joshua defeated them by causing the Sun to stand still at Gibeon, and the moon in the valley of Ajalon, so that he could finish the battle in daylight.

In the second main part of his book, Joshua divided the conquered land among the tribes of Israel as God had told him to. The framing narrative, describing the process by which the land was divided (12:1-6, 13:1-14, 13:21b-22, 13:32-14:3, 15:63, 16:10-17:6, 17:12-18:10, 19:51, and 22:1-9). First a description is given of the domains east of the Jordan which were conquered and given to Reuben, Gad, and Machir (half of Manasseh). After God gave Joshua a gloss concerning the unconquered region, he reminded him about Reuben, Gad, and Machir (half of Manasseh), already having been allocated land by Moses, and about the Levites not being given territory, only cities. The territory was handed out by lot, Judah gaining the first lot, although they failed to drive out the Canaanites living in Jerusalem. Then the house of Joseph got its territory, Ephraim failing to drive out the Canaanites of Gezer, and it is pointed out that the daughters of Zelophehad, part of the tribe of Manasseh, were also given territory of their own. The house of Joseph was given the mountain region, including the forest, and they are told that they will be able to drive out the Canaanites living there despite the presence of iron chariots. The Israelites then assembled at Shiloh, and Joshua sent out a survey team. When the survey was complete, the remaining land was divided amongst the lesser tribes. Finally, the tribes whose lands are east of the Jordan were allowed to go to their lands.

When he was "old and well advanced in years" Joshua convened the elders and chiefs of the Israelites and exhorted them to have no fellowship with the native population because it could lead them to be unfaithful to God. At a general assembly of the clans at Shechem he took leave of the people, admonishing them to be loyal to their God, who had been so mightily manifested in the midst of them. As a witness of their promise to serve God, Joshua set up a great stone under an oak by the sanctuary of God. Soon afterward he died, at the age of 109, and was buried at Timnath Serah.

In rabbinical literature

Joshua and the Israeli people, Karolingischer Buchmaler, c.840

In rabbinic Jewish literature Joshua is regarded as a faithful, humble, deserving, wise man. Biblical verses illustrative of these qualities and of their reward are applied to him. "He that waits on his master shall be honored" (Pro. xxvii. 18) is construed as a reference to Joshua (Midrash Numbers Rabbah xii.), as is also the first part of the same verse, "Whoso keepes the fig-tree shall eat the fruit thereof" (Midrash Yalk., Josh. 2; Numbers Rabbah xii. 21). That "honor shall uphold the humble in spirit" (Pro. xxix. 23) is proved by Joshua's victory over Amalek (Midrash Numbers Rabbah xiii). Not the sons of Moses — as Moses himself had expected — but Joshua was appointed successor to the son of Amram (Midrash Numbers Rabbah xii). Moses was shown how Joshua reproved that Othniel (Yalḳ., Num. 776). Joshua's manliness recommended him for this high post. David referred to him in Psalms lxxxvii. 25, though without mentioning the name, lest dissensions should arise between his sons and those of his brothers (Yalḳ., quoting Sifre).

In later literature

In the Divine Comedy Joshua's spirit appears to Dante in the Heaven of Mars, where he is grouped with the other "warriors of the faith".

Baroque composer Georg Frideric Handel composed an oratorio "Joshua" in 1747.

Composer Franz Waxman composed an oratorio "Joshua" in 1959.

For a punning take on "Joshua, son of Nun," see the 1973 political thriller Joshua Son of None.

Hebrew name

The original Hebrew name Yehoshua Template:Hebrew often lacks a Hebrew letter Vav (Template:Hebrew) after the Shin (Template:Hebrew), allowing a misreading of the vocalization of the name, as if Yehoshea (Template:Hebrew), and indeed his name was Hoshea before his namechange to Yehoshua by recommendation of Moses (Numbers 13:16). Nevertheless, the use of a mater lectionis was an orthographic innovation, and although the use of two Vavs is well attested as Template:Hebrew (for example, Deuteronomy 3:21), traditional orthography tended to avoid the second Vav as too intrusive when spelling Yehoshua. The name Yehoshua` in Hebrew means "Yahweh is Salvation," "Yahweh delivers" or "Yahweh rescues" from the Hebrew root Template:Hebrew, "to deliver," "to be liberated," or "to be victorious"

Joshua's Tomb in Kifl Hares, April 2007

In addition Josh is a common name in many countries around the world, including England and United States

Yahrtzeit

The annual commemoration of Joshua's yahrtzeit is marked on the 26th of Nisan on the Hebrew calendar. Thousands make the pilgrimage to Kifl Hares on the preceding night.

External links

• Book of Joshua at Wikisource.
• Israel Period of the Judges