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Caesar's Messiah

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Caesar's Messiah
AuthorJoseph Atwill
Publication date
2005

Caesar's Messiah is a 2005 book by Joseph Atwill that argues that the New Testament Gospels were written by a group of individuals connected to the Flavian family of Roman emperors: Vespasian, Titus and Domitian. The authors were mainly Flavius Josephus, Berenice, and Tiberius Julius Alexander,[1] with contributions from Pliny the Elder.[2] Although Vespasian and Titus had defeated Jewish nationalist Zealots in the First Jewish–Roman War of 70 AD, the emperors wanted to control the spread of Judaism and moderate its political virulence and continuing militancy against Rome. Christianity, a pacifist and pro-Roman authority religion, was their solution.

Atwill's Jesus mythicist theory contradicts the mainstream scholarly view[3] that while the Gospels include many mythical or legendary elements, these are religious elaborations added to the biography of a historical Jesus who did live in the 1st-century Roman province of Judea,[4][5][6][7][8][9][10] was baptized by John the Baptist and was crucified by the order of the Roman Prefect Pontius Pilate.[11][12][13] Moreover, the work has been thoroughly rejected even by the minority of historians who support mythicist positions, such as Richard C. Carrier.

1st century Flavian Christians

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There is evidence that the Flavian family was involved with early Christianity. It is claimed that the Roman theology of Victory fueled the family's goal to destroy Jerusalem and their imperial ambition.[14][15] It is not clear who was the first Flavian to convert to Christianity;[16] possible converts include Vespasian's nephew Titus Flavius Clemens and his wife Flavia Domitilla.[17][18] According to the legendary sixth-century Acts of Saints Nereus and Achilleus, Pope Clement I—whose name clearly references the Flavian family—was the son of Titus Flavius Sabinus.[19][20][21] In the First Epistle of Clement, Clement's epistle to the Christians of Corinth, Atwill argued, Pope Clement describes himself as being like a Roman prefect, giving orders to his soldiers which he expects to be obeyed (1 Clem. 37:2-3).[22][23] Atwill speculates that Saint Veronica may be the same person as Berenice, mistress of Emperor Titus.[24]

Assuming that at least some of this information linking the Flavian family to early Christianity is correct, Atwill points out that these early connections are very difficult to explain if Christianity was a struggling grassroots movement originating in Judea. In addition, the sacraments of the early Christian church, its College of Bishops, and the title of its leader (the Pontiff) were all based in Rome, and on Roman, rather than Judaic traditions.[25] In rebuttal, Acharya S, in a review of Atwill's work, said that these Flavians were Chrestians, not Christians; and that the Chrestians were only one of several sects that were incorporated into later Roman Christianity.[26]

Typological representation of the Emperor Titus in the Gospels

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Echoes of Old Testament stories are often found in the New Testament, in a relationship in which the Old Testament model is called the "type" and the New Testament reprise is called the "antitype". The study of these types and antitypes is called typology. Atwill claims that similar typological relationships knit together the Gospels and the works of Flavius Josephus.[27][28][29]

Atwill notes that according to the Preterist school of biblical interpretation, the prophecies of Jesus and Daniel were fulfilled by the destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD. He suggests that this is evidence that the Gospels (including the prophecies of the coming of the Son of man) were actually written after the Jewish War, and that the Gospels are ironically predicting that Titus is the anticipated 'Son of Man'.

Atwill argues that Jesus's mission in the Gospels foreshadows the military campaign of Titus in Judea. According to Atwill, this indicates that the Gospel authors wanted to signal that the character Jesus Christ, as the fulfillment of the messianic prophecies of the Hebrew scriptures, was a representation of Titus Flavius.[30] Also, Atwill says that Josephus's narrative in The Jewish War is built around the idea that Daniel's prophecy was fulfilled by Titus's conquest of Jerusalem and the destruction of the Second Temple. Atwill sees this as an ironic juxtaposition of events, as Titus Flavius destroyed the Temple and conquered Jerusalem, and turned it over to the Romans.[31]

The mythicist Biblical scholar Robert M. Price said that Atwill's view that the Gospel son of man who would destroy Jerusalem was Titus, was "one of Atwill's most attractive suggestions".[32]

Josephus' satirical view of Christianity

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Scholarly debate over Josephus's knowledge of Christianity has centered on two explicit passages in the Antiquities of the Jews: the Testimonium Flavianum (Ant. 18.3) and a passage that mentions James as the brother of Jesus (Ant. 20.9). Atwill argues that in addition to those brief passages, Josephus wrote several vicious satires of the Gospel narrative and Christian faith, indicating that he was highly familiar with its tenets, but also disdainful.[33]

The first occurs at The Jewish War 3.10, where Josephus describes an attack by Titus against Jewish rebels (led by a man named Jesus) at the lake of Gennesareth, in which the rebels are drowned and speared like fish. The Sea of Galilee (another term for the lake of Gennesaret) is the lake where Jesus told his disciples that they would become "fishers of men" in Luke 3:21. Josephus enigmatically describes the lake of Gennesereth as 'a vein of the Nile' where 'Coracin fish' grow. "Chorazain" was a Galilean rebel town, cursed by Jesus at Matthew 11:21. Atwill argues that the two events, both built on the "fishers of men" trope, must be read together to understand the satirical meaning of the authors.[34]

In Wars 4.7, the rebel leader John is described as suffering a sort of inflammation or distemper. His party meets Vespasian at Gadara, where the rebels are driven into the River Jordan. The passage contains dense verbal parallels to the Gospel description of Jesus meeting the demoniac at the land of Gadarenes, who contains a legion of unclean spirits that enter into herd of swine and then drown themselves in the sea. According to Josephus, the Romans captured a 'mighty prey' of livestock, but no swine. Atwill conjectures that there were no swine captured because they had all run into the river.[35]

The Gospel narratives of Luke 10:38-42 and John 12:2-3 describe a dinner just after Lazarus has been raised from the dead. "They made him a supper", John says, and "Mary has chosen the good portion." Atwill sees this as a macabre cannibalistic double entendre, and a parallel to Wars 6.3, in which Josephus describes a woman named Mary who is pierced by famine. She roasts her baby son as if he was a Passover lamb, eating half of him while saving "a very fine portion" to be eaten later. "Come, eat of this food", she says, in words which (Atwill argues) are reminiscent of the Catholic eucharist.[36]

Wars 6.5 describes the fate of a certain Jesus, the son of Ananus. This Jesus cries "A voice from the east, a voice from the west, a voice from the four winds, a voice against Jerusalem and the holy house, a voice against the bridegrooms and the brides, and a voice against this whole people!" No matter how severely whipped, this Jesus simply repeats again and again, "Woe, woe to Jerusalem." Finally he says, "woe to myself also", and he is killed by a stone from the Roman artillery. In these passages, Atwill sees a parody of Jesus's sayings in Matt. 23:13-33, 24:27-25:1 and Luke 11:43-52.[37]

Atwill claims to have discovered another sprawling satire in the Gospels and Josephus, which he calls the "New Root and Branch." Atwill wrote: "The purpose of this particular satire is to document that the 'root' and 'branch' of the Judaic messianic lineage has been destroyed and that a Roman lineage has been 'grafted on' in its place."[38]

The mythicist Richard Carrier analyzed all of these alleged parallels, and stated that they can be explained as either coincidences, mistranslations, or references to Old Testament sources or tropes.[39]

The Testimonium Flavianum and the Decius Mundus puzzle

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Atwill argues (contrary to many scholars) that the Testimonium Flavianum (Ant. 18.3) is genuine because he sees it as the introduction to a literary triptych. Immediately following the Testimonium Flavianum is the story of Decius Mundus, who pretends to be the god Anubis, to trick a woman named Paulina into having sex. Atwill sees Decius's name as a pun on Publius Decius Mus, a sacrificial hero of the Roman Republic. As the story continues, Paulina's husband Saturninus agrees that it would be no sin for Paulina to have sex with a god. So Paulina and Decius Mundus sleep together, but Mundus returns on the third day to boast that he is not a god. Atwill argues that Mundus's return is a parody of Jesus's resurrection, and that his worshippers Paulina and Saturninus have obviously been swindled.[40]

Albert Bell, in his paper "Josephus the Satirist?",[41] speculated that the satirical nature of the Decius Mundus story was understood in the 4th century. According to Bell, the author of pseudo-Hegesippus may have elaborated on the joke by making Paulina become possibly pregnant by Anubis, thus making her parody of the Virgin Mary.

The authors and purpose of the Gospels

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As stated above, Atwill states that the authors of the Gospels were mainly Flavius Josephus, the Herodian princess Berenice, and the military general Tiberius Julius Alexander, with contributions from (the Gentile) Pliny the Elder. However, the book ends without Atwill offering any timeline or scenario in which these individuals collaborated for a years-long project. Nor does he explain how the work was disseminated, or why it was adopted by (purportedly) messianic Jews around the Mediterranean, or how this provenance segues into the known history of second-century Christianity. As for the theological and narrative differences among the Gospels, they were deliberate. Atwill explains, "The New Testament is designed as a sort of intelligence test, whose true meaning can be understood only by those possessing sufficient memory, logic, and irreverent humor."[42] Price writes, "Atwill implicitly congratulates himself as the only one in history who has ever passed it... It is Atwill himself whose creation demonstrates the limitless possibilities of perverse and gratuitous interpretations of the text."[32]

Joseph Atwill

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As a youth, Joseph Atwill studied Greek, Latin and the Bible at St. Mary's Military Academy, a Jesuit-run school in Japan. In college he studied computer science, and co-founded software companies including Ferguson Tool Company and ASNA. After 1995, he returned to Biblical studies.[43] Working with Robert Eisenman, he authored a paper on radiocarbon dating of the Dead Sea Scrolls.[44] In 2014, Atwill self-published another book, Shakespeare's Secret Messiah.[45]

Publishing and marketing

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In 2006, Caesar's Messiah was published by Ulysses Press. The work was endorsed by Rod Blackhirst and Jan Koster.[46] The book carried this statement from Robert Eisenman: "Challenging and provocative... If what Joseph Atwill is saying is only partially true, we are looking into the abyss". In a review of Atwill's thesis at The Village Voice, Eisenman explained to reporter Edmund Newton that he has long believed that the Gospel texts were "over-written" to give them a pro-Roman slant. With his discoveries, "Atwill may have carried it a step forward."[47]

In 2008, the book was published in German as Das Messias-Rätsel,[48] and received several reviews in mainstream German publications.[49][50][51] In 2012, the book was used as a basis for a film by director Fritz Heede and producer Nijole Sparkis, with interviews with Atwill, Eisenman, Kenneth Humphreys, Timothy Freke and Dorothy Murdock.[52]

In 2013, the conference "Covert Messiah" was organized in London to discuss the film and the book's thesis.[53] The conference attracted significant interest,[54][55][56][57] but also a critique from Richard Carrier.[39] Atwill posted a response to Carrier at his website.[58]

Atwill's 2014 book Shakespeare's Secret Messiah[45] expanded the thesis of Roman authorship of the New Testament, to suggest that the Pauline epistles and Revelation were written during or after the reign of Domitian.

Reception

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The mythicist Biblical scholar Robert M. Price wrote that Atwill "gives himself license to indulge in the most outrageous display of parallelomania ever seen." Price acknowledges that the New Testament has "persistent pro-Roman tendencies", but says this was done "for apologetical reasons, to avoid persecution."[32] The mythicist Richard Carrier has stated that all of Atwill's alleged parallels can be explained as either coincidences, mistranslations, or references to Old Testament sources or tropes. However, Carrier agreed that the New Testament has pro-Roman aspects. According to Carrier, "Christianity was probably constructed to 'divert Jewish hostility and aggressiveness into a pacifist religion, supportive of—and subservient to—Roman rule,' but not by Romans, but exasperated Jews like Paul."[39]

Biblical scholar Bart Ehrman said "I know sophomores in college who could rip this ... to shreds" and claimed that Atwill had "no training in any relevant field."[59]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Atwill, Joseph (2011). Caesar's Messiah: The Roman Conspiracy to Invent Jesus: Flavian Signature Edition (electronic ed.). Charleston, SC: CreateSpace. p. 24, Chapter 10. ISBN 9780983382300. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
  2. ^ Atwill, Joseph (2011). Caesar's Messiah: The Roman Conspiracy to Invent Jesus: Flavian Signature Edition (electronic ed.). Charleston, SC: CreateSpace. p. 11, Appendix. ISBN 9780983382300. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
  3. ^ "Was Jesus Real? Joseph Atwill's Covert Messiah Symposium Aims To Settle The Non-Debate". International Business Times. 2013-10-17. Retrieved 2017-10-02. Atwill's critics -- and there are plenty of them -- say it's Atwill who is the fake...the question of whether Jesus was an actual person is not hotly debated among historians
  4. ^ James D. G. Dunn "Paul's understanding of the death of Jesus" in Sacrifice and Redemption edited by S. W. Sykes (Dec 3, 2007) Cambridge University Press ISBN 052104460X pages 35-36
  5. ^ Jesus Now and Then by Richard A. Burridge and Graham Gould (Apr 1, 2004) ISBN 0802809774 page 34
  6. ^ Jesus by Michael Grant 2004 ISBN 1898799881 page 200
  7. ^ The Gospels and Jesus by Graham Stanton, 1989 ISBN 0192132415 Oxford University Press, page 145
  8. ^ Robert E. Van Voorst Jesus Outside the New Testament: An Introduction to the Ancient Evidence Eerdmans Publishing, 2000. ISBN 0-8028-4368-9 page 16
  9. ^ Ehrman, Bart (2012). Did Jesus Exist?:The Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth. HarperCollins, USA. ISBN 978-0-06-220460-8.
  10. ^ B. Ehrman, 2011 Forged : writing in the name of God ISBN 978-0-06-207863-6. page 285
  11. ^ Jesus Remembered by James D. G. Dunn 2003 ISBN 0-8028-3931-2 page 339 states of baptism and crucifixion that these "two facts in the life of Jesus command almost universal assent".
  12. ^ Prophet and Teacher: An Introduction to the Historical Jesus by William R. Herzog (4 Jul 2005) ISBN 0664225284 pages 1-6
  13. ^ Crossan, John Dominic (1995). Jesus: A Revolutionary Biography. HarperOne. p. 145. ISBN 0-06-061662-8. That he was crucified is as sure as anything historical can ever be, since both Josephus and Tacitus...agree with the Christian accounts on at least that basic fact.
  14. ^ Royalty, Robert M. (2013). The Origin of Heresy: A History of Discourse in Second Temple Judaism and Early Christianity. New York, NY: Routledge. p. 151. ISBN 978-0-415-53694-3.
  15. ^ Porter, Stanley E.; Pitts, Andrew W. (2018). Christian Origins and the Establishment of the Early Jesus Movement. Leiden: BRILL. p. 307. ISBN 978-90-04-37269-6.
  16. ^ Treat, John Harvey (1907). The Catacombs of Rome: And a History of the Tombs of the Apostles Peter and Paul, with Notes and Illustrations. Boston: The Old Corner Bookstore. p. 26.
  17. ^ Atwill, Joseph (2005). Caesar's Messiah (1st ed.). Ulysses. p. 31. ISBN 978-1569754573.
  18. ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Flavia Domitilla". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2016-05-22.
  19. ^ Atwill, Joseph (2005). Caesar's Messiah (1st ed.). Ulysses. pp. 31, 342. ISBN 978-1569754573.
  20. ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Pope St. Clement I". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2016-05-22.
  21. ^ "CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Sts. Nereus and Achilleus, Domitilla and Pancratius". www.newadvent.org. Retrieved 2016-05-24.
  22. ^ Atwill, Joseph (2005). Caesar's Messiah (1st ed.). Ulysses. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-1569754573.
  23. ^ translated by Lightfoot, JB. "First Epistle of Clement to the Corinthians". Early Christian Writings. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
  24. ^ Atwill, Joseph (2011-05-18). Caesar's Messiah: The Roman Conspiracy to Invent Jesus: Flavian Signature Edition (4/18/11 ed.). Charleston, SC: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. p. 41. ISBN 9781461096405.
  25. ^ Atwill, Joseph (2005). Caesar's Messiah (1st ed.). Ulysses. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-1569754573.
  26. ^ Murdock, Dorothy. "A Conversation on the Caesar's Messiah Thesis". Freethought Nation. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
  27. ^ The Works of Josephus, Complete and Unabridged. Translated by Whiston, William. Peabody, MA: Hendrickson. 1987. ISBN 0-913573-86-8.
  28. ^ Newton, Edmund (September 26, 2012). "Caesar's Messiah: Rome Invented Jesus, New Doc Claims". Village Voice.
  29. ^ Atwill, Joseph (2005). Caesar's Messiah (1st ed.). Ulysses. p. 219. ISBN 978-1569754573.
  30. ^ Atwill, Joseph (2005). Caesar's Messiah (1st ed.). Ulysses. pp. 1–2, 221. ISBN 978-1569754573.
  31. ^ Atwill, Joseph (2005). Caesar's Messiah (1st ed.). Ulysses. pp. 259–260. ISBN 978-1569754573.
  32. ^ a b c Price, Robert (2006). "Review of Joseph Atwill's, Caesar's Messiah: The Roman Conspiracy to Invent Jesus". Retrieved May 22, 2016.
  33. ^ Atwill, Joseph (2005). Caesar's Messiah (1st ed.). Ulysses. p. 329. ISBN 978-1569754573.
  34. ^ Atwill, Joseph (2005). Caesar's Messiah (1st ed.). Ulysses. pp. 38–44. ISBN 978-1569754573.
  35. ^ Atwill, Joseph (2005). Caesar's Messiah (1st ed.). Ulysses. pp. 58–92. ISBN 978-1569754573.
  36. ^ Atwill, Joseph (2005). Caesar's Messiah (1st ed.). Ulysses. pp. 93–124. ISBN 978-1569754573.
  37. ^ Atwill, Joseph (2005). Caesar's Messiah (1st ed.). Ulysses. pp. 174–204. ISBN 978-1569754573.
  38. ^ Atwill, Joseph (2005). Caesar's Messiah (1st ed.). Ulysses. p. 159. ISBN 978-1569754573.
  39. ^ a b c "Atwill's Cranked-up Jesus - Richard Carrier". Richard Carrier. 9 October 2013.
  40. ^ Atwill, Joseph (2005). Caesar's Messiah (1st ed.). Ulysses. pp. 226–249. ISBN 978-1569754573.
  41. ^ Bell, Albert A. (1976-01-01). "Josephus the Satirist? A Clue to the Original Form of the "Testimonium Flavianum"". The Jewish Quarterly Review. 67 (1): 16–22. doi:10.2307/1454525. JSTOR 1454525.
  42. ^ Atwill, Joseph (2011). Caesar's Messiah: The Roman Conspiracy to Invent Jesus: Flavian Signature Edition (electronic ed.). Charleston, SC: CreateSpace. p. 56, Chapter 14. ISBN 9780983382300. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
  43. ^ Atwill, Joseph. "About the Author". caesarsmessiah.com. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
  44. ^ Atwill, Joseph; Braunheim, Steve; Eisenman, Robert (2004-01-01). "Redating the Radiocarbon Dating of the Dead Sea Scrolls". Dead Sea Discoveries. 11 (2): 143–157. doi:10.1163/1568517041717854. JSTOR 4193320.
  45. ^ a b Atwill, Joseph (2014). Shakespeare's Secret Messiah. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 9781497579613.
  46. ^ Atwill, Joseph (2005). Caesar's Messiah (1st ed.). Ulysses. ISBN 978-1569754573.
  47. ^ Newton, Edmund (2012-09-26). "Caesar's Messiah: Rome Invented Jesus, New Doc Claims". Village Voice. Retrieved 2016-05-22.
  48. ^ Atwill, Joseph (2008). Das Messias Ratsel. Ullstein Buch Verlage. ISBN 9783793420910.
  49. ^ "Jesus war den Kaisern eine Hilfe". FOCUS Online. Retrieved 2016-05-22.
  50. ^ Bossenz, Ingolf. "Das Kreuz mit dem Heiland (neues deutschland)". www.neues-deutschland.de. Retrieved 2016-05-22.
  51. ^ Germany, ZEIT ONLINE GmbH, Hamburg. "Aktuelle Leserartikel". ZEIT ONLINE. Archived from the original on 2016-10-09. Retrieved 2016-05-22.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  52. ^ Sparkis, Nijole; Heede, Fritz. "Caesar's Messiah: The Roman Conspiracy to Invent Jesus". Caesar's Messiah Documentary. Retrieved January 12, 2022.
  53. ^ Gilmore, Ryan. "Covert Messiah - 19 October 2013". www.covertmessiah.com. Retrieved 2016-05-22.
  54. ^ "Story of Jesus Christ was 'fabricated to pacify the poor', claims". The Independent. 2013-10-10. Retrieved 2016-05-22.
  55. ^ "Scholar claims Jesus was Roman Hoax". DNews (Discovery Channel). Archived from the original on 2013-10-27. Retrieved 2017-10-05.
  56. ^ "Was Jesus Real? Joseph Atwill's Covert Messiah Symposium Aims To Settle The Non-Debate". International Business Times. 2013-10-17. Retrieved 2016-05-22.
  57. ^ "Was Jesus Nothing More Than a Fabrication? Biblical Scholar Says Yes!". The Huffington Post. 2013-10-18. Retrieved 2016-05-22.
  58. ^ Atwill, Joseph (2013). "Richard Carrier: The PhD that Drowned at Gadara". Caesar's Messiah. Archived from the original on April 4, 2016. Retrieved March 9, 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  59. ^ Ehrman, Bart (2013). "More Conspiracy Nonsense". The Bart Ehrman Blog. Retrieved May 22, 2016.
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