John II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev

Not to be confused with John II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Sonderburg.

John the Elder
Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev
Reign	1544–1580
Born	(1521-06-21)21 June 1521 Haderslevhus Castle, Haderslev, Denmark
Died	1 October 1580(1580-10-01) (aged 59) Hansborg Castle, Haderslev, Denmark
Burial	February 1581 Schleswig Cathedral
House	Oldenburg
Father	King Frederick I of Denmark
Mother	Sophie of Pomerania
Religion	Lutheranism

John of Denmark or John the Elder (aka Hans the Elder) (German: Johann der Ältere or Hans der Ältere; Danish: Hans den Ældre;) (29 June 1521 - 1 October 1580; born and died in Haderslev) was the only Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev. The predicate the Elder is sometimes used to distinguish him from his nephew, John the Younger, who held Sønderborg from 1564 as a partitioned-off duke. As a co-ruler in the duchies of Holstein and of Schleswig, John the Elder is numbered as John II, continuing counting King John of Denmark as John I, Duke of Holstein and Schleswig.

Family

The Duke's coat of arms.

John was the son of King Frederick I of Denmark and his second wife, Sophie of Pomerania. As a possible heir to the throne, he enjoyed a careful education and spent several years at the court of his brother-in-law Albert, Duke of Prussia, in Königsberg. This was in Lutheran Ducal Prussia, a Polish fief, modernized into a secular state from the Teutonic State of Prussia since 1525. This successful policy would be seminal for John's understanding of politics and the state, as he also never became a fully sovereign prince.

Reign as Duke (1544–1580)

From 1544, John ruled the duchies of Schleswig and of Holstein jointly with his brother, Adolf of Denmark, and his half-brother, King Christian III of Denmark. He ruled from Haderslevhus Castle and later built Hansborg Castle in his hometown, a magnificent Renaissance palace situated east of the city of Haderslev.

His territory consisted of the Counties of Haderslev, including Tørning, Tønder, and Løgumkloster, and the islands of Nordstrand and Fehmarn in Schleswig, plus Rendsburg and some smaller communities in Holstein.

During his reign, John joined the Reformation and founded several social and educational institutions, notably the Duke John Hospital in Haderslev. He introduced many reforms to the legal system and was regarded as a dedicated judge. As one of the first rulers between the seas, he sat down for an active land reclamation and coastal protection program, presumably, he ruled over the most vulnerable stretch of the Schleswig coastline. In 1559, John, his brother Adolf, and King Christian's successor, Frederick II of Denmark, occupied the independent peasant Republic of Dithmarschen, and divided it among themselves.

John died unmarried and childless in 1580. After his death, his territory was divided between his brother Adolf and his nephew Frederick II of Denmark.

Legacy

In contrast to most of the dukes of Schleswig and Holstein, posterity has a very positive view of John the Elder. This holds especially for his capital Haderslev, which was a ducal residence only during his time and has benefited ever since. he is still popular as a sort of patron saint. The largest annual summer festival in Haderslev, the Hertug-Hans-Fest is named after, and the local brewery Fuglsang has named a beer after him (Hertug Hans Pils). Even the hospital (which he founded) still bears his name. His judgments were fully published in book form (De Hansborgske Dømme).

Ancestry

Ancestors of John II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev

16. Christian V, Count of Oldenburg 8. Dietrich, Count of Oldenburg 17. Agnes of Hohnstein-Heringen 4. Christian I of Denmark 18. Gerhard VI, Count of Holstein-Rendsburg 9. Hedvig of Holstein 19. Catherine Elisabeth of Brunswick-Lüneburg 2. Frederick I of Denmark 20. Frederick I, Elector of Brandenburg 10. John, Margrave of Brandenburg-Kulmbach 21. Elisabeth of Bavaria 5. Dorothea of Brandenburg 22. Rudolph III, Duke of Saxe-Wittenberg 11. Barbara of Saxe-Wittenberg 23. Barbara of Legnica 1. John II, Duke of Schleswig-Holstein-Haderslev 24. Wartislaw IX, Duke of Pomerania 12. Eric II, Duke of Pomerania 25. Sophia of Saxe-Lauenburg 6. Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania 26. Bogislaw IX, Duke of Pomerania 13. Sophie of Pomerania 27. Maria of Masovia 3. Sophie of Pomerania 28. Jogaila 14. Casimir IV Jagiellon 29. Sophia of Halshany 7. Anna Jagiellon 30. Albert II of Germany 15. Elisabeth of Austria 31. Elizabeth of Luxembourg

Sources

• Thomas Otto Achelis: Haderslev i gamle Dage 1292–1626, Haderslev, 1929
• Troels Fink: Hertug Hans den Ældre, in: Sønderjyske Årbøger, 1997, p. 37–58
• Lennart S. Madsen: Junker Christian og hertug Hans den Ældre, in: Inge Adriansen, Lennart S. Madsen and Carsten Porskrog Rasmussen: De slesvigske hertuger, Aabenraa, 2005, p. 87–118
• Emilie Andersen (ed.): De Hansborgske Registranter, two volumes, Copenhagen 1943 and 1949
• Emilie Andersen (ed.): De Hansborgske Domme 1545–1578, three volumes, Copenhagen, 1994