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{{Infobox Officeholder
|name
|image=John Q. Adams.jpg
|caption=[[Daguerreotype]] of John Quincy Adams in 1847 or 1848, by [[Mathew Brady|Brady]]
|order= [[List of Presidents of the United States|6th]]
|title=[[President of the United States]]
|vicepresident=[[John C. Calhoun]]
|term_start=March 4, 1825
|term_end=March 4, 1829
|predecessor=[[James Monroe]]
|successor=[[Andrew Jackson]]
|order2=[[United States Senator]]<br/>from [[Massachusetts]]
|term_start2=1803
|term_end2=June 8, 1808
|preceded2=[[Jonathan Mason]]
|succeeded2=[[James Lloyd]]
|order3 = 6th
|title3= [[United States Secretary of State]]
|term_start3=September 22, 1817
|term_end3=March 3, 1825
|president3=[[James Monroe]]
|predecessor3=[[James Monroe]]
|successor3=[[Henry Clay]]
|state4=[[Massachusetts]]
|district4=[[Massachusetts's 8th congressional district|8th]], [[Massachusetts's 11th congressional district|11th]], and [[Massachusetts's 12th congressional district|12th]]
|term_start4=March 4, 1831
|term_end4=February 23, 1848
|ambassador_from5 = United States
|country5 = the United Kingdom
|term_start5 = 1815
|term_end5 = 1817
|predecessor5 = [[Jonathan Russell]] ''<small>As [[Chargé d'affaires]]</small>''
|successor5 = [[Richard Russell]]
|president5 = [[James Madison]]
|ambassador_from6 = United States
|country6 = Russia
|term_start6 = 1809
|term_end6 = 1814
|predecessor6 = [[William Short (American ambassador)|William Short]]
|successor6 = [[James A. Bayard]]
|president6 = [[James Madison]]
|ambassador_from7 = United States
|country7 = Prussia
|term_start7 = 1797
|term_end7 = 1801
|predecessor7 = ''New Office''
|successor7 = [[Henry Wheaton]] ''<small>(after 34 years)</small>''
|president7 = [[John Adams]]
|ambassador_from8 = United States
|country8 = the Netherlands
|term_start8 = 1794
|term_end8 = 1797
|predecessor8 = [[William Short (American ambassador)|William Short]]
|successor8 = [[William Vans Murray]]
|president8 = [[George Washington]]
|order9=[[Massachusetts State Senate|Member of the Massachusetts State Senate]]<br/>
|term_start9=1802
|term_end9=1803
|birth_date =July 11, 1767
|birth_place =[[Braintree, Massachusetts]]
|death_date ={{death date and age|mf=yes|1848|2|23|1767|7|11}}
|death_place =[[Washington, D.C.]]
|restingplace=[[United First Parish Church, Quincy, Massachusetts]]
|restingplacecoordinates={{coord|42.25111|-71.00361|display=inline,title}}
|nationality =
|party =[[Federalist Party (United States)|Federalist]]<br />[[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]]<br />[[National Republican Party|National Republican]]<br />[[Anti-Masonic Party|Anti-Masonic]]<br />[[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]]
|otherparty =
|spouse =[[Louisa Adams|Louisa Catherine Johnson]]
|relations =
|children =Louisa Adams<br>[[George Washington Adams]]<br>John Adams<br>[[Charles Francis Adams, Sr.|Charles Francis Adams]]
|residence =
|alma_mater =[[Leiden University]]<br />[[Harvard University]]
|occupation =
|profession =
|net worth =
|religion =[[Unitarianism]]
|signature =John Quincy Adams signature.png
|website =
|footnotes =
}}
'''John Quincy Adams''' (July 11, 1767 &ndash; February 23, 1848) was an [[Foreign relations of the United States|American diplomat]] and [[Politics of the United States|politician]] who served as the [[List of Presidents of the United States|sixth]] [[President of the United States]] from March 4, 1825 to March 4, 1829. He was a member of the [[Federalist Party|Federalist]], [[Democratic-Republican Party|Democratic-Republican]], [[National Republican Party|National Republican]], and later [[Anti-Masonic Party|Anti-Masonic]] and [[Whig Party (United States)|Whig]] [[Political parties in the United States|parties]].

Adams was the son of the second President [[John Adams]] and his wife [[Abigail Adams]], the name "Quincy" having come from Abigail's maternal grandfather, Colonel John Quincy, after whom [[Quincy, Massachusetts]] is also named.<ref name="herring">{{cite book|last=Herring|first=James|coauthors=Longacre, James Barton|title=''The National Portrait Gallery of Distinguished Americans''|publisher=D. Rice & A.N. Hart|year=1853|pages=1|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=gVMYAAAAIAAJ&pg=PT50&dq=%22mount+wollaston%22&lr=&as_brr=3#PPT50,M1|accessdate=2008-10-22}}</ref> He was a diplomat, involved in many international negotiations, and helped formulate the [[Monroe Doctrine]] as [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]]. As president he proposed a program of modernization and educational advancement, but was stymied by [[United States Congress|Congress]]. Adams lost his [[United States presidential election, 1828|1828 bid for re-election]] to [[Andrew Jackson]].

Adams was elected a [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. Representative]] from [[Massachusetts]] after leaving office, the only president ever to do so, serving for the last 17 years of his life. In the House he became a leading opponent of the [[Slave Power]] and argued that if a [[civil war]] ever broke out the president could [[Abolitionism|abolish slavery]] by using his [[War Powers Clause|war powers]], which [[Abraham Lincoln]] partially did during the [[American Civil War]] in the 1863 [[Emancipation Proclamation]].

==Early life==
Adams was born to [[John Adams, Jr.]] and [[Abigail Adams]] in the section of the town of Braintree that is now [[Quincy, Massachusetts]]. (Quincy, MA was not named after the president, however, but for John Quincy, his maternal grandfather.) The [[John Quincy Adams birthplace (Quincy, Massachusetts)|John Quincy Adams birthplace]], now part of [[Adams National Historical Park]], is open to the public. It is near to [[Abigail Adams Cairn]], marking the site from which Adams witnessed the [[Battle of Bunker Hill]] at age seven. In 1779 Adams began a Diary which he kept until just prior to his death in 1848. (An online website of his 50 volume Diary (plus a supplemental Diary Volume) at the Massachusetts Historical Society can be found here <ref>[http://www.masshist.org/jqadiaries/]</ref>(reference only).)

Adams first learned of the [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]] from the letters his father wrote his mother from the [[Second Continental Congress]] in [[Philadelphia]].

Much of Adams' youth was spent accompanying his father overseas. John Adams served as an [[United States Ambassador to France|American envoy to France]] from 1778 until 1779 and to the [[Netherlands]] from 1780 until 1782, and the younger Adams accompanied his father on these journeys.

Adams acquired an education at institutions such as [[Leiden University]]. For nearly three years, at the age of 14, he accompanied [[Francis Dana]] as a [[secretary]] on a mission to [[St. Petersburg]], [[Russia]], to obtain [[Diplomatic recognition|recognition]] of the new [[United States]]. He also spent time in [[Finland]], [[Sweden]] and [[Denmark]], and in 1804 published a travel report of [[Silesia]].<ref>John Quincy Adams: ''Letters on [[Silesia]]: Written During a Tour Through that Country in the Years 1800,1801'' [http://books.google.com/books?as_brr=0&q=author%3A%22John+Quincy+Adams%22+%2BSilesia&btnG=Search+Books]</ref>

During these years overseas, Adams gained a mastery of [[French language|French]] and [[Dutch language|Dutch]] and a familiarity with [[German language|German]] and other European languages. He entered [[Harvard College]] and graduated in 1788. ([[Adams House (Harvard University)|Adams House]] at Harvard College is named in honor of Adams and his father.)
He [[Apprenticeship|apprenticed]] as a lawyer with [[Theophilus Parsons]] in [[Newburyport, Massachusetts]], from 1787 to 1789. He was [[Admission to the bar|admitted to the bar]] in 1791 and began [[Practice of law|practicing law]] in [[Boston]].

==Early political career==
{{Expand section|date=January 2009}}
[[Image:Louisa Adams.jpg|thumb|left|[[Louisa Adams|Louisa Catherine Adams]]]][[George Washington]] appointed Adams [[United States Ambassador to the Netherlands|minister to the Netherlands]](at the age of 26) in 1794 and [[United States Ambassador to Portugal|to Portugal]] in 1796. He then was promoted to the Berlin Legation. When the elder Adams became President he appointed his son in 1797 as [[United States Ambassador to Germany|Minister to Prussia]] at Washington's urging, where Adams signed 1799 after negotiations with Prussian Foreign Minister [[Count Karl-Wilhelm Finck von Finckenstein]] the renewal of the very liberal Prussian-American Treaty of Amity and Commerce from 1785. He served at that post until 1801, and serving abroad, he married [[Louisa Catherine Johnson]], the daughter of an American merchant, in a ceremony at the church of [[All Hallows-by-the-Tower]], [[London]]. Adams remains the only President to have a foreign-born [[First Lady of the United States|First Lady]].

The [[Massachusetts General Court]] elected Adams as a Federalist to the U.S. Senate soon after, and he served from March 4, 1803, until June 8, 1808, at which point he broke with the Federalists, resigned his Senate seat, and became a Democrat-Republican.
Adams then served as [[United States Ambassador to Russia|minister to Russia]] from 1809 until 1814, as chief negotiator of the U.S. commission for the [[Treaty of Ghent]] in 1814, and as [[United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom|minister to the Court of St. James's]] ([[United Kingdom|Britain]]) from 1815 until 1817.

==Secretary of State==
Adams served as [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] in the [[United States Cabinet|Cabinet]] of President [[James Monroe]] from 1817 until 1825, a tenure during which he was instrumental in the acquisition of [[Florida]]. Typically, his views concurred with those espoused by Monroe. As Secretary of State, he negotiated the [[Adams-Onís Treaty]] and wrote the [[Monroe Doctrine]], which warned European nations against meddling in the affairs of the [[Western Hemisphere]]. Adams' interpretation of neutrality was so strict that he refused to cooperate with Great Britain in suppressing the slave trade.{{Fact|date=December 2008}} On Independence Day 1821, in response to those who advocated American support for [[Latin America|Latin America's]] [[Bolívar's War|independence movement from Spain]],<ref>[http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_7052/is_/ai_n28547577 Francis Sempa essay]</ref>, Adams gave a speech in which he said that American policy was moral support for but not armed intervention on behalf of independence movements, stating that America "goes not abroad in search of monsters to destroy."<ref>[http://www.presidentialrhetoric.com/historicspeeches/adams_jq/foreignpolicy.html Adams speech July 4, 1821]</ref>

==1824-25 presidential election==
Adams ran against four other candidates in the [[United States presidential election, 1824|presidential election of 1824]]: [[Speaker of the United States House of Representatives|Speaker of the House]] [[Henry Clay]] of [[Kentucky]], [[United States Secretary of the Treasury|Secretary of the Treasury]] [[William H. Crawford]] of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], U.S. Senator [[Andrew Jackson]] of [[Tennessee]], and [[United States Secretary of War|Secretary of War]] [[John C. Calhoun]] of [[South Carolina]]. After Crawford suffered an incapacitating stroke, there was no clear favorite.

In the election, no candidate had a majority of the [[United States Electoral College|electoral votes]] (or of the popular votes), although Jackson had been the winner of a plurality of both. Under the terms of the [[Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Twelfth Amendment]], the presidential election was thrown to the House of Representatives to vote on the top three candidates: Jackson, Adams, and Crawford. Clay had come in fourth place and thus was ineligible, but he retained incredible power as Speaker of the House. Crawford was unviable due to the stroke.

Clay's personal dislike for Jackson and the similarity of his [[American System (economic plan)|American System]] to Adams' position on [[tariff]]s and [[Public works|internal improvements]] caused him to throw his support to Adams, who was elected by the House on February 9, 1825, on the first ballot. Adams' victory shocked Jackson, who had gained the plurality of the electoral and popular votes and fully expected to be elected president. When Adams appointed Clay as Secretary of State&mdash;the position that Adams and his three predecessors had held before becoming President&mdash;[[Jacksonian democracy|Jacksonian Democrats]] were outraged, and claimed that Adams and Clay had struck a "[[corrupt bargain]]." This contention shadowed over Adams' term and greatly contributed to Adams' loss to Jackson four years later, in the [[United States presidential election, 1828|1828 election]].

==Presidency 1825–1829==
[[File:John Quincy Adams.jpeg|thumb|<center>John Quincy Adams<center>]]
Adams served as the sixth [[President of the United States]] from March 4, 1825, to March 3, 1829. He took the oath of office on a book of laws, instead of the more traditional Bible, in order to preserve the separation of church and state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://fpc.state.gov/fpc/40871.htm |title=Presidential Inaugurations Past and Present: A Look at the History Behind the Pomp and Circumstance |publisher=Fpc.state.gov |date= |accessdate=2008-09-16}}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Romero | first = Frances | url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1871905,00.html | title = A Brief History Of: Swearing In | publisher = [[TIME Magazine]] | date = 15 January 2009 | accessdate = 18 January 2009}}</ref>

===Domestic policies===
During his term, he worked on developing the [[American System (economic plan)|American System]], consisting of a high tariff to support internal improvements such as road-building, and a national bank to encourage productive enterprise and form a national currency. In his first annual message to Congress, Adams presented an ambitious program for modernization that included roads, canals, a national university, an astronomical observatory, and other initiatives. The support for his proposals was limited, even from his own party. His critics accused him of unseemly arrogance because of his narrow victory. Most of his initiatives were opposed in Congress by [[Andrew Jackson|Jackson]]'s supporters, who remained outraged over the 1824 election.

Nonetheless, some of his proposals were adopted, specifically the extension of the [[Cumberland Road]] into [[Ohio]] with surveys for its continuation west to [[St. Louis, Missouri|St. Louis]]; the beginning of the [[Chesapeake and Ohio Canal]], the construction of the [[Delaware and Chesapeake Canal]] and the [[Louisville and Portland Canal|Portland to Louisville Canal]] around the [[falls of the Ohio]]; the connection of the [[Great Lakes]] to the [[Ohio River|Ohio River system]] in [[Ohio]] and [[Indiana]]; and the enlargement and rebuilding of the [[Dismal Swamp Canal]] in [[North Carolina]].

One of the issues which divided the administration was protective tariffs. [[Henry Clay]] was a supporter, but Adams´ Vice President [[John C. Calhoun]] was an opponent. The position of Adams was unknown, because his constituency was divided. After Adams lost control of Congress in 1827, the situation became more complicated. By signing into law the [[Tariff of 1828]] (also known as the Tariff of Abominations), extremely unpopular in the South, he limited his chances to achieve more during his presidency.
[[Image:canal swains lock 20040911 121236 2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Chesapeake and Ohio Canal]] at Swain's Lock.]]
Adams and Clay set up a new party, the [[National Republican Party]], but it never took root in the states. In the elections of 1827, Adams and his supporters lost control of Congress. [[New York]] Senator [[Martin Van Buren]], a future president and follower of Jackson, became one of the leaders of the senate.

Much of Adams' political difficulties were due to his refusal, on principle, to replace members of his administration who supported Jackson (on the grounds that no one should be removed from office except for incompetence). For example, his [[United States Postmaster General|Postmaster General]], [[John McLean]], continued in office through the Adams administration, despite the fact that he was using his powers of patronage to curry favor with Jacksonites. (In contrast, Andrew Jackson's administration was the start of the [[spoils system]].)

Another blow to Adams' presidency was his generous policy toward Native Americans. Settlers on the frontier, who were constantly seeking to move westward, cried for a more expansionist policy. When the federal government tried to assert authority on behalf of the Cherokees, the governor of Georgia took up arms. It was a sign of nullification that foreshadowed the secession of the Southern states during the Civil War. Adams defended his domestic agenda as continuing Monroe's policies. In contrast, Andrew Jackson and Martin Van Buren instigated the policy of Indian removal to the west (i.e. the [[Trail of Tears]]).{{Fact|date=September 2008}}

===Foreign policies===
Adams is regarded as one of the greatest diplomats in American history, and during his tenure as [[United States Secretary of State|Secretary of State]] he was one of the designers of the [[Monroe Doctrine]]. During his term as president, however, Adams achieved little of consequence in foreign affairs. A reason for this was the opposition he faced in Congress, where his rivals prevented him from succeeding.{{Fact|date=July 2008}}

Among the few diplomatic achievements of his administration were treaties of [[Reciprocity (international relations)|reciprocity]] with a number of nations, including [[Denmark]], [[Mexico]], the [[Hanseatic League]], the [[Scandinavian countries]], [[Prussia]] and [[Austria]]. However, thanks to the successes of Adams' diplomacy during his previous eight years as Secretary of State, most of the foreign policy issues he would have faced had been resolved by the time he became President.

===Administration and Cabinet===
{{Infobox U.S. Cabinet
|align=left
|clear=yes
|Name=Adams
|President=John Quincy Adams
|President start=1825
|President end=1829
|Vice President=[[John C. Calhoun]]
|Vice President start=1825
|Vice President end=1829
|State=[[Henry Clay]]
|State start=1825
|State end=1829
|War=[[James Barbour]]
|War start=1825
|War end=1828
|War 2=[[Peter Buell Porter|Peter B. Porter]]
|War start 2=1828
|War end 2=1829
|Treasury=[[Richard Rush]]
|Treasury start=1825
|Treasury end=1829
|Justice=[[William Wirt (Attorney General)|William Wirt]]
|Justice start=1825
|Justice end=1829
|Navy=[[Samuel L. Southard]]
|Navy start=1825
|Navy end=1829
}}
[[Image:John Quincy Adams Presidential $1 Coin obverse.jpg|thumb|right|Presidential Dollar of John Quincy Adams]]

===Judicial appointments===
====Supreme Court====
*'''[[Robert Trimble]]''' &ndash; June 16, 1826 – August 25, 1828

====Other courts====
Adams was able to make eleven other appointments, all to [[United States district court]]s:

{| class="sortable wikitable"
|- bgcolor="#ececec"
|'''Judge'''||'''Court'''||'''Began active<br>service'''||'''Ended active<br>service'''
|-
|[[Samuel Rossiter Betts]]||[[United States District Court for the Southern District of New York|S.D.N.Y.]]||December 21, 1826||April 30, 1867
|-
|[[John Boyle (congressman)|John Boyle]]||[[United States District Court for the District of Kentucky|D.Ky.]]||October 20, 1826<ref>[[Recess appointment]]; formally nominated on December 13, 1826; confirmed by the [[United States Senate]] and received commission on February 12, 1827.</ref>||January 28, 1834
|-
|[[William Bristol]]||[[United States District Court for the District of Connecticut|D.Conn.]]||May 22, 1826|| March 7, 1836
|-
|[[Alexander Caldwell]]||[[United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia|W.D.Va.]]||January 3, 1826||April 8, 1839
|-
|[[Alfred Conkling]]||[[United States District Court for the Northern District of New York|N.D.N.Y.]]||August 27, 1825<ref>[[Recess appointment]]; formally nominated on December 13, 1825; confirmed by the United States Senate and received commission on December 14, 1825.</ref>||August 25, 1852
|-
|[[William Crawford]]||[[United States District Court for the Northern District of Alabama|N.D.Ala.]]<br>[[United States District Court for the Southern District of Alabama|S.D.Ala.]]<ref>As the only federal judge sitting in Alabama, Crawford was also assigned by [[operation of law]] to the [[United States District Court for the Middle District of Alabama]] when it was established on February 6, 1839.</ref>||May 22, 1826||February 28, 1849
|-
|[[William Creighton, Jr.]]||[[United States District Court for the District of Ohio|D. Ohio]]||November 1, 1828<ref>[[Recess appointment]]; formally nominated on December 11, 1828, but not confirmed by the United States Senate.</ref>||February 16, 1829
|-
|[[George Hay]]||[[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia|E.D.Va.]]||July 5, 1825<ref>[[Recess appointment]]; formally nominated on December 13, 1825, 1828; confirmed by the United States Senate and received commission on March 31, 1826.</ref>||September 21, 1830
|-
|[[Joseph Hopkinson]]||[[United States District Court for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania|E.D.Pa.]]||October 23, 1828<ref>[[Recess appointment]]; formally nominated on December 11, 1828; confirmed by the United States Senate and received commission on February 23, 1829.</ref>||January 15, 1842
|-
|[[Philip C. Pendleton]]||[[United States District Court for the Western District of Virginia|W.D.Va.]]||May 6, 1825<ref>[[Recess appointment]]; resigned before nomination was formally submitted to the United States Senate.</ref>||July 29, 1825
|-
|[[William Rossell]]||[[United States District Court for the District of New Jersey|D.N.J.]]||November 10, 1826<ref>[[Recess appointment]]; formally nominated on December 13, 1826; confirmed by the United States Senate and received commission on December 19, 1826.</ref>||June 20, 1840
|}

===States admitted to the Union===
''None''
===Departure from office===
John Quincy Adams left office on March 4, 1829 after losing the election of 1828 to [[Andrew Jackson]]. Adams did not attend the inauguration of his successor, Andrew Jackson, who had openly snubbed him by [http://www.whitehousehistory.org/08/subs/08_b15.html refusing] to pay the traditional "courtesy call" to the outgoing President during the weeks before his own inauguration. He was one of only three Presidents who chose not to attend their respective successor's inauguration, the others were his [[John Adams|father]] and [[Andrew Johnson]].

==Election of 1828==
{{main|United States presidential election, 1828}}
After the inauguration of Adams in 1825,<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?vid=ISBN0836950216&id=KPQrq0LBvbYC&pgis=1]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(hj01849))|title=Wednesday, February 9, 1825 |publisher=Library of Congress|accessdate=2008-09-16}}</ref> Jackson resigned from his senate seat. For four years he worked hard, with help from his supporters in Congress, to defeat Adams in the [[U.S. presidential election, 1828|Presidential election of 1828]]. The campaign was very much a personal one. Although neither candidate personally campaigned, their political followers organized many campaign events. Both candidates were rhetorically attacked in the press. This reached a low point when the press accused Jackson's wife [[Rachel Jackson|Rachel]] of bigamy. She died a few weeks after the elections. Jackson said he would forgive those who insulted him, but he would never forgive the ones who attacked his wife.

Adams lost the election by a decisive margin, 178-83 in the Electoral College. He won exactly the same states that his father had won in the [[U.S. presidential election, 1800|election of 1800]]: the New England states, New Jersey, and Delaware. Jackson won everything else except for New York, which gave 16 of its electoral votes to Adams, and Maryland, which cast 6 of its votes for Adams.
[[Image:John Quincy Adams 1824.jpg|thumb|right|Congressman Adams, from a [[Daguerreotype]] taken in 1848 by [[Southworth & Hawes]] shortly before his death.]]

==Congressman==
Adams did not retire after leaving office. Instead he ran for and was elected to the House of Representatives in the [[United States House of Representatives elections, 1830|1830 elections]] as a National Republican. He was the first president to serve in [[United States Congress|Congress]] after his term of office, and one of only two former presidents to do so; [[Andrew Johnson]] later served in the [[United States Senate|Senate]]. He was elected to eight terms, serving as a Representative for 17 years, from 1831 until his death. Through [[redistricting]] Adams represented three districts in succession:
[[Massachusetts's 11th congressional district]] (1831-1833), [[Massachusetts's 12th congressional district|12th congressional district]] (1833-1837), and [[Massachusetts's 8th congressional district|8th congressional district]] (1837-1843), serving from the [[22nd United States Congress|22nd]] to the [[30th United States Congress|30th Congresses]]. He became a Whig in 1834.

In Congress, he was chairman of the [[United States House Committee on Manufactures|Committee on Manufactures]] ([[23rd United States Congress|23rd]], [[24th United States Congress|24th]], [[25th United States Congress|25th]], [[26th United States Congress|26th]], [[28th United States Congress|28th]] and [[29th United States Congress|29th]]), the [[United States House Committee on Natural Resources|Committee on Indian Affairs]] (for the [[27th United States Congress|27th Congress]]) and the [[United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs|Committee on Foreign Affairs]] (also for the 27th Congress). He became an important antislavery voice in the Congress. During the years 1836-37 Adams presented many petitions for the abolition of slavery and the slave trade in the District of Columbia and elsewhere to Congress. The [[Gag rule]] prevented discussion of slavery from 1836 to 1844, but he frequently managed to evade it by parliamentary skill. [[Image:Adams' Burial Site 002.jpg|thumb|United First Parish Church]]
In 1834 he unsuccessfully ran as the [[Anti-Masonic Party|Anti-Masonic]] candidate<ref>{{cite book |author=Richards, Leonard L. |title=The Life and Times of Congressman John Quincy Adams |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford [Oxfordshire] |year=1986 |pages=48 |isbn=0-19-504026-0}}</ref> for [[Governor of Massachusetts]], losing to [[John Davis (Massachusetts Governor)|John Davis]]. Adams then continued his legal career.

In 1841, he had the case of a lifetime, representing the defendants in ''[[Amistad (1841)|United States v. The Amistad Africans]]'' in the [[Supreme Court of the United States]]. He successfully argued that the Africans, who had seized control of a Spanish ship on which they were being transported illegally as slaves, should not be extradited or deported to [[Cuba]] (still under Spanish control) but should be considered free. Under Andrew Jackson's successor [[Martin Van Buren]], the [[United States Department of Justice]] argued the Africans should be deported for having mutinied and killed officers on the ship. Adams won their freedom, with the chance to stay in the United States or return to Africa. Adams made the argument on the grounds that the U.S. had prohibited the international slave trade, although it allowed internal slavery. He never billed for his services in the ''Amistad'' case.<ref>Miller, William Lee, pg 402</ref>

Although there is no indication that the two were close, Adams met [[Abraham Lincoln]] during the latter's sole term as a member of the House of Representatives, from 1847 until Adams' death. Thus, it has been suggested that Adams is the only major figure in American history who knew both the [[Founding Fathers]] and Abraham Lincoln.{{Fact|date=August 2008}}

==Death and burial==
On the February 21, 1848, the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] were discussing the matter of honoring US Army officers who served in the [[Mexican-American War]]. Adams firmly opposed this idea, so when the rest of the house erupted into 'ayes', he cried out, 'No!' At that precise moment, Adams collapsed, having suffered a massive [[cerebral hemorrhage]]. Two days later, on February 23, he died with his wife and son at his side in the Speaker's Room inside the [[United States Capitol|Capitol Building]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] His last words were reported to have been, "This is the last of Earth. I am content."

His interment was in the family burial ground at Quincy. After his wife's death, his son had him reinterred with his wife in a family crypt in the [[United First Parish Church, Quincy, Massachusetts|United First Parish Church]] across the street. His parents are also interred there and both tombs can be viewed.

==Family==
[[Image:Graves of the Adams, Quincy, Massachusetts.JPG|thumb|Tombs of Presidents [[John Adams]] (left) and John Quincy Adams (right) and their wives, in a family crypt beneath the [[United First Parish Church, Quincy, Massachusetts|United First Parish Church]].]]

John Quincy Adams and [[Louisa Catherine (Johnson) Adams]] had three sons and a daughter. Louisa was born in 1811 but died in 1812 while the family was in Russia. They named their first son [[George Washington Adams]] (1801-1829) after the first president. Both George and their second son, John (1803-1834), led troubled lives and died in early adulthood.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jmisc.net/BIOG-A.htm |title=Brief Biographies of Jackson Era Characters (A) |publisher=Jmisc.net |date= |accessdate=2008-09-16}}</ref><ref>Shepherd, Jack, ''Cannibals of the Heart: A Personal Biography of Louisa Catherine and John Quincy Adams'', New York, McGraw-Hill 1980</ref> (George committed suicide and John was expelled from Harvard prior to his 1823 graduation.)

Adams' youngest son, [[Charles Francis Adams, Sr.|Charles Francis Adams]] (who named his own son [[John Quincy Adams (1833-1894)|John Quincy]]), also pursued a career in diplomacy and politics. In 1870 Charles Francis built the first memorial [[presidential library]] in the United States, to honor his father. The Stone Library includes over 14,000 books written in twelve languages. The library is located in the "Old House" at [[Adams National Historical Park]] in [[Quincy, Massachusetts]].

The actress [[Mary Kay Adams]] is a descendant of John Quincy Adams.

John Adams and John Quincy Adams were the first father and son to each serve as president (the others being [[George H. W. Bush]] and [[George W. Bush]]). In addition, each Adams served only one term as President.

==See also==
*[[Adams political family]]
*[[Adams-Onís Treaty]]
*[[Mount Quincy Adams]]
*[[Treaty of Ghent]]
*[[Mendi Bible]]
*[[U.S. presidential election, 1820]]
*[[U.S. presidential election, 1824]]
*[[U.S. presidential election, 1828]]
*[[List of United States political appointments that crossed party lines]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
*{{cite journal |last=Allgor |first=Catherine |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1997 |month= |title='A Republican in a Monarchy': Louisa Catherine Adams in Russia |journal=Diplomatic History |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=15–43 |issn=0145-2096 |url= |accessdate= |quote= |doi=10.1111/1467-7709.00049}} Fulltext in Swetswise, Ingenta and Ebsco. Louisa Adams was with JQA in St. Petersburg almost the entire time. While not officially a diplomat, Louisa Adams did serve an invaluable role as wife-of-diplomat, becoming a favorite of the tsar and making up for her husband's utter lack of charm. She was an indispensable part of the American mission.
* Bathroom Readers' Institute. ''Uncle John's Ahh-Inspiring Bathroom Reader.'' Information on death of Adams. ISBN 1-57145-873-5.
* Bemis, Samuel Flagg. ''John Quincy Adams and the Foundations of American Foreign Policy. '' vol 1 (1949), ''John Quincy Adams and the Union'' (1956), vol 2. Pulitzer prize biography.
*{{cite journal |last=Crofts |first=Daniel W. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1997 |month= |title=Congressmen, Heroic and Otherwise |journal=Reviews in American History |volume=25 |issue=2 |pages=243–247 |issn=0048-7511 |url= |accessdate= |quote=}} Fulltext in Project Muse. Adams role in antislavery petitions debate 1835-44.
* Holt, Michael F. ''The Rise and Fall of the American Whig Party: Jacksonian Politics and the Onset of the Civil War.'' 1999.
* Lewis, James E., Jr. ''John Quincy Adams: Policymaker for the Union.'' Scholarly Resources, 2001. 164 pp.
*{{cite journal |last=Mattie |first=Sean |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2003 |month= |title=John Quincy Adams and American Conservatism |journal=Modern Age |volume=45 |issue=4 |pages=305–314 |issn=0026-7457 |url= |accessdate= |quote=}} Fulltext online at Ebsco
*{{cite journal |last=McMillan |first=Richard |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2001 |month= |title=Election of 1824: Corrupt Bargain or the Birth of Modern Politics? |journal=New England Journal of History |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=24–37 |id= |url= |accessdate= |quote=}}
*{{cite journal |last=Miller |first=Chandra |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2000 |month= |title='Title Page to a Great Tragic Volume': the Impact of the Missouri Crisis on Slavery, Race, and Republicanism in the Thought of John C. Calhoun and John Quincy Adams |journal=Missouri Historical Review |volume=94 |issue=4 |pages=365–388 |issn=0026-6582 |url= |accessdate= |quote=}} Shows that both men considered splitting the country as a solution.
* {{cite book |author=Miller, William Lee |title=Arguing About Slavery. John Quincy Adams and the Great Battle in the United States Congress |publisher=Vintage Books |city=New York |year=1995 |isbn=0-3945-6922-9}}
* Nagel, Paul C. ''John Quincy Adams: A Public Life, a Private Life'' (1999)
*{{cite journal |last=Parsons |first=Lynn Hudson |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2003 |month= |title=In Which the Political Becomes Personal, and Vice Versa: the Last Ten Years of John Quincy Adams and Andrew Jackson |journal=Journal of the Early Republic |volume=23 |issue=3 |pages=421–443 |issn=0275-1275 |url= |accessdate= |quote= |doi=10.2307/3595046}}
*{{cite journal |last=Portolano |first=Marlana |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2000 |month= |title=John Quincy Adams's Rhetorical Crusade for Astronomy |journal=Isis |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=480–503 |issn=0021-1753 |url= |accessdate= |quote= |doi=10.1086/384852}} Fulltext online at Jstor and Ebsco. He tried and failed to create a national observatory.
*{{cite journal |last=Potkay |first=Adam S. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=1999 |month= |title=Theorizing Civic Eloquence in the Early Republic: the Road from David Hume to John Quincy Adams |journal=Early American Literature |volume=34 |issue=2 |pages=147–170 |issn=0012-8163 |url= |accessdate= |quote=}} Fulltext online at Swetswise and Ebsco. Adams adapted classical republican ideals of public oratory to America, viewing the multilevel political structure as ripe for "the renaissance of Demosthenic eloquence." Adams's ''Lectures on Rhetoric and Oratory'' (1810) looks at the fate of ancient oratory, the necessity of liberty for it to flourish, and its importance as a unifying element for a new nation of diverse cultures and beliefs. Just as civic eloquence failed to gain popularity in Britain, in the United States interest faded in the second decade of the 18th century as the "public spheres of heated oratory" disappeared in favor of the private sphere.
*{{cite journal |last=Rathbun |first=Lyon |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2000 |month= |title=The Ciceronian Rhetoric of John Quincy Adams |journal=Rhetorica |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=175–215 |issn=0734-8584 |url= |accessdate= |quote= |doi=10.1525/rh.2000.18.2.175}} Shows how the classical tradition in general, and Ciceronian rhetoric in particular, influenced his political career and his response to public issues. Adams remained inspired by classical rhetorical ideals long after the neo-classicalism and deferential politics of the founding generation had been eclipsed by the commercial ethos and mass democracy of the Jacksonian Era. Many of Adams's idiosyncratic positions were rooted in his abiding devotion to the Ciceronian ideal of the citizen-orator "speaking well" to promote the welfare of the polis.
*{{cite book |title=John Quincy Adams |last=Remini |first=Robert V. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2002 |publisher=Times Books |location=New York |isbn=0805069399 |pages=}}
*{{cite book |title=Heir to the Fathers: John Quincy Adams and the Spirit of Constitutional Government |last=Wood |first=Gary V. |authorlink= |coauthors= |year=2004 |publisher=Lexington |location=Ladham, MD |isbn=0739106015 |pages=}}
*{{cite book |title=The American Presidency |last=Brinkley |first=Alan |authorlink= |coauthors=Dyer, Davis |year=2004 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |location=Boston |isbn=0618382739 |pages=}}

===Primary sources===
* Butterfield, L. H. et al., eds., ''The Adams Papers'' (1961- ). Multivolume letterpress edition of all letters to and from major members of the Adams family, plus their diaries; still incomplete.[http://www.masshist.org/adams_editorial/volumes_published.cfm]
* Adams, John Quincy, ''Lectures on Rhetoric and Oratory'', 1810 (facsimile ed., 1997, Scholars' Facsimiles & Reprints, ISSN 9780820115078).

==External links==
{{Spoken Wikipedia|John Quincy Adams.ogg|2009-01-08}}
{{Sisterlinks|John Quincy Adams}}
* Official NPS website: [http://www.nps.gov/adam/ Adams National Historical Park]
* [http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/presidents/ja6.html White House Biography]
* [http://www.american-presidents.com/john-quincy-adams John Quincy Adams Biography and Fact File]
* [http://www.usa-presidents.info/jqadams.htm Biography of John Quincy Adams]
* [http://johnqadams.org/ Biography of John Quincy Adams by Appleton's and Stanley L. Klos]
* [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/presiden/inaug/qadams.htm Inaugural Address]
* [[State of the Union|State of the Union Addresses]]: [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/jqadams-1.html 1825], [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/jqadams-2.html 1826], [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/jqadams-3.html 1827], [http://www.usa-presidents.info/union/jqadams-4.html 1828]
* [http://www.fff.org/freedom/1001e.asp July 4, 1821 Independence Day Speech]
*{{gutenberg author|id=John_Quincy_Adams|name=John Quincy Adams}}
*{{CongBio|A000041}}
* [http://www.doctorzebra.com/prez/g06.htm Medical and Health history of John Quincy Adams]
*[http://americanheraldry.org/pages/index.php?n=President.Adams Armigerous American Presidents Series]
*[http://www.lonang.com/exlibris/misc/1839-jub.htm The Jubilee of the Constitution: A Discourse]
*[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa;idno=ABB5322.0001.001 Dermot MacMorrogh,: or, The conquest of Ireland. An historical tale of the twelfth century. In four cantos./ By John Quincy Adams]
* [http://millercenter.org/index.php/academic/americanpresident/jqadams Essay on John Quincy Adams and essays on each member of his cabinet and First Lady from the Miller Center of Public Affairs]
*[http://quod.lib.umich.edu/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=moa;idno=ABA7992.0001.001 Poems of religion and society.: With notices of his life and character by John Davis and T. H. Benton]
*[http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/ADA_AIZ/ADAMS_JOHN_QUINCY_1767_1848_.html Encyclopedia Britannica: Adams, John Quincy]
*[http://www.familytales.org/results.php?tla=jqa Collection of John Quincy Adams Letters]
*[http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/NAGDEX.html Nagel, Paul. ''Descent from Glory: Four Generations of the John Adams Family.'' Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999.]
*Adams, John Quincy. [http://books.google.com/books?id=HJEOAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=subject:%22Newburyport+(Mass.)%22&lr= Life in a New England Town, 1787, 1788: Diary of John Quincy Adams.] Published in 1903. Diary of J.Q.Adams while he apprenticed as a lawyer in [[Newburyport, Massachusetts]] under [[Theophilus Parsons]].

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{{s-ref|There was over a thirty-four year period between Adams's and Wheaton's terms.|The [[Democratic-Republican Party]] split in 1824, fielding four separate candidates: Adams, [[Andrew Jackson]], [[Henry Clay]], and [[William Harris Crawford]].}}

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{{JQ Adams cabinet}}

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{{Persondata
|NAME = Adams, John Quincy
|ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
|SHORT DESCRIPTION = American politician
|DATE OF BIRTH = July 11, 1767
|PLACE OF BIRTH = [[Braintree, Massachusetts]]
|DATE OF DEATH = February 23, 1848
|PLACE OF DEATH = [[Washington, D.C.]]
}}
{{Lifetime|1767|1848|Adams, John Quincy}}
[[Category:Presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1820]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1824]]
[[Category:United States presidential candidates, 1828]]
[[Category:United States Secretaries of State]]
[[Category:United States Senators from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:United States ambassadors to the Netherlands]]
[[Category:United States ambassadors to Russia]]
[[Category:United States ambassadors to the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:United States ambassadors to Prussia]]
[[Category:Members of the United States House of Representatives from Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Massachusetts lawyers]]
[[Category:Massachusetts State Senators]]
[[Category:Harvard University alumni]]
[[Category:Leiden University alumni]]
[[Category:Adams family|John Quincy]]
[[Category:Children of Presidents of the United States]]
[[Category:People from Quincy, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:People from Boston, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:People from Norfolk County, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:American Unitarians]]
[[Category:English Americans]]
[[Category:Deaths from cerebral hemorrhage]]
[[Category:People from Braintree, Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Massachusetts Whigs]]

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