Jimmy Hoffa: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox Celebrity |
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| name = Jimmy Hoffa |
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| image = Jimmy riddle hoffa.jpg |
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| caption = |
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| birth_date = {{birth date|1913|2|14|mf=y}} |
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| birth_place = [[Brazil, Indiana|Brazil]], [[Indiana]], [[United States|U.S.]] |
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| death_date = disappeared [[July 30]], [[1975]] (aged 62) |
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| death_place = Last seen in Bloomfield Township, MI |
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| occupation = Labor union leader |
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| salary = |
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| networth = |
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| spouse = |
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| children =[[James P. Hoffa]], [[Barbara Ann Crancer]] |
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| website = |
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| footnotes = |
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}} |
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'''James Riddle ("Jimmy") Hoffa''' ([[February 14]], [[1913]] - disappeared [[July 30]], [[1975]], [[Missing person|exact date of death unknown]]) was an [[United States|American]] [[labor movement|labor]] leader and convicted [[criminal]] ([[pardon]]ed). As the president of the [[Teamsters|International Brotherhood of Teamsters]] from the mid-1950s to the mid-1960s, Hoffa wielded considerable influence. After he was convicted of attempted [[bribery]] of a grand juror, he served nearly a decade in [[prison]]. He is also well-known in [[popular culture]] for the mysterious circumstances surrounding his unexplained disappearance and presumed death. His son [[James P. Hoffa]] is the current president of the [[Teamsters]]. |
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==Early life== |
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{{labor}} |
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Hoffa was born in [[Crawfordsville, Indiana]], on February 14, 1913. His paternal ancestors were Pennsylvanian Germans ("[[Pennsylvania Dutch]]"), and [[Irish-American]]. Hoffa's father, John Cleveland Hoffa, a coal driller, died of lung disease in 1920. His mother, Viola "Ola" Riddle, took in laundry to keep the family together and the children took after-school jobs. Hoffa later described his mother as a woman "who believed that Duty and Discipline were spelled with capital D's." |
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In 1922, the Hoffas moved to [[Clinton, Indiana]], for two years, then to the working-class west side of Detroit. Hoffa worked as a delivery boy and dropped out of school in the 9th grade, just as the stock market crash of 1929 and the [[Great Depression]] brought massive layoffs and business failures. |
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A friend, Walter Murphy, advised Hoffa to get into the food business. "No matter what happens, people have to eat," the friend reportedly said. Hoffa lied about his age to get a job at the [[Kroger]] Grocery and Baking Company, whose warehouses were near his home. He worked unloading produce from railroad cars for 32 cents an hour. The pay, two-thirds of it in scrip redeemable for food at Kroger's, was considered relatively good for the era in light of growing unemployment and food lines. Warehouse workers were required to report at 4:30 p.m. for a 12-hour shift, but were paid only for time spent unloading produce. |
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The foreman was "the kind of guy," Hoffa later said, "who causes unions." Called the "Little Bastard" by all the workers, he abused his powers, threatening and firing workers without cause. |
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Hoffa and his coworkers, including Bobby Holmes, who would also rise in the Teamster hierarchy with Hoffa, bided their time. The harsh reality that one third of American workers remained jobless made them cautious in their organizing efforts. |
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Finally one night in the spring of 1931, after two workers were fired for going to a food cart for their midnight dinner, the men acted. Hoffa called for a work stoppage just as trucks loaded with Florida strawberries pulled into the warehouse. |
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Faced with the need to get the perishable cargo into refrigerators quickly, Kroger management agreed to meet with the new leaders the following morning as long as the workers resumed their duties. |
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After several days of negotiating, Hoffa and his aides had a union contract. It included a raise of 13 cents an hour, the guarantee of at least a half a day's pay per day, a modest insurance plan, and of course, recognition of the union. The new leaders soon applied for and received a charter as Federal Local 19341 of the American Federation of Labor. |
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Hoffa was fired the following year after a fight with a plant foreman who goaded union leaders into throwing a crate of vegetables on the floor and spraying the boss with assorted vegetable juices. Jimmy claimed in later years that he quit before he could be fired and walked away. |
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Hoffa next landed a job as a full time [[union organizer]] for the International Brotherhood of Teamsters. He took the [[Kroger]] union with him into the [[IBT]] where its membership was absorbed into Local 299. He and other IBT organizers fought with management in their organizing efforts in the [[Detroit, Michigan]], area. |
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Hoffa used [[organized crime]] connections to shake down an association of small grocery stores. This led to his first criminal conviction, for which he paid a fine. After he rose to a leadership position in Local 299, Hoffa continued to work with organized crime in Detroit, using the threat of labor trouble to induce business to use a mobster controlled clothier (Friedman and Schwarz, 1988). |
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==Union activities== |
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The Teamsters union organized truckers and firefighters, first throughout the [[Midwest]] and then nationwide. It skillfully used quickie strikes, secondary [[boycott]]s and other means of leveraging [[Labour union|union]] strength at one company to organize workers and win contract demands at others. The union also used less lawful means to bring some employers into line. {{Fact|date=July 2007}} |
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Hoffa took over the presidency of the Teamsters in 1957, when his predecessor, [[Dave Beck]], was convicted on bribery charges and imprisoned. Hoffa worked to expand the union and in 1964 succeeded in bringing virtually all North American over-the-road truck drivers under a single national master freight agreement. Hoffa then pushed to try to bring the airlines and other transport employees into the union. This was of great concern to many as a strike involving all transport systems would be devastating for the national economy. {{Fact|date=July 2007}} |
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President [[John F. Kennedy]] and his successor [[Lyndon B. Johnson]] both put pressure on Hoffa through the president's brother [[Robert F. Kennedy]], the [[United States Attorney General|Attorney General]], attempting to investigate his activities and disrupt his ever-growing union. The Kennedys in particular were sure that Hoffa had pocketed a great deal of union money. Having expelled the Teamsters in the 1950s, the [[AFL-CIO]] also disliked Hoffa and aided the [[United States Democratic Party|Democrats]] in their investigations. |
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Hoffa allegedly made sweetheart deals with mob figures,{{Fact|date=December 2008}} but mob control over the union was exaggerated by the Kennedys and [[Life Magazine]].{{Fact|date=December 2008}} Hoffa fiercely defended his control over the union. Teamster money was used to build several [[Las Vegas, Nevada|Las Vegas]] casinos, and was repaid with interest.<ref>http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917718-1,00.html</ref> |
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Hoffa was not nearly as beholden to the Mob as to his successor and longtime crony [[Frank Fitzsimmons]], who would have been jailed if he had not died from cancer. While Hoffa was a brilliant tactician who knew how to play one employer against another and who used the union's power to rationalize the industry by driving out weaker employers, "Fitz" was content to gather the other benefits of high office. The [[deregulation]] of the trucking industry pushed by [[Edward Kennedy]] and others during Fitzsimmons' tenure eventually destroyed much of what Hoffa had won for his members under the National Master Freight Agreement by making it much harder to maintain the standards Hoffa had achieved. {{Fact|date=July 2007}} |
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Hoffa's son, [[James P. Hoffa]], is the Teamsters' current leader. His daughter, [[Barbara Ann Crancer]], currently serves as an associate circuit court judge in [[St. Louis, Missouri]]. |
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==Conviction and disappearance== |
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In 1964, Hoffa was convicted of attempted bribery of a grand juror and jailed for 15 years. On [[December 23]], [[1971]], however, he was released when President [[Richard Nixon]] commuted his sentence to time served on the condition he not participate in union activities for 10 years. Hoffa was planning to sue to invalidate that restriction in order to reassert his power over the Teamsters when he disappeared at, or sometime after, 2:45 pm on [[July 30]], [[1975]] from the parking lot of the [[Machus Red Fox]] Restaurant in [[Bloomfield Township, Oakland County, Michigan]], a suburb of [[Detroit]]. He had been due to meet two Mafia leaders, Anthony "Tony Jack" Giacalone from [[Detroit]] and [[Anthony "Tony Pro" Provenzano]] from [[Union City, New Jersey]] and [[New York City]].<ref>http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917718-3,00.html</ref> |
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==Investigations into his disappearance== |
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DNA evidence examined in 2001 placed Hoffa in the car of longtime Teamster associate Charles "Chuckie" O'Brien, who has been described as Hoffa's "foster son"<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,917718-4,00.html Hoffa Search: 'Looks Bad Right Now' - TIME<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>, despite O'Brien's claims Hoffa had never been in the car. Police interviews later that year failed to produce any indictments. |
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===Frank Sheeran=== |
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In July 2003, the convicted killer Richard Powell told authorities that a briefcase containing a syringe used to subdue Hoffa was buried at a house in [[Hampton Township, Michigan]]. The [[FBI]] searched the backyard of a home formerly frequented by [[Frank Sheeran]], Second World War veteran, Mafia hitman, truck driver, Teamsters official and close friend of Hoffa. Nothing significant was found.<ref>http://www.freep.com/news/mich/hoffa17_20030717.htm</ref><ref>[http://www.clickondetroit.com/news/2336656/detail.html Authorities Find Nothing In Hoffa Dig - Detroit News Story - WDIV Detroit<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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In 2004, [[Charles Brandt]], a former prosecutor and Chief Deputy Attorney General of Delaware, published the book [[#Bibliography|''I Heard You Paint Houses'']]. The title is based on a euphemistic exchange apparently used by hitmen and their would-be employers. "I heard you paint houses." "Yes, and I do my own carpentry, too." House painting alludes to the |
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incidental-to-homicide emplacement of blood spatter on walls, and "doing my own carpentry" to the task of disposing of the body. Brandt recounted a series of confessions by Sheeran regarding Hoffa's murder, and claimed that Sheeran had begun contacting him because he wished to assuage feelings of guilt. Over the course of several years, he spoke many times by phone to Brandt (which Brandt recorded) during which he acknowledged his role as Hoffa's killer, acting on orders from the Mafia. He claimed to have used his friendship with Hoffa to lure him to a bogus meeting in Bloomfield Hills and drive him to a house in northwestern Detroit, where he shot him twice before fleeing and leaving Hoffa's body behind. An updated version of Brandt's book claims that Hoffa's body was cremated within an hour of Sheeran's departure. |
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In 2004, authorities in Detroit extracted floorboards from the northwest Detroit home where Sheeran said he had shot Hoffa. However, by February 2005, the Bloomfield Township Police said that the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation Laboratory|FBI Crime Lab]] reported that while it was human blood from a male on the floorboards, the blood did not match Jimmy Hoffa's. It was later revealed that the DNA was destroyed due to the fact that the wrong kind of [[Luminol]] was used to find the blood remnants.<ref>[http://www.theoaklandpress.com/stories/052904/loc_20040529016.shtml The Oakland Press: Local News: Detroit house may hold answers to Hoffa mystery<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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===Events since February 14, 2006=== |
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On [[February 14]], [[2006]], Lynda Milito, wife of [[Gambino crime family]] member Louie Milito, claimed that her husband had told her during an argument in 1988 that he had killed Hoffa and dumped his body near the [[Verrazano-Narrows Bridge]] in [[New York City]]. |
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In April 2006, news reports surfaced that hitman [[Richard Kuklinski|Richard "The Iceman" Kuklinski]] had confessed to author [[Philip Carlo]] that he was part of a group of five men who had kidnapped and murdered Hoffa. The claim's credibility is questionable, as Kuklinski has become somewhat notorious for repeatedly claiming to have killed people — including [[Roy DeMeo]] — and concrete evidence has proven he could not have killed [[Hoffa]]. The story forms part of the book ''The Ice Man: Confessions of a Mafia Contract Killer'', which was released on [[July 1]], [[2006]]. |
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On [[May 17]], [[2006]], acting on a tip, the FBI searched a farm in [[Milford Township, Michigan]] for Hoffa's remains. Nothing was found. |
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On [[June 16]], [[2006]], the ''Detroit Free Press'' published in its entirety the so-called Hoffex Memo, a 56-page report the FBI prepared for a January 1976 briefing on the case at FBI Headquarters in Washington, D.C. The FBI has called [http://www.uncharted.ca/images/stories/articles/labour/hoffex0616.pdf this report] the definitive account of what agents believe happened to Hoffa. |
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== Further Reading== |
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* ''The Fall and Rise of Jimmy Hoffa'' is an account of Hoffa's trials in Tennessee. Author Walter Sheridan was a lawyer working for Robert Kennedy. |
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* ''The Hoffa Wars'' by investigative reporter [[Dan Moldea]], which details Hoffa's rise to power. |
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*''Contract Killer'' by [[William Hoffman]] and Lake Headley, which attempts to examine Hoffa's murder in great detail. |
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*''Hoffa! Ten Angels Swearing. An Authorized Biography'' by [[Jim Clay]] was published in 1965 and defends Hoffa's position in his own words. |
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==Notes and references== |
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{{reflist}} |
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==Bibliography== |
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*Arthur A. Sloane, ''Hoffa'', MIT Press, 1992. |
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* Charles Brandt, ''I Heard You Paint Houses: Frank "the Irishman" Sheeran and the inside story of the Mafia, the Teamsters, and the last ride of Jimmy Hoffa'', Steerforth Press, Hanover (NH, USA) 2004 (ISBN 1-58642-077-1). |
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* Dan E. Moldea, ''The Hoffa Wars'', Charter Books, New York: 1978 (ISBN 0-441-34010-5). |
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==See also== |
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* [[List of people who have mysteriously disappeared]] |
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* [[Teamsters Union]] |
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* [[Mafia#American Cosa Nostra|the Mafia in America]] |
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* ''[[Hoffa]]'' (1992 film loosely based on Hoffa's life) |
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* [[James P. Hoffa]] |
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==External links== |
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* [http://www.freep.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=2007111080001 Detroit Free Press Article 7-01-07] |
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{{start box}} |
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{{succession box| |
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before=[[Dave Beck]]| |
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title=President of [[Teamsters|Teamsters Union (IBT)]]| |
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years=1957-1971| |
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after=[[Frank Fitzsimmons]] |
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}} |
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{{end box}} |
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{{Trucking industry in the United States}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Hoffa, Jimmy}} |
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[[Category:1913 births]] |
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[[Category:American criminals]] |
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[[Category:American labor leaders]] |
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[[Category:German-Americans]] |
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[[Category:Irish-Americans]] |
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[[Category:Disappeared people]] |
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[[Category:People from Indiana]] |
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[[Category:Presidents of the International Brotherhood of Teamsters]] |
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[[Category:Recipients of American presidential pardons]] |
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[[Category:Unexplained disappearances]] |
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[[Category:Unsolved deaths or murders]] |
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[[Category:Year of death unknown]] |
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[[da:Jimmy Hoffa]] |
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[[de:Jimmy Hoffa]] |
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[[es:Jimmy Hoffa]] |
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[[fr:Jimmy Hoffa]] |
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[[ko:지미 호파]] |
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[[it:Jimmy Hoffa]] |
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[[he:ג'ימי הופה]] |
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[[nl:Jimmy Hoffa]] |
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[[ja:ジミー・ホッファ]] |
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[[no:Jimmy Hoffa]] |
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[[ru:Хоффа, Джеймс Риддл]] |
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[[fi:Jimmy Hoffa]] |
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[[sv:Jimmy Hoffa]] |
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