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Jewish copper plates of Cochin

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Jewish copper plates of Cochin
Jewish copper plates of Cochin (plate I, side I)
MaterialCopper
WritingVatteluttu Script (with Grantha characters)
Createdc. 1000 CE
DiscoveredKochi, India
LanguageOld Malayalam
Jewish copper plates (c.1000 CE)

Jewish copper plates of Cochin, also known as Cochin plates of Bhaskara Ravi-varman, is a royal charter issued by the Chera Perumal king of Kerala, south India to Joseph Rabban, a Jewish merchant magnate of Kodungallur.[1][2] The charter shows the status and importance of the Jewish colony in Kodungallur (Cranganore) near Cochin on the Malabar Coast.[2]

The charter is engraved in Vattezhuthu (script) with additional Grantha characters in the vernacular of medieval Kerala on three sides of two copper plates (28 lines).[2][3] It records a grant by king Bhaskara Ravi Varma (Malayalam: Parkaran Iravivanman) to Joseph/Yusuf Rabban (Malayalam: Issuppu Irappan) of the rights of merchant guild anjuman (Malayalam: anjuvannam) along with several other rights and privileges.[4] Rabban is exempted from all payments made by other settlers in the city of Muyirikkode (at the same time extending to him all the rights of the other settlers). These rights and privileges are given perpetuity to all his descendants. The document is attested by a number of chieftains from southern and northern Kerala.[2]

Anjuvannam, the old Malayalam form of hanjamana/anjuman[4] was a south Indian merchant guild organised by Jewish, Christian, and Islamic merchants from West Asian countries.[1][5] The document is dated by historians to c. 1000 CE.[1][2] It is also evident from the tone of the copper plates that the Jews were not newcomers to the Malabar Coast at the time of its decree.[2]

The plates are carefully preserved in an iron box, known as the Pandeal, within the Paradesi Synagogue at Mattancherry (Cochin).[6][4]

Text

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The plate is engraved in vernacular of medieval Kerala using the Vattezhuthu (script) with additional Grantha characters.[2] The charter ends with a list of witnesses to the deed which includes several chieftains of southern and northern Kerala, the Commander of the Eastern Forces, and the Officer who Takes Down Oral Communications.[2]

Svasti Sri!

This is the gift [prasada] that His Majesty [Tiruvati], King of Kings [Ko Konmai Kontan Ko], Sri Parkaran Iravivanmar, who is to wield sceptre for several thousand years, was pleased to make during the thirty sixth year opposite to the second year of his reign, on the day when he was pleased to reside at Muyirikkottu.

We have granted to Issuppu Irappan, the [guild of] ancuvannam, tolls by the boat and by other carts, ancuvannam dues, the right to employ the day lamp, decorative cloth, palanquin, umbrella, kettledrum, trumpet, gateway, arch, arched roof, weapon and rest of the seventy two privileges. We have remitted duty and weighing fee.

Moreover, according to this copper-plate grant given to him, he shall be exempted from payments made by other settlers in the town to the king [koyil], but he shall enjoy what they enjoy.

To Issuppu Irappan, proprietor of the ancuvannam, his male and female issues, nephews, and sons-in-law, ancuvannam shall belong by hereditary succession as long as the sun and moon endure—

Prosperity!

This is attested by Kovarttana Mattandan, the utaiyavar of Venatu.

This is attested by Kotai Cirikantan, the utaiyavar of Venpalinatu.

This is attested by Manavepala Manaviyan, the utaiyavar of Eralanatu.

This is attested by Irayaran Cattan, the utaiyavar of Valluvanatu.

This is attested by Kotai Iravi, the utaiyavar of Netumpuraiyurnatu.

This is attested by Murkkan Cattan, the Commander of the Eastern Forces.

This writing is executed by Vanralaceri Kantan-Kunrappolan, the Officer who Takes Down Oral Communication.

— Translated by M. G. S. Narayanan ('Cultural Symbiosis in Kerala',1972)[7]


Dating and analysis

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It is evident from the language of Jewish copper plates that the Jews were not newcomers to the Malabar Coast at the time of its decree. The language of the plates "certainly prove that they [the Jews] were present in the midst of the local people [of Kerala] for at least several generations if not centuries".[4] Historian Nathan Katz states that the Kochi Jews trace their history to many centuries earlier for good reasons, yet these plates are more likely from the 10th or 11th-century CE.[8]

Traditional dating

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The traditional date for the Jewish copper plates according to the Cochin Jews is 4th century CE (379 CE).[9] The plates have also been variously dated from a period ranging from the 4th to the 11th-century CE.[10] For example, a date was documented in a letter dated 1676 CE from the leaders of Cochin Jews to Portuguese-Sephardic community of Amsterdam (using their own extant calendar). The letter said, among other things, "...now all this was written and sealed with the King's seal, and cut on a bronze tablet with an iron pen and diamond point, so that his successors may never accuse us of lying or change the agreement. This was done in the year 4520 after the creation of the world, and that bronze tablet is still present to our eyes." The year corresponding to 4520 "after the creation of the world" is 490 CE (5th century AD).[9]

Scholarly dating

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The inscription is dated to the 38th regnal year of Chera king Bhaskara Ravi (given as "the thirty sixth year opposite to the second year of his reign", a style of dating fairly common in the Chera country).[11] The year of investiture of Bhaskara Ravi, a contemporary to Chola king Rajendra, was found to be 962 CE and hence the plates were dated to 1000 CE.[11][2] Prominent historians, such as Y. Subbarayalu,[12] Ranabir Chakravarti,[13] Noboru Karashima,[14] Kesavan Veluthat,[15][16] Pius Malekandathil,[17] Elizabeth Lambourn,[18] Ophira Gamliel[19] and Manu Devadevan[20], in general, agree with the c. 1000/1001 CE dating.[15]

Some recent findings slightly modifies the initial year of Bhaskara Ravi (from 962/63 CE to 959/60 CE).[21]

Political context

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The decree of the plates by the Chera ruler of Kerala can be taken in the context of the expansion of the neighboring Chola Empire (and the possible constant threats, including that of military action, from them). The Cochin Jewish community likely were already supporting the Chera state and once the Chola attacks on Kerala began (in the late 10th century CE), these plates and rights granted therein are "quite possibly" the reward for the financial or military assistance and support from the Jewish leader to the Chera king at Kodungallur.[4]

Legacy

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A modern replica of the Jewish copper plates presented to the Prime Minister of Israel by the Prime Minister of India.

The grant is or was cherished by both "Black Jews"[4] and the "White Jews" (the Spanish Jews) of Cochin as a historical document and their "original" settlement deed.[4][22]

  • During the visit of Prime Minister Ariel Sharon to India in 2003, the then provincial tourism minister presented him with a replica of the Jewish copper plates.[23]
  • Similar replicas were also gifted by Narendra Modi, the Prime Minister of India, to Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu during a state visit to Israel in 2017.[24]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ a b c Karashima, Noburu (2014). A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. New Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. 139 and 146-47.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i Narayanan, M. G. S (2013) [1972]. Perumals of Kerala. Thrissur (Kerala): CosmoBooks. pp. 451–52.
  3. ^ Fischel, Walter J. (1967). "The Exploration of the Jewish Antiquities of Cochin on the Malabar Coast". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 87 (3): 230 and 236. doi:10.2307/597717. JSTOR 597717.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Narayanan, M. G.S. (2002). "Further Studies in the Jewish Copper Plates of Cochin". Indian Historical Review. 29 (1–2): 66–76. doi:10.1177/037698360202900204.
  5. ^ Subbarayalu, Y. (2015). "Trade guilds of south India up to the tenth century". Studies in People's History. 2 (1): 21–26. doi:10.1177/2348448915574403.
  6. ^ Fischel, Walter J. (1967). "The Exploration of the Jewish Antiquities of Cochin on the Malabar Coast". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 87 (3): 230. doi:10.2307/597717. JSTOR 597717.
  7. ^ Narayanan 1972, pp. 79–82.
  8. ^ Katz, Nathan (2005). "The Historical Traditions of the Jews of Kochi". Studies in History. 21 (2): 129–130. doi:10.1177/025764300502100201.
  9. ^ a b Fischel, Walter J. (1967). "The Exploration of the Jewish Antiquities of Cochin on the Malabar Coast". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 87 (3): 233–234. doi:10.2307/597717.
  10. ^ Spector, Johanna (1972). "Shingli Tunes of the Cochin Jews". Asian Music. 3 (2): 23–28. doi:10.2307/833956.
  11. ^ a b Narayanan, (1972), M. G. S. (1972). Cultural Symbiosis in Kerala. Kerala Historical Society. pp. 25-–28.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Subbarayalu, Y. (2009). Nagapattinam to Suvarnadwipa: Reflections on the Chola Naval Expeditions to Southeast Asia. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies. p. 160.
  13. ^ Chakravarti, Ranabir (2007). Indo-Judaic Studies in the Twenty-First Century. Palgrave MacMillan. p. 32.
  14. ^ Karashima, Noboru, ed. (2014). "States in Deccan and Kerala". A Concise History of South India: Issues and Interpretations. Oxford University Press. pp. 146–47. ISBN 978-0-19-809977-2.
  15. ^ a b Veluthat, Kesavan (1993). The Political Structure of Early Medieval South India. Orient Longman. pp. 118–120.
  16. ^ Veluthat, Kesavan (2004). "Mahodayapuram-Kotunnallur: a Capital City as a Sacred Centre". South Indian Horizon: Felicitation Volume for François Gros. École Française D'Extrême-Orient. pp. 482–83.
  17. ^ Malekandathil, Pius (2007). "A Study on the Merchant Groups of Kerala and the Channels of Their Trade". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. 50 (2/3): 263. ISSN 0022-4995. JSTOR 25165196.
  18. ^ Lambourn, Elizabeth A. (2018). A Social Life of Things in the Medieval Indian Ocean World. Cambridge University Press. p. 50.
  19. ^ Gamliel, Ophira (2018). "Revisiting the Premodern History of Jews in Kerala". The Indian Economic & Social History Review. 55 (1): 53. doi:10.1177/0019464617745926. S2CID 149268133.
  20. ^ Devadevan, Manu V. (2020). "Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cera State". The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 133. ISBN 9781108857871.
  21. ^ Devadevan, Manu V. (2020). "Changes in Land Relations and the Changing Fortunes of the Cēra State". The 'Early Medieval' Origins of India. Cambridge University Press. p. 150. ISBN 9781108494571.
  22. ^ Fischel, Walter J. (1967). "The Exploration of the Jewish Antiquities of Cochin on the Malabar Coast". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 87 (3): 230. doi:10.2307/597717. JSTOR 597717.
  23. ^ "Sharon delighted with gift from Kochi". The Hindu. United News of India (UNI). 10 September 2003. Archived from the original on 27 October 2003. Retrieved 6 July 2017.
  24. ^ "Here's what PM Narendra Modi gifted Israeli PM Benjamin Netanyahu". The Indian Expresss. New Delhi. 5 July 2017.

Further reading

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