James Rhyne Killian

For the NFL football player, see James Kilian.

James Killian
Chair of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board
In office May 4, 1961 – April 23, 1963
President	John F. Kennedy
Preceded by	John Hull
Succeeded by	Clark Clifford
In office January 13, 1956 – March 1, 1958
President	Dwight Eisenhower
Preceded by	Position established
Succeeded by	John Hull
Chairman of the President's Science Advisory Committee
In office November 7, 1957 – July 1959
President	Dwight D. Eisenhower
Preceded by	Isidor Rabi
Succeeded by	George Kistiakowsky
10th President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
In office 1948–1959
Preceded by	Karl Compton
Succeeded by	Julius Stratton
Personal details
Born	(1904-07-24)July 24, 1904 Blacksburg, South Carolina, U.S.
Died	January 29, 1988(1988-01-29) (aged 83) Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
Education	Duke University Massachusetts Institute of Technology (BS)
Awards	Vannevar Bush Award (1980)

James Rhyne Killian Jr. (July 24, 1904 – January 29, 1988) was the 10th president of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, from 1948 until 1959. He also held a number of government roles, such as Chair of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board under John F. Kennedy.

Early life and education

Killian was born on July 24, 1904, in Blacksburg, South Carolina. His father was a textile maker. He attended The McCallie School in Chattanooga, Tennessee later studied at Duke University (formerly Trinity University) for two years until he transferred to MIT, where he received a Bachelor of Business Administration and engineering administration in 1926. While there, he was a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity.

Career

Leadership at MIT

In 1932, while serving as the editor of MIT's alumni magazine Technology Review, Killian was instrumental in the founding of Technology Press, the publishing imprint that would later become the institute's independent publishing house, MIT Press. He became executive assistant to MIT President Karl Taylor Compton in 1939, and co-directed the wartime operation of MIT, which strongly supported military research and development. He was from 1948 until 1959 the 10th president of MIT. In 1956, James R. Killian Jr was named as the 1st Chair to the new President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board by the Eisenhower Administration; a position which he held until April 1963.

Advisor to the President of the U.S.

On leave from MIT he served as Special Assistant for Science and Technology to President Eisenhower from 1957 to 1959, making him the first true Presidential Science Advisor. Killian headed the Killian Committee and oversaw the creation of the President's Science Advisory Committee (PSAC) shortly after the launches of the Soviet artificial satellites, Sputnik 1 and Sputnik 2, in October and November 1957. PSAC was instrumental in initiating national curriculum reforms in science and technology and in establishing the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

Killian described an environment of "widespread discouragement" facing scientists and, in particular, scientists of the Technological Capabilities Panel, which had been convened by U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower to develop technological solutions to the perceived possibility of a surprise nuclear attack by the Soviet Union. This stifling work atmosphere was caused by the widely cast, groundless aspersions of Senator Joseph McCarthy and the removal of Robert Oppenheimer from work on sensitive military projects. Oppenheimer had expressed support for shifting U.S. military resources from offensive nuclear weapons to defensive capabilities, and following Oppenheimer's loss of his security clearance, scientists felt that it was inadvisable to challenge the thinking of the military establishment.

Awards and autobiography

In 1956 Killian was awarded the Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences. He co-authored a book, The Education of a College President (1985), which serves as an autobiography as well. After stepping down as president of MIT in 1959, he served as chairman of the MIT Corporation from 1959 until 1971.

Death

Killian died on January 29, 1988, in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Legacy

Two locations on MIT's campus bear the name Killian: Killian Court, a tree-lined courtyard with views of MIT's Great Dome, and Killian Hall, a concert hall (actually named after Killian's wife, Elizabeth Parks Killian, a Wellesley College alumna).

See also

• List of presidents of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• List of institute professors at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
• List of Mount Holyoke College people
• List of Sigma Chi members
• List of Unitarians, Universalists, and Unitarian Universalists
• List of Peabody Award winners (1960–1969)
• List of Peabody Award winners (1970–1979)

Further reading

• Stever, H. Guyford (2002). In War and Peace: My Life in Science and Technology. Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 0-309-08411-3.

External links

• Killian, James Rhyne, "The Obligations and Ideals of an Institute of Technology", The Inaugural Address, Tenth President of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, April 2, 1949
• Official MIT biography
• Welzenbach, Donald E., "SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: ORIGINS OF A DIRECTORATE", March 15, 1953. Discussion of Killian's involvement with the C.I.A. and Pres. Eisenhower
• Records of the White House Office of the Special Assistant for Science and Technology, Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library