Israel: Difference between revisions
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Israel houses Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, each religion in their own right is morally sound. The one problem though is that Israel is a state of terror, runned by corrupt unjust people. Both sides, hamas and the Israeli goverment are to blame for the recent lost of life. Will either side ever co exist? No, the West can hope but the state of Israel was doomed since it's inception. |
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: ''For a topic outline on this subject, see [[List of basic Israel topics]]. For other uses, see [[Israel (disambiguation)]].'' |
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{{featured article}} |
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{{Infobox Country |
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|native_name = <table align="center" style="background:transparent; line-height:120%; font-size:120%; text-align:center;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"><!-- |
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--><tr><td style="border-style:none;"> {{rtl-lang|he|מדינת ישראל}} <br /><!-- |
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--> <span style="font-size:75%;">{{transl|he|''Medīnat Yisrā'el''}}</span></td><!-- |
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--> <td style="border-style:none;"> {{rtl-lang|ar|دولة إسرائيل}} <br /><!-- |
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--> <span style="font-size:75%;">{{transl|ar|''Dawlat Isrā'īl''}}</span></td><!-- |
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--></tr><tr><!-- |
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--> <td colspan="2" style="border-style:none; text-align:center;">State of Israel</td><!-- |
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--></tr></table> |
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|common_name = Israel |
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|image_flag = Flag of Israel.svg |
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|image_symbol = Coat of arms of Israel.svg |
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|symbol_type = Emblem |
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|image_map = LocationIsrael.svg |
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|national_anthem = [[Hatikvah]]<br /><small>''The Hope''</small> |
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|official_languages = [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]]<ref name="cia" /> |
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|ethnic_groups = 76% [[Jewish people|Jewish]], 19% [[Arab]], 5% minority groups |
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|demonym = Israeli |
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|capital = [[Jerusalem]]<ref name="capital">The [[Jerusalem Law]] states that "Jerusalem, complete and united, is the capital of Israel" and the city serves as the seat of the government, home to the President's residence, government offices, supreme court, and [[Knesset|parliament]]. The [[United Nations]] and most countries do not accept the Jerusalem Law (see {{harvnb|Kellerman|1993|p=140}}) and maintain their embassies in other cities such as [[Tel Aviv]], [[Ramat Gan]], and [[Herzliya]]<small> (see the [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/is.html CIA Factbook] and [http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf Map of Israel])</small> The [[Palestinian Authority]] sees [[East Jerusalem]] as the capital of a future [[Palestinian state]] and the city's final status awaits future negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian Authority (see [http://www.publicpolicy.umd.edu/IPPP/Fall97Report/negotiating_jerusalem.htm "Negotiating Jerusalem", University of Maryland]). See [[Positions on Jerusalem]] for more information.</ref><br /><small>{{coord|31|47|N|35|13|E}}</small> |
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|largest_city = capital |
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|government_type = [[Parliamentary democracy]]<ref name="cia" /> |
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|leader_title1 = [[President of Israel|President]] |
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|leader_name1 = [[Shimon Peres]] |
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|leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]] |
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|leader_name2 = [[Ehud Olmert]] |
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|leader_title3 = [[List of Knesset speakers|Knesset Speaker]] |
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|leader_name3 = [[Dalia Itzik]] |
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|leader_title4 = [[Supreme_Court_of_Israel#Presidents|Supreme Court President]] |
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|leader_name4 = [[Dorit Beinisch]] |
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|sovereignty_type = [[Independence]] |
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|sovereignty_note = from [[British Mandate of Palestine]] |
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|established_event1 = [[Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel|Declaration]] |
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|established_date1 = May 14, 1948 {{nowrap|(05 [[Iyar]] 5708)}} |
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|area_km2 = 20,770 / 22,072 |
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|area_sq_mi = 8,019 / 8,522 |
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|area_rank = 151st |
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|area_magnitude = 1 E+10 |
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|FR_foot4 = {{smallsup|1}} |
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|percent_water = ~2% |
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|population_estimate = 7,282,000{{smallsup|2}}<ref name="cbs0709" /> |
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|population_estimate_year = 2008 |
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|population_estimate_rank = 96th <!--May 07, 2008 rank--> |
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|population_census = 5,548,523 |
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|population_census_year = 1995 |
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|population_density_km2 = 324 |
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|population_density_sq_mi = 839 |
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|population_density_rank = 34th |
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|GDP_PPP_year = 2007 |
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|GDP_PPP = $188.936 billion<ref name=imf>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2008/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2004&ey=2008&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=436&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=50&pr.y=10 |title=Israel|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref> <!--Do not edit!--> |
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|GDP_PPP_rank = 52nd |
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|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $27,146<ref name=imf/> <!--Do not edit!--> |
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|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 32nd |
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|GDP_nominal = $164.103 billion<ref name=imf/> <!--Do not edit!--> |
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|GDP_nominal_rank = |
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|GDP_nominal_year = 2007 |
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|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $23,578<ref name=imf/> <!--Do not edit!--> |
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|GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = <!---IMF 2008---> |
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|HDI_year = 2007 |
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|HDI = {{steady}} 0.932 |
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|HDI_rank = 23rd |
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|HDI_category = <span style="color:#090">high</span> |
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|Gini = 38.6<ref name="cia" /> |
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|Gini_year = 2005 |
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|currency = [[Israeli new sheqel]] ({{rtl-lang|he|₪}}) |
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|currency_code = ILS |
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|time_zone = [[Israel Standard Time|IST]] |
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|utc_offset = +2 |
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|time_zone_DST = |
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|utc_offset_DST = +3 |
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|drives_on = right |
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|cctld = [[.il]] |
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|calling_code = 972 |
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|footnote1 = Excluding / Including the [[Golan Heights]] and [[East Jerusalem]]; see [[Israel#Geography and climate|below]]. |
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|footnote2 = Includes all permanent residents in proper Israel, the Golan Heights and East Jerusalem. Also includes Israeli population in the [[West Bank]]. |
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}} |
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'''Israel''' ({{lang-he-n|יִשְרָאֵל}}, {{transl|he|''Yisra'el''}}; {{lang-ar|<big>إسرائيل</big>}}, {{transl|ar|''Isrā'īl''}}) officially the '''State of Israel''' ([[Hebrew language|Hebrew]]: {{Audio|He-Medinat Israel.ogg|{{rtl-lang|he|מְדִינַת יִשְרָאֵל}}}}, {{transl|he|''Medinat Yisra'el''}}; {{lang-ar|دَوْلَةْ إِسْرَائِيل}}, {{transl|ar|''Dawlat Isrā'īl''}}), is a [[country]] in [[Southwest Asia|Western Asia]] located on the eastern edge of the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. It borders [[Lebanon]] in the north, [[Syria]] in the northeast, [[Jordan]] in the east, and [[Egypt]] on the southwest, and contains geographically diverse features within its relatively small area.<ref>{{harvnb|Skolnik|2007|pp=132–232}}</ref> The [[West Bank]] and [[Gaza Strip]] are also adjacent. With a population of about 7.28 million,<ref name="cbs0709">{{cite web |url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/mainind/indengnew.html |publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics |title=Main Indicators |date=2008-05-07 |accessdate=2007-09-18}}</ref> the majority of whom are [[Jew]]s, Israel is the world's only [[Homeland for the Jewish people|Jewish state]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=363&year=2007&country=7199 |work=Country Report |title=Israel |publisher=[[Freedom House]] |year=2007 |accessdate=2007-07-15}}</ref> It is also home to other ethnic groups, including most numerously [[Arab citizens of Israel]], as well as many religious groups including [[Muslim]]s, [[Christians]], [[Druze]], [[Samaritan]]s and others. |
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The modern state of Israel has its roots in the [[Land of Israel]] (''Eretz Yisrael''), a concept central to [[Judaism]], and the heartland of the ancient [[Kingdom of Judah]] to which modern [[Jews]] are usually attributed. After [[World War I]], the [[League of Nations]] approved the [[British Mandate of Palestine]] with the intent of creating a "national home for the Jewish people."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/mideast/palmanda.htm |publisher=Yale University |work=The Avalon Project |title=The Palestine Mandate |date=1922-07-24 |accessdate=2007-09-06}}</ref> In 1947, the [[United Nations]] approved the [[partition of Palestine]] into two states, one Jewish and one [[Arab]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/un/res181.htm |publisher=Yale University |title=United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181 |accessdate=2007-08-21 |date=1947-11-29 |work=The Avalon Project}}</ref> On May 14, 1948 the state of [[Declaration of Independence (Israel)|Israel declared independence]] and this was followed by a war with the surrounding Arab states, which refused to accept the plan. The Israelis were subsequently [[1948 Arab-Israeli War|victorious]] in a series of wars confirming their independence and expanding the borders of the Jewish state beyond those in the UN Partition Plan. Since then, Israel has been [[Arab-Israeli conflict|in conflict]] with many of the [[Arab League and the Arab-Israeli conflict|neighboring Arab countries]], resulting in several major wars and decades of violence that continue to this day.<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |
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| title = Arab-Israeli wars |
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| encyclopedia = Britannica Online Encyclopedia |
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| accessdate = 2008-07-29 |
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| url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/31439/Arab-Israeli-wars |
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}}</ref> Since its foundation, [[Borders of Israel|Israel's boundaries]] and even the State's very right to exist have been subject to dispute, especially among its Arab neighbors. Israel has signed peace treaties with [[Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty|Egypt]] and [[Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace|Jordan]], and efforts are being made to reach a permanent accord with the [[Peace process in the Israeli-Palestinian conflict|Palestinians]].<ref name=asser>{{Cite news |
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| last = Asser |
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| first = Martin |
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| title = Obstacles to peace: Borders and settlements |
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| work = BBC |
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| accessdate = 2008-07-29 |
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| date = 2007-05-25 |
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| url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6669545.stm |
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}}</ref> |
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Israel is a [[representative democracy]] with a [[parliamentary system]] and [[universal suffrage]].<ref>{{harvnb|Rummel|1997|p=257}}. "A current list of liberal democracies includes: Andorra, Argentina, ... , Cyprus, ... , Israel, ..."</ref><ref>{{citeweb |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=70&release=317 |title=Global Survey 2006: Middle East Progress Amid Global Gains in Freedom |accessdate=2007-07-01 |date=2005-12-19 |publisher=Freedom House}}</ref> The [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]] serves as [[head of government]] and the [[Knesset]] serves as Israel's legislative body. In terms of nominal [[gross domestic product]], the nation's economy is estimated as being the [[List of countries by GDP (nominal)|44th-largest]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siteresources.worldbank.org/DATASTATISTICS/Resources/GDP.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2008-03-03 |date=2007-07-01 |title=Total GDP 2006 |publisher=The World Bank}}</ref> Israel ranks highest among Middle Eastern countries on the bases of [[Human_development_(humanity)|human development]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/hdr2006/statistics/ |publisher=United Nations Development Programme |title=Human Development Report 2006 |accessdate=2007-07-15}}</ref> [[freedom of the press]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.rsf.org/article.php3?id_article=24025 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders |title=Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2007 |accessdate=2008-02-29}}</ref> and economic competitiveness.<ref name="wef">{{cite web |url=http://www.weforum.org/en/initiatives/gcp/Global%20Competitiveness%20Report/index.htm |title=Global Competitiveness Report 2006-2007 |publisher=World Economic Forum |date=2007-02-14 |accessdate=2007-07-15}}</ref> [[Jerusalem]] is the country's capital, seat of government, and largest city, while Israel's main financial center is [[Tel Aviv]]. The [[United Nations]] and most countries do not recognize [[Jerusalem]] as the capital<ref>Kellerman 1993, p. 140</ref> and maintain their embassies in other cities such as [[Tel Aviv]], [[Ramat Gan]], and [[Herzliya]]. |
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==Etymology== |
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Over the past three thousand years, the [[Israel (name)|name "Israel"]] has meant in common and religious usage both the [[Land of Israel]] and the entire [[Jew]]ish nation.<ref name=levine>{{Cite news |
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| issn = 0294-8052 |
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| last = Levine |
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| first = Robert A. |
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| title = See Israel as a Jewish Nation-State, More or Less Democratic |
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| work = The International Herald Tribune |
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| accessdate = 2008-07-29 |
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| url = http://www.iht.com/articles/2000/11/07/edlevine.t.php |
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}}</ref> According to the [[Bible]], [[Jacob]] is renamed Israel after successfully wrestling with an angel of God.<ref> From the [[King James Version of the Bible]]: "And he said, Thy name shall be called no more Jacob, but Israel: for as a prince hast thou power with God and with men, and hast prevailed." ([[Genesis]], 32:28). See also [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt1312.htm Hosea 12:5].</ref> |
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The earliest archaeological artifact to mention "Israel" (other than as a personal name) is the [[Merneptah Stele]] of [[ancient Egypt]] (dated the late 13th century [[BCE]]), where it refers to the [[people]] of the land.<ref>{{harvnb|Barton|Bowden|2004|p=126}}. "The Merneptah Stele... is arguably the oldest evidence outside the Bible for the existence of Israel as early as the 13th century BCE."</ref> The modern country was named ''Medinat Yisrael'', or the State of Israel, after other proposed names, including ''[[Eretz Israel]]'' ("the Land of Israel"), [[Zion]], and [[Judea]], were rejected.<ref>{{cite news |publisher=The Palestine Post |date=1947-12-07 |pages=1 |title=Popular Opinion}}</ref> In the early weeks of independence, the government chose the term "[[Israelis|Israeli]]" to denote a citizen of Israel, with the formal announcement made by [[Foreign Affairs Minister of Israel|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] [[Moshe Sharett]].<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,798687-2,00.html | publisher=[[Time (magazine)|TIME Magazine]] |date=1948-05-31 |title=On the Move |accessdate=2007-08-06}}</ref> |
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==History== |
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{{main|History of Israel|History of the Jews in the Land of Israel}} |
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===Early roots=== |
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{{see|History of ancient Israel and Judah}} |
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[[Image:Masada Roman Ruins by David Shankbone.jpg|left|thumb|Roman garrison ruins at the foot of [[Masada]]]] |
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The [[Land of Israel]], known in Hebrew as ''Eretz Yisrael'', has been sacred to the [[Jew]]ish people since [[Bible|Biblical]] times. According to the [[Torah]], the Land of Israel was promised to the three [[Patriarchs (Bible)|Patriarchs]] of the Jewish people, by God, as their homeland;<ref>From the [[King James Version of the Bible]]: "And the Lord thy God will bring thee into the land which thy fathers possessed, and thou shalt possess it; and he will do thee good, and multiply thee above thy fathers." ([[Deuteronomy]], 30:5)</ref><ref>From the [[King James Version of the Bible]]: "But if ye turn unto me, and keep my commandments, and do them; though there were of you cast out unto the uttermost part of the heaven, yet will I gather them from thence, and will bring them unto the place that I have chosen to set my name there." ([[Nehemiah]], 1:9)</ref> scholars have placed this period in the early 2nd millennium BCE.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/walkingthebible/timeline.html |publisher=Public Broadcast Television |title=Walking the Bible Timeline |work=Walking the Bible |accessdate=2007-09-29}}</ref> According to the traditional view, around the 11th century BCE, the first of a series of [[History of ancient Israel and Judah|Israelite kingdoms and states]] established rule over the [[Land of Israel#Dimensions of the Land of Israel|region]]; these Israelite kingdoms and states ruled intermittently for the following one thousand years.<ref>{{harvnb|Friedland|Hecht|2000|p=8}}. "For a thousand years Jerusalem was the seat of Jewish sovereignty, the household site of kings, the location of its legislative councils and courts."</ref> The sites holiest to [[Judaism]] are located within Israel. |
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Between the time of the Israelite kingdoms and the 7th-century [[Muslim conquests]], the Land of Israel fell under [[Assyria]]n, [[Babylonia]]n, [[Persian Empire|Persian]], [[Hellenistic Greece|Greek]], [[Roman Empire|Roman]], [[Sassanid Empire|Sassanian]], and [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] rule.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_701844154_2/Palestine_Ancient.html |publisher=Microsoft |encyclopedia=Encarta |year=2007 |accessdate=2007-09-30 |title=Ancient Palestine}}</ref> Jewish presence in the region dwindled after the failure of the [[Bar Kokhba revolt]] against the [[Roman Empire]] in 132 CE and the resultant large-scale expulsion of Jews. In 628/9, the Byzantine Emperor [[Heraclius]] conducted a massacre and [[Revolt against Heraclius|expulsion of the Jews]], at which point the Jewish population probably reached its lowest point. Nevertheless, a continuous Jewish presence in the Land of Israel remained. Although the main Jewish population shifted from the [[Judea]] region to the [[Galilee]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.usd.edu/erp/Palestine/history.htm |publisher=The University of South Dakota |title=Palestine: History |accessdate=2007-07-05 |date=2007-02-22 |work=The Online Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces}}{{Dead link|date=October 2008}}</ref> the [[Mishnah]] and [[Jerusalem Talmud|part of the Talmud]], among Judaism's most important religious texts, were composed in Israel during this period.<ref>{{harvnb|Morçöl|2006|p=304}}</ref> The Land of Israel was captured from the [[Byzantine Empire]] around 636 CE during the initial Muslim conquests. Control of the region transferred between the [[Umayyad]]s,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-45061/Palestine |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |title=Palestine: The Rise of Islam |accessdate=2007-09-19 |year=2007}}</ref> [[Abbasid]]s,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-45062/Palestine |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |title=Palestine: 'Abbasid rule |accessdate=2007-09-19 |year=2007}}</ref> and [[Crusader states|Crusaders]] over the next six centuries, before falling in the hands of the [[Mamluk]] Sultanate, in 1260. In 1516, the Land of Israel became a part of the [[Ottoman Empire]], which ruled the region until the 20th century.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-45064/Palestine |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Britannica |title=Palestine: The Crusades |accessdate=2007-09-19 |year=2007}}</ref> |
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===Zionism and the British Mandate=== |
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{{Aliyah}} |
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{{main|History of Zionism|British Mandate of Palestine}} |
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Jews living in the [[Jewish diaspora|Diaspora]] have long aspired to return to Zion and the [[Land of Israel]].<ref>{{harvnb|Rosenzweig|p=1}}. "Zionism, the urge of the Jewish people to return to Palestine, is almost as ancient as the Jewish diaspora itself. Some Talmudic statements... Almost a millennium later, the poet and philosopher Yehuda Halevi... In the 19th century..."</ref> That hope and yearning was articulated in the [[Bible]],<ref>From the [[King James Version of the Bible]]: "For out of Zion shall go forth the law, and the word of the Lord from Jerusalem." (Isaiah, 2:3)</ref> and is a central theme in the [[siddur|Jewish prayer book]]. Beginning in the 12th century, [[Catholic]] persecution of Jews led to a steady stream leaving Europe to settle in the [[Holy Land]], increasing in numbers after Jews were [[Alhambra Decree|expelled from Spain]] in 1492.<ref>{{harvnb|Gilbert|2005|p=2}}. "Jews sought a new homeland here after their expulsions from Spain (1492)..."</ref> During the 16th century large communities struck roots in the [[Four Holy Cities]], and in the second half of the 18th century, entire [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] communities from eastern Europe settled in the Holy Land.<ref>{{harvnb|Ausubel|1964|pp=142–4}}</ref> |
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[[Image:Herzl-balcony.jpg|left|thumb|upright|[[Theodor Herzl]], visionary of the Jewish State, in 1901.]] |
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The first large wave of modern immigration, known as the [[First Aliyah]] (Hebrew: עלייה), began in 1881, as Jews fled [[Pogrom#1881-84|pogroms]] in [[Eastern Europe]].<ref name="aliyot">{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Immigration/immigtoc.html |publisher=The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise |work=Jewish Virtual Library |accessdate=2007-07-12 |title=Immigration}} The source provides information on the First, Second, Third, Fourth, and Fifth Aliyot in their respective articles. The White Paper leading to Aliyah Bet is discussed [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Immigration/Aliyah_during_war.html].</ref> While the Zionist movement already existed in theory, [[Theodor Herzl]] is credited with founding political [[Zionism]],<ref>{{harvnb|Kornberg|1993}} "How did Theodor Herzl, an assimilated German nationalist in the 1880s, suddenly in the 1890s become the founder of Zionism?"</ref> a movement which sought to establish a Jewish state in the [[Land of Israel]], by elevating the [[Jewish Question]] to the international plane.<ref>{{harvnb|Herzl|1946|p=11}}</ref> In 1896, Herzl published ''[[Der Judenstaat]]'' (''The Jewish State''), offering his vision of a future state; the following year he presided over the first [[World Zionist Congress]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Eye+on+Israel/120/Chapter+One+The+Heralders+of+Zionism.htm |publisher=Jewish Agency for Israel |title=Chapter One: The Heralders of Zionism |accessdate=2007-07-12}}</ref> |
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The [[Second Aliyah]] (1904–1914), began after the [[Kishinev pogrom]]. Some 40,000 Jews settled in Palestine.<ref name="aliyot" /> Both the first and second waves of migrants were mainly [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jews]],<ref>{{harvnb|Stein|2003|p=88}}. "As with the First Aliyah, most Second Aliyah migrants were non-Zionist orthodox Jews..."</ref> but those in the Second Aliyah included [[Labor Zionism|socialist]] pioneers who established the ''[[kibbutz]]'' movement.<ref>{{harvnb|Romano|2003|p=30}}</ref> During [[World War I]], British Foreign Secretary [[Arthur Balfour]] issued what became known as the [[Balfour Declaration of 1917|Balfour Declaration]], which "view[ed] with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/mideast/balfour.htm |publisher=Yale University |accessdate=2007-07-12 |date=1917-11-02 |work=The Avalon Project at Yale Law School |title=Balfour Declaration 1917}}</ref> The [[Jewish Legion]], a group of battalions composed primarily of Zionist volunteers, assisted in the British conquest of Palestine. Arab opposition to the plan led to the [[1920 Palestine riots]] and the formation of the Jewish organization known as the [[Haganah]] (meaning "The Defense" in Hebrew), from which the [[Irgun]] and [[Lehi (group)|Lehi]] split off.<ref>{{harvnb|Scharfstein|1996|p=269}}. "During the First and Second Aliyot, there were many Arab attacks against Jewish settlements... In 1920, [[Hashomer]] was disbanded and [[Haganah]] ("The Defense") was established."</ref> |
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In 1922, the [[League of Nations]] granted the United Kingdom a [[British Mandate of Palestine|mandate over Palestine]] for the express purpose of "placing the country under such political, administrative and economic conditions as will secure the establishment of the Jewish national home".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1922mandate.html |publisher=Fordham University |title=League of Nations: The Mandate for Palestine, July 24, 1922 |work=Modern History Sourcebook |date=1922-07-24 |accessdate=2007-08-27}}</ref> The population of the area at this time was predominantly Muslim Arab, while the largest urban area in the region, Jerusalem, was predominantly Jewish.<ref>J. V. W. Shaw , "A Survey of Palestine, Vol 1: Prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for the Information of the Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry", Reprinted 1991 by The Institute for Palestine Studies, Washington, D.C., p.148</ref> |
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Jewish immigration continued with the [[Third Aliyah]] (1919–1923) and [[Fourth Aliyah]] (1924–1929), which together brought 100,000 Jews to Palestine.<ref name="aliyot" /> In the wake of the [[Jaffa riots]] in the early days of the Mandate, the British restricted Jewish immigration and territory slated for the Jewish state was allocated to [[Transjordan]].<ref>{{harvnb|Liebreich|2005|p=34}}</ref> The [[Hitler's rise to power|rise of Nazism]] in the 1930s led to the [[Aliyah#Fifth Aliyah (1929-1939)|Fifth Aliyah]], with an influx of a quarter of a million Jews. This influx resulted in the [[1936–1939 Arab revolt in Palestine|Arab revolt of 1936–1939]] and led the British to cap immigration with the [[White Paper of 1939]]. With countries around the world turning away Jewish refugees fleeing [[the Holocaust]], a clandestine movement known as [[Aliyah Bet]] was organized to bring Jews to Palestine.<ref name="aliyot" /> By the end of [[World War II]], Jews accounted for 33% of the population of Palestine, up from 11% in 1922.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mideastweb.org/palpop.htm |title=The Population of Palestine Prior to 1948 |accessdate=2007-07-12 |publisher=MidEastWeb}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israelipalestinianprocon.org/populationpalestine.html |publisher=Israeli — Palestinian ProCon.org |accessdate=2007-07-12 |title=Population Statistics}}{{Dead link|date=October 2008}}</ref> |
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===Independence and first years=== |
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[[Image:Declaration of State of Israel 1948.jpg|thumb|left|[[David Ben-Gurion]] proclaiming Israeli independence from the United Kingdom on May 14, 1948 below a portrait of [[Theodor Herzl]]]] |
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{{main|1948 Palestine war|Declaration of Independence (Israel)}} |
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After 1945 the United Kingdom became embroiled in an increasingly violent [[British Conflict with Zionism|conflict with the Jews]].<ref>{{harvnb|Fraser|2004|p=27}}</ref> In 1947, the British government withdrew from commitment to the [[British Mandate of Palestine|Mandate of Palestine]], stating it was unable to arrive at a solution acceptable to both Arabs and Jews.<ref>{{cite paper|url=http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/0a2a053971ccb56885256cef0073c6d4/2248af9a92b498718525694b007239c6!OpenDocument |publisher=United Nations |date=1949-04-20 |accessdate=2007-07-31 |title=Background Paper No. 47 (ST/DPI/SER.A/47)}}</ref> The newly created [[United Nations]] approved the [[UN Partition Plan]] (United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181) on November 29, 1947, dividing the country into two states, one Arab and one Jewish. [[Jerusalem]] was to be designated an international city – a ''[[corpus separatum]]'' – administered by the UN to avoid conflict over its status.<ref>{{harvnb|Best|2003|pp=118–9}}</ref> The [[yishuv|Jewish community]] accepted the plan,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts+About+Israel/History/HISTORY-+Foreign+Domination.htm |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=History: Foreign Domination |date=2006-10-01 |accessdate=2007-07-06}}</ref> but the [[Arab League]] and [[Arab Higher Committee]] rejected it.<ref>{{harvnb|Bregman|2002|p=40–1}}</ref> On December 1, 1947 the Arab Higher Committee proclaimed a 3-day strike, and Arab guerrilla attacks began against Jewish targets. Convinced that these attacks were merely a prelude to full-scale military confrontations with the regular armies of the Arab states, [[Ben-Gurion]] elected to escalate the military conflict. As such, [[Haganah]] embarked on a policy of "aggressive defense." This strategy was accompanied by economic subversion and psychological warfare.<ref>{{cite book |title=War Diary: The War of Independence, 1948-1949 |last= Ben-Gurion |first=David |editor=Gershon Rivlin and Elhanan Orren |language=Hebrew |year=1982 |location=Tel Aviv |pages=1:97–106}}</ref> |
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On May 14, 1948, the day before the end of the British Mandate, the [[Jewish Agency]] proclaimed independence, naming the country Israel. The following day five Arab countries – Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon and Iraq –invaded Israel, launching the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]].<ref name="npr">{{cite web |url=http://www.npr.org/news/specials/mideast/history/history3.html |publisher=National Public Radio |title=Part 3: Partition, War and Independence |work=The Mideast: A Century of Conflict |accessdate=2007-07-13 |date=2002-10-02}}</ref> Morocco, Sudan, Yemen and Saudi Arabia also sent troops to assist the invaders. After a year of fighting, a [[1949 Armistice Agreements|ceasefire was declared]] and temporary borders, known as the [[Green Line (Israel)|Green Line]], were established. [[Rule of the West Bank and East Jerusalem by Jordan|Jordan annexed]] what became known as the [[West Bank]] and [[East Jerusalem]], and [[Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt|Egypt took control]] of the [[Gaza Strip]]. Israel was admitted as a member of the [[United Nations]] on May 11, 1949.<ref>{{cite paper |url=http://domino.un.org/UNISPAL.NSF/1ce874ab1832a53e852570bb006dfaf6/0b3ab8d2a7c0273d8525694b00726d1b |publisher=The United Nations |title=Two Hundred and Seventh Plenary Meeting |date=1949-05-11 |accessdate=2007-07-13}}</ref> During the war 711,000 Arabs, [[Estimates of the Palestinian Refugee flight of 1948|according to UN estimates]], or about 80% of the previous Arab population, [[1948 Palestinian exodus|fled the country]].<ref name="un">{{cite paper|url=http://domino.un.org/unispal.nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/93037e3b939746de8525610200567883 |title=General Progress Report and Supplementary Report of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine, Covering the Period from December 11, 1949 to October 23, 1950 |accessdate=2007-07-13 |publisher=The United Nations Conciliation Commission |date=1950-10-23}} (U.N. General Assembly Official Records, Fifth Session, Supplement No. 18, Document A/1367/Rev. 1)</ref> The fate of the [[Palestinian refugee]]s today is a major point of contention in the [[Israeli-Palestinian conflict]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/cis/pdf/VanEvera_flashpointsinwar.pdf |format=PDF |publisher=Massachusetts Institute of Technology |last=Van Evera |first=Stephen |accessdate=2007-09-11 |title=Nature of the Flashpoint |work=Center for International Studies}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Reveron|Murer|2006}}</ref> |
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In the early years of the state, the [[Labor Zionism|Labor Zionist]] movement led by Prime Minister [[David Ben-Gurion]] dominated Israeli politics.<ref>{{harvnb|Lustick|1988|pp=37–9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/iltoc.html |publisher=Library of Congress |title=Israel (Labor Zionism) |work=Country Studies}}</ref> These years were marked by [[Aliya#Immigration from 1948-1950|mass immigration]] of [[After the Holocaust|Holocaust survivors]] and an [[Jewish exodus from Arab lands|influx of Jews]] persecuted in Arab lands. The population of Israel rose from 800,000 to two million between 1948 and 1958.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/reader/shnaton/templ_shnaton_e.html?num_tab=st02_01&CYear=2006 |publisher=Israel Central Bureau of Statistics |accessdate=2007-08-07 |year=2006 |title=Population, by Religion and Population Group}}</ref> Most arrived as refugees with no possessions and were housed in temporary camps known as ''[[ma'abarot]]''. By 1952, over 200,000 immigrants were living in these tent cities. The need to solve the crisis led Ben-Gurion to sign a [[Reparations Agreement between Israel and West Germany|reparations agreement with West Germany]] that triggered mass protests by Jews angered at the idea of Israel "doing business" with Germany.<ref>{{harvnb|Shindler|2002|pp=49–50}}</ref> |
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During the 1950s, Israel was frequently attacked by [[Palestinian fedayeen]], mainly from the Egyptian-occupied [[Gaza Strip]].<ref>{{harvnb|Gilbert|2005|p=58}}</ref> In 1956, Israel joined [[Protocol of Sèvres|a secret alliance]] with [[The United Kingdom]] and [[France]] aimed at recapturing the [[Suez Canal]], which the Egyptians had nationalized (see the [[Suez Crisis]]). Despite capturing the [[Sinai Peninsula]], Israel was forced to retreat due to pressure from the United States and the [[Soviet Union]] in return for guarantees of Israeli shipping rights in the [[Red Sea]] and the Canal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://history.sandiego.edu/GEN/20th/suez.html |publisher=University of San Diego |title=The Suez Crisis |accessdate=2007-07-15 |date=2005-12-05}}</ref> |
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At the start of the following decade, Israel captured [[Adolf Eichmann]], an architect of the [[Final Solution]] hiding in [[Argentina]], and brought him to trial.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Holocaust/eichmann.html |title=Adolf Eichmann |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |accessdate-2007-09-18}}</ref> The trial had a major impact on public awareness of [[the Holocaust]],<ref>{{harvnb|Cole|2003|p=27}}. "...the Eichmann trial, which did so much to raise public awareness of the Holocaust..."</ref> and to date Eichmann remains the only person executed by Israel<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Law/Legal%20Issues%20and%20Rulings/JUSTICE%20MINISTRY%20REPLY%20TO%201995%20AMNESTY%20INTERNATION |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=Justice Ministry Reply to Amnesty International Report |accessdate=2007-08-10 |date=1995-07-05}}</ref>, although [[John Demjanjuk]] was sentenced to die before his conviction was overturned by the [[Supreme Court of Israel]]<ref>[http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,978969,00.html Time: Ivan the Not-So-Terrible, Monday, Aug. 02, 1993]</ref>. |
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===Conflicts and peace treaties=== |
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{{mainarticle|Arab-Israeli conflict|Israeli-Palestinian conflict}} |
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Arab countries over the years refused to acknowledge Israel's right to exist, and [[Arab nationalism|Arab nationalists]] led by [[Gamal Abdel Nasser|Nasser]] called for the destruction of the state.<ref>[http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/refpages/RefArticle.aspx?refid=761570433 Encarta - Six-Day War]</ref> In 1967, Egypt, [[Syria]], and [[Jordan]] massed troops close to Israeli borders, expelled [[United Nations Emergency Force|UN peacekeepers]] and blocked Israel's access to the [[Red Sea]]. Israel saw these actions as a ''[[casus belli]]'' for a [[preemptive war|pre-emptive strike]] that launched the [[Six-Day War]], Israel achieved a decisive victory in which it captured the [[West Bank]], [[Gaza Strip]], [[Sinai Peninsula]] and [[Golan Heights]].<ref>{{harvnb|Smith|2006|p=126}}. "Nasser, the Egyptian president, decided to mass troops in the Sinai...casus belli by Israel."</ref> The 1949 [[Green Line (Israel)|Green Line]] became the administrative boundary between Israel and the [[Israeli-occupied territories|occupied territories]]. [[Jerusalem]]'s boundaries were enlarged, incorporating [[East Jerusalem]]. The [[Jerusalem Law]], passed in 1980, reaffirmed this measure and [[UN Security Council Resolution 478|reignited international controversy]] over the [[Positions on Jerusalem|status of Jerusalem]]. |
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[[Image:Golda Meir 03265u.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Prime Minister [[Golda Meir]], who resigned following the [[Yom Kippur War]]]] |
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The failure of the Arab states in the 1967 war led to the rise of Arab non-state actors in the conflict, most importantly the [[Palestinian Liberation Organization]] (PLO) which was committed to what it called "armed struggle as the only way to liberate the homeland".<ref>[http://www.nytimes.com/2005/03/13/magazine/13PALESTINIANS.html?pagewanted=2 NYTimes - The Interregnum]</ref><ref>[http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign+Relations/Israels+Foreign+Relations+since+1947/1947-1974/33+The+Palestinian+National+Covenant-+July+1968.htm Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs - The Palestinian National Covenant- July 1968]</ref> In the late 1960s and early 1970s, [[Palestinian fedayeen|Palestinian groups]] launched a [[Palestinian political violence|wave of attacks]]<ref>[http://www.palestinefacts.org/pf_1967to1991_terrorism_1970s.php Ma'alot, Kiryat Shmona, and Other Terrorist Targets in the 1970s<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> against Israeli targets around the world,<ref>Andrews, Edmund L. and John Kifner.[http://www.nytimes.com/2008/01/27/world/middleeast/27habash.html?pagewanted=2&ei=5088&en=9767c2c5b87668e6&ex=1359090000&partner=rssnyt&emc=rss "George Habash, Palestinian Terrorism Tactician, Dies at 82."] ''[[The New York Times]]''. January 27, 2008. May 12, 2008.</ref> including [[Munich massacre|a massacre of Israeli athletes]] at the [[1972 Summer Olympics]]. Israel responded with [[Operation Wrath of God]], in which those responsible for the Munich massacre were tracked down and assassinated.<ref>{{harvnb|Crowdy|2006|p=333}}</ref> |
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On October 6, 1973, [[Yom Kippur]], the holiest day in the Jewish calendar, the Egyptian and Syrian armies [[Yom Kippur War|launched a surprise attack]] against Israel. The war ended on October 26 with Israel successfully repelling Egyptian and Syrian forces but suffering great losses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/october/6/newsid_2514000/2514317.stm |publisher=The BBC |title=1973: Arab states attack Israeli forces |work=On This Day |accessdate=2007-07-15}}</ref> An [[Agranat Commission|internal inquiry]] exonerated the government of responsibility for the war, but public anger forced Prime Minister [[Golda Meir]] to resign. |
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The [[Israeli legislative election, 1977|1977 Knesset elections]] marked a major turning point in Israeli political history as [[Menachem Begin]]'s [[Likud]] party took control from the [[Labor Party (Israel)|Labor Party]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bregman|2002|pp=169–70}} "In hindsight we can say that 1977 was a turning point..."</ref> Later that year, Egyptian President [[Anwar El Sadat]] made a trip to Israel and spoke before the [[Knesset]] in what was the first recognition of Israel by an Arab head of state.<ref>{{harvnb|Bregman|2002|pp=171–4}}</ref> In the two years that followed, Sadat and [[Menachem Begin]] signed the [[Camp David Accords]] and the [[Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bregman|2002|pp=186–7}}</ref> Israel withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula and agreed to enter negotiations over an [[Autonomous area|autonomy]] for Palestinians across the Green Line, a plan which was never implemented. Begin's government encouraged Israelis to [[Israeli settlements|settle]] in the [[West Bank]], leading to friction with the Palestinians in those areas. |
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On June 7, 1981, Israel heavily bombed [[Iraq]]'s Osirak nuclear reactor in [[Operation Opera]], disabling it. [[Mossad|Israeli intelligence]] had suspected Iraq was intending to use it for weapons development. In 1982, Israel intervened in the [[Lebanese Civil War]] to destroy the bases from which the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] launched attacks and missiles at northern Israel. That move developed into the [[1982 Lebanon War|First Lebanon War]].<ref>{{harvnb|Bregman|2002|p=199}}</ref> Israel withdrew from most of Lebanon in 1986, but maintained a [[Israeli Security Zone|borderland buffer zone]] until 2000. The [[First Intifada]], a Palestinian uprising against Israeli rule,<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encarta |publisher=Microsoft |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761579974/Intifada.html |title=Intifada |accessdate=2007-09-16 |year=2007}}</ref> broke out in 1987 with waves of violence occurring in the [[Israeli-occupied territories|occupied territories]]. Over the following six years, more than a thousand people were killed in the ensuing violence, much of which was internal Palestinian violence.<ref>{{harvnb|Stone|Zenner|1994|p=246}}. "Toward the end of 1991,... were the result of internal Palestinian terror."</ref> During the 1991 [[Gulf War]], the PLO and many Palestinians supported [[Saddam Hussein]] and Iraqi [[Gulf War#Iraq launches missile strikes|missile attacks against Israel]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE7DB173EF93AA35751C1A967958260|title=After 4 Years, Intifada Still Smolders |publisher=The New York Times |date=1991-12-09 |accessdate=2008-03-28 |last=Haberman |first=Clyde}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Mowlana|Gerbner|Schiller|1992|p=111}}</ref> |
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[[Image:Rabin at peace talks.jpg|right|thumb|[[Yitzhak Rabin]] and [[Yasser Arafat]] shake hands, presided over by [[Bill Clinton]], at the signing of the [[Oslo Accords]], September 13, 1993]] |
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In 1992, [[Yitzhak Rabin]] became [[Prime Minister]] following [[Israeli legislative election, 1992|an election]] in which his party promoted compromise with Israel's neighbors.<ref>{{harvnb|Bregman|2002|p=236}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bc.edu/research/cjl/meta-elements/texts/cjrelations/resources/education/Israel_Palestine/cold_war_ends.htm |publisher=Boston College |title=From the End of the Cold War to 2001 |accessdate=2007-07-16}}</ref> The following year, [[Shimon Peres]] and [[Mahmoud Abbas]], on behalf of Israel and the PLO, signed the [[Oslo Accords]], which gave the [[Palestinian National Authority]] the right to self-govern parts of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/22602.htm |publisher=U.S. Department of State |title=Declaration of Principles on Interim Self-Government Arrangements |date=1993-09-13 |accessdate=2007-07-16}}</ref> A declared intent was recognition of Israel's right to exist and an end to terrorism.<ref>[[Israel-Palestine Liberation Organization letters of recognition]]</ref> In 1994, the [[Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace]] was signed, making Jordan the second Arab country to normalize relations with Israel.<ref>{{harvnb|Harkavy|Neuman|2001|p=270}}. "Even though Jordan in 1994 became the second country, after Egypt to sign a peace treaty with Israel..."</ref> |
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Arab public support for the Accords was damaged by the [[Cave of the Patriarchs massacre]], continuation of [[Israeli settlement|settlements]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fmep.org/settlement_info/stats_data/settler_population_growth/sources_population_growth_1991-2003.html |title=Sources of Population Growth: Total Israeli Population and Settler Population, 1991 - 2003 |
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|accessdate=2007-12-12 |first=[http://www.fmep.org/about/overview.html Foundation for Middle East Peace] |last=Settlements information}}{{Dead link|date=October 2008}}</ref> and checkpoints, and the deterioration of economic conditions. Israeli public support for the Accords waned as Israel was struck by [[List of Hamas suicide attacks|Palestinian suicide attacks]]. The November 1995 [[assassination of Yitzhak Rabin]] by a far-right-wing Jew, as he left a peace rally, shocked the country. |
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At the end of the 1990s, Israel, under the leadership of [[Benjamin Netanyahu]], withdrew from [[Hebron]],<ref>{{harvnb|Bregman|2002|p=257}}</ref> and signed the [[Wye River Memorandum]], giving greater control to the Palestinian National Authority.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.state.gov/p/nea/rls/22694.htm |publisher=U.S. Department of State |title=The Wye River Memorandum |date=1998-10-23 |accessdate=2007-07-16}}</ref> |
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[[Ehud Barak]], [[Israeli prime ministerial election, 1999|elected Prime Minister in 1999]], began the new millennium by [[1982–2000 South Lebanon conflict#2000: Israeli withdrawal|withdrawing forces from Southern Lebanon]] and conducting negotiations with Palestinian Authority Chairman [[Yasser Arafat]] and U.S. President [[Bill Clinton]] at the [[2000 Camp David Summit|July 2000 Camp David Summit]]. During the summit, Barak offered a plan for the establishment of a [[Palestinian state]], but Yasser Arafat rejected it.<ref>{{harvnb|Gelvin|2005|p=240}}</ref> After the collapse of the talks, the [[Second Intifada]] began. |
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[[Ariel Sharon]] became the new prime minister in a [[Israeli prime ministerial election, 2001|2001 special election]]. During his tenure, Sharon carried out his plan to [[Israel's unilateral disengagement plan|unilaterally withdraw]] from the Gaza Strip and also spearheaded the construction of the [[Israeli West Bank barrier]].<ref>{{cite news |title=West Bank barrier route disputed, Israeli missile kills 2 |url=http://www.usatoday.com/news/world/2004-07-29-west-bank_x.htm |publisher=The Associated Press (via USA Today) |date=2004-07-29 |accessdate=2007-07-16}}</ref> In January 2006, after Ariel Sharon suffered a severe stroke which [[Illnesses of Ariel Sharon|left him in a coma]], the powers of office were transferred to [[Ehud Olmert]]. |
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====Recent Developments==== |
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{{currentevent}} |
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In July 2006, a [[Hezbollah]] artillery assault on Israel's northern border communities and a cross border abduction of two Israeli soldiers sparked the [[Second Lebanon War]].<ref name="UN1701">[http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/sc8808.doc.htm 'Permanent Ceasefire to Be Based on Creation Of Buffer Zone Free of Armed Personnel Other than UN, Lebanese Forces'] [[United Nations Security Council]], August 11, 2006<br />- escalation of hostilities in Lebanon and in Israel since Hizbollah’s attack on Israel on July 12, 2006</ref><ref name="HRTZ_Harel">{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=737825 |
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|title=Hezbollah kills 8 soldiers, kidnaps two in offensive on northern border |
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|accessdate=2006-08-13 |
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|last=Harel |
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|first=Amos |
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|date=July 13, 2006 |
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|publisher=[[Haaretz]]}} |
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</ref> The clashes were brought to end a month later by a [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 1701|ceasefire (United Nations Resolution 1701)]] brokered by the United Nations Security Council. |
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On November 27, 2007, Israeli Prime Minister [[Ehud Olmert]] and Palestinian President [[Mahmoud Abbas]] agreed to negotiate on all issues and strive for an agreement by the end of 2008. In April 2008, Syrian President [[Bashar Al Assad]] told a [[Qatar]]i newspaper that [[Syria]] and Israel had been discussing a peace treaty for a year, with [[Turkey]] as a go-between. This was confirmed by Israel in May 2008<ref>{{cite news | first = Peter| last = Walker| coauthors = News Agencies|title = Olmert confirms peace talks with Syria| url =http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/may/21/israelandthepalestinians.syria | publisher = The Guardian | date = 2008-05-21 | accessdate = 2008-05-21 | language = English| quote = Israel and Syria are holding indirect peace talks, with Turkey acting as a mediator...}}</ref>. |
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''Main article: [[December 2008 Gaza Strip airstrikes]]'' |
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In late December [[2008]], a ceasefire between [[Hamas]] and Israel collapsed after rockets were fired from the Hamas controlled [[Gaza Strip]]. Israel responded with a [[December 2008 Gaza Strip airstrikes|series of airstrikes]].<ref>{{cite news | author = Associated Free Press |title = Israeli jets pound Hamas | url = http://www.smh.com.au/news/world/israeli-jets-pound-hamas/2008/12/29/1230399085970.html?page=fullpage#contentSwap1 | publisher = The Sydney Morning Herald | date = 2008-12-29 | accessdate = 2008-12-29 | language = English| quote = Israeli tanks massed at the Gaza border as warplanes again pounded Hamas targets in the densely populated enclave where raids have killed nearly 300 people in less than two days...}}</ref> In response, protests broke out around the world.<ref>{{cite news | author = WA Today |title = Global protests against Israel | url = http://www.watoday.com.au/world/global-protests-against-israel-20081229-76ht.html| date = 2008-12-29 | accessdate = 2008-12-29 | language = English| quote =Demonstrators in cities around the world on Sunday marched in protest against the Israeli air strikes on the Gaza Strip that have killed nearly 300 people in the Palestinian territory...</ref> |
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==Geography and climate== |
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{{main|Geography of Israel}} |
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[[Image:JerusalemMountains.jpg|thumb|The central [[Judean Mountains]]]] |
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Israel is located at the eastern end of the [[Mediterranean Sea]], bounded by [[Lebanon]] to the north, [[Syria]] to the northeast, [[Jordan]] to the east, and [[Egypt]] to the southwest. The sovereign territory of Israel, excluding all territories captured by Israel during the 1967 [[Six-Day War]], is approximately 20,770 square kilometers (8,019 sq mi) in area, of which two percent is water.<ref name="cia">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/is.html |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |work=The World Factbook |accessdate=2007-07-20 |date=2007-06-19 |title=Israel}}</ref> The total area under Israeli law, including [[East Jerusalem]] and the [[Golan Heights]], is 22,072 square kilometers (8,522 sq mi).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton57/st01_01.pdf |format=PDF|title=Area of Districts, Sub-Districts, Natural Regions and Lakes |publisher=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]] |work=Statistical Abstract of Israel |year=2006 }}</ref> |
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The total area under Israeli control, including the military-controlled and partially [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian-governed]] territory of the [[West Bank]], is 27,799 square kilometers (10,733 sq mi).<ref name="loc-geo">{{cite web |url=http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/iltoc.html |publisher=The Library of Congress |accessdate=2007-07-20 |title=Israel (Geography) |work=Country Studies}}</ref> |
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[[Image:YardenHarari.jpg|thumb|left|The [[Jordan river]]]] |
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Despite its small size, Israel is home to a variety of geographic features, from the [[Negev]] desert in the south to the mountain ranges of the [[Galilee]], [[Mount Carmel|Carmel]], and the [[Golan Heights|Golan]] in the north. The [[Israeli Coastal Plain]] on the shores of the Mediterranean is home to seventy percent of the nation's population. |
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East of the central highlands lies the [[Jordan Rift Valley]], which forms a small part of the 6,500-kilometer (4,040-mi) [[Great Rift Valley]]. The [[Jordan River]] runs along the Jordan Rift Valley, from [[Mount Hermon]] through the [[Hulah Valley]] and the [[Sea of Galilee]] to the [[Dead Sea]], the lowest point on the surface of the Earth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/1990_1999/1999/4/FOCUS%20on%20Israel-%20The%20Living%20Dead%20Sea |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |accessdate=2007-07-20 |date=1999-04-01 |title=The Living Dead Sea}}</ref> Further south is the [[Arabah]], ending with the [[Gulf of Eilat]], part of the [[Red Sea]]. [[Image:DargotViewByEranGalil.jpg|right|thumb|View from the Israeli coast of the [[Dead Sea]]]]Unique to Israel and the [[Sinai Peninsula]] are [[makhtesh]]im, or erosion cirques.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/1486/ |publisher=UNESCO |title=Makhteshim Country |accessdate=2007-09-19}}</ref> The largest makhtesh in the world is [[Ramon Crater]] in the Negev,<ref>{{harvnb|Jacobs|1998|p=284}}. "The extraordinary Makhtesh Ramon – the largest natural crater in the world..."</ref> which measures 40 kilometers by 8 kilometers (25 mi by 5 mi).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bgu.ac.il/desert_ecology/ramon/ |publisher=Ben-Gurion University of the Negev |title=Ramon R&D Center |accessdate=2007-09-19}}{{Dead link|date=October 2008}}</ref> A report on the environmental status of the Mediterranean basin states that Israel has the largest number of plant species per square meter of all the countries in the basin.<ref name=rinat>{{Cite news |
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| last = Rinat |
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| first = Zafrir |
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| title = More endangered than rain forests? |
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| work = Haaretz |
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| accessdate = 2008-07-29 |
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| date = 2008-06-02 |
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| url = http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/988204.html |
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}}</ref> |
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Temperatures in Israel vary widely, especially during the winter. The more mountainous regions can be windy, cold, and sometimes snowy; [[Mount Hermon]]'s peak is covered with snow most of the year and [[Jerusalem]] usually receives at least one snowfall each year.<ref>{{harvnb|Goldreich|2003|p=85}}</ref> Meanwhile, coastal cities, such as [[Tel Aviv]] and [[Haifa]], have a typical [[Mediterranean climate]] with cool, rainy winters and long, hot summers. The highest temperature in the continent of Asia (53.7 °C or 129 °[[Fahrenheit|F]]) was recorded in 1942 at [[Tirat Zvi]] kibbutz in the northern parts of the Jordan-valley.<ref name=watzman>{{Cite news |
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| last = Watzman |
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| first = Haim |
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| title = Left for dead |
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| accessdate = 2008-07-29 |
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| date = 1997-02-08 |
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| url = http://environment.newscientist.com/article/mg15320684.400-left-for-dead--plans-to-rescue-the-rapidly-shrinking-dead-sea-may-be-good-news-forindustry-and-tourists-but-the-strange-life-forms-that-thrive-in-its-supersaltywaters-still-face-a-perilous-future-says-ithaim-watzmanit.html |
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}}</ref> From May to September, rain in Israel is rare.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/travel/businesstraveler/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/ISXX0026 |publisher=The Weather Channel |accessdate=2007-07-11 |title=Average Weather for Tel Aviv-Yafo}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.com/outlook/events/weddings/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/ISXX0010 |
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|publisher=The Weather Channel |accessdate=2007-07-11 |title=Average Weather for Jerusalem}}</ref> With scarce water resources, Israel has developed various water-saving technologies, including [[drip irrigation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/facts%20about%20israel/land/focus%20on%20israel-%20development%20of%20limited%20water%20reso |publisher=Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs |accessdate=2007-11-07 |title=Development of Limited Water Resources- Historical and Technological Aspects |date=2003-09-20 |last=Sitton |first=Dov}}</ref> Israelis also take advantage of the considerable sunlight available for [[solar energy]], making [[Solar power in Israel|Israel the leading nation in solar energy]] use per capita.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.neaman.org.il/neaman/publications/publication_item.asp?fid=590&parent_fid=490&iid=3639 |title=Solar energy for the production of heat |last=Grossman |first=Gershon |coauthors=Ayalon, Ofira; Baron, Yifaat; Kaufman, Debby |accessdate=2007-11-07 |publisher=Samuel Neaman Institute}}</ref> |
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==Government and politics== |
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{{main|Politics of Israel}}<!--Please add new information to relevant articles of the series--> |
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[[Image:Knesset.jpg|thumb|The [[Knesset]] building, home of the Israeli parliament]] |
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Israel operates under a [[parliamentary system]] as a [[Democracy|democratic]] country with [[universal suffrage]].<ref name="cia" /> The [[President of Israel]] is the [[head of state]], but his duties are largely ceremonial.<ref name="cia2">{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2077.html |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |work=The World Factbook |title=Field Listing — Executive Branch |accessdate=2007-07-20 |date=2007-06-19}}</ref> A [[Member of Parliament|Parliament Member]] supported by a majority in parliament becomes the [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]], usually the chairman of the largest party. The Prime Minister is the [[head of government]] and head of the [[Cabinet of Israel|Cabinet]].<ref name="cia2" /><ref>In the 1990s, direct elections for Prime Minister were inaugurated but the system was declared unsatisfactory and the old one was brought back.</ref> Israel is governed by a 120-member parliament, known as the [[Knesset]]. Membership in the Knesset is based on [[proportional representation]] of [[List of political parties in Israel|political parties]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.knesset.gov.il/description/eng/eng_mimshal_beh.htm |publisher=The Knesset |accessdate=2007-08-08 |title=The Electoral System in Israel}}</ref> Parliamentary elections are held every four years, but the Knesset can dissolve the government at any time by a [[motion of no confidence|no-confidence vote]]. The [[Basic Laws of Israel]] function as an [[unwritten constitution]]. In 2003, the Knesset began to draft an official constitution based on these laws.<ref name="cia" /><ref>{{harvnb|Mazie|2006|p=34}}</ref> |
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{{Wikinews|Shimon Peres discusses the future of Israel}}[[Image:Office of the President of Israel by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|Office of the [[President of Israel]] in 2007.]] |
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Israel has a [[Israeli judicial system|three-tier court system]]. At the lowest level are [[magistrate]] courts, situated in most cities across the country. Above them are [[district court]]s, serving both as [[appeal|appellate]] courts and [[trial court|courts of first instance]]; they are situated in five of Israel's six [[Districts of Israel|districts]]. The third and highest tier in Israel is the [[Supreme Court of Israel|Supreme Court]], seated in Jerusalem. It serves a dual role as the highest court of appeals and the [[Supreme Court of Israel#High Court of Justice|High Court of Justice]]. In the latter role, the Supreme Court rules as a court of first instance, allowing individuals, both citizens and non-citizens, to petition against decisions of state authorities.<ref name="judiciary">{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Government/Branches%20of%20Government/Judicial/The%20Judiciary-%20The%20Court%20System |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |accessdate=2007-08-05 |date=2005-08-01 |title=The Judiciary: The Court System}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bostonherald.com/news/opinion/editorial/view.bg?articleid=1030205 |publisher=The Boston Herald |title=Israel’s high court unique in region |accessdate=2007-09-15 |date=2007-09-09}}</ref> Israel is not a member of the [[International Criminal Court]] as it fears the court would be biased against it due to political pressure.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2002/6/Israel%20and%20the%20International%20Criminal%20Court| title=Israel and the International Criminal Court| publisher=Office of the Legal Adviser to the [[Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs]] |date=2002-06-30 |accessdate=2007-07-20}}</ref> Israel's legal system combines [[English law|English]] [[common law]], [[civil law (legal system)|civil law]], and [[Halakha|Jewish law]].<ref name="cia" /> It is based on the principle of ''[[stare decisis]]'' (precedent) and is an [[adversarial system]], where the parties in the suit bring evidence before the court. Court cases are decided by professional judges rather than juries.<ref name="judiciary" /> [[Marriage]] and [[divorce]] are under the jurisdiction of the religious courts: [[Beth din|Jewish]], [[Sharia|Muslim]], Druze, and Christian. A committee of Knesset members, Supreme Court justices, and Israeli Bar members carries out the election of judges.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts+About+Israel/State/THE+STATE-+Judiciary-+The+Court+System.htm |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |accessdate=2007-08-09 |date=2006-10-01 |title=The State — Judiciary — The Court System}}{{Dead link|date=October 2008}}</ref> [[Image:Israel districts numbered.png|left|thumb|[[Districts of Israel]]: (1) [[North District (Israel)|Northern]], (2) [[Haifa District|Haifa]], (3) [[Center District (Israel)|Center]], (4) [[Tel Aviv District|Tel Aviv]], (5) [[Jerusalem District|Jerusalem]], (6) [[Southern District (Israel)|Southern]]|140px]] [[Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty (Israel)|Basic Law: Human Dignity and Liberty]] seeks to defend [[Human rights in Israel|human rights and liberties in Israel]]. Israel is the only country in the region ranked "Free" by [[Freedom House]] based on the level of [[civil rights|civil]] and political rights; the "Israeli Occupied Territories/Palestinian Authority" was ranked "Not Free."<ref>{{cite web |title=Press Freedom Rankings by Region 2007 |publisher=[[Freedom House]] |year=2007 |url=http://www.freedomhouse.org/template.cfm?page=202&year=2005 |
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|accessdate=2007-06-12}}</ref> Similarly, [[Reporters Without Borders]] rated Israel 50th out of 168 countries in terms of [[freedom of the press]] and highest among [[Southwest Asian]] countries.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rsf.org/rubrique.php3?id_rubrique=639 |publisher=Reporters Without Borders |title=Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2006 |accessdate=2007-07-19}}</ref> Nevertheless, groups such as [[Amnesty International]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://web.amnesty.org/report2006/isr-summary-eng |title=Israel and the Occupied Territories |accessdate=2007-07-20 |year=2006 |work=Amnesty International Report 2006 |publisher=Amnesty International}}{{Dead link|date=October 2008}}</ref> and [[Human Rights Watch]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hrw.org/doc/?t=mideast&c=isrlpa |title=Israel/Palestinian Authority |accessdate=2007-07-20 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> have often disapproved of Israel's human rights record in regards to the [[Arab-Israeli conflict]]. Israel's civil liberties also allow for self-criticism, from groups such as [[B'Tselem]], an Israeli human rights organization.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.btselem.org/English/Publications/Summaries/200205_Land_Grab.asp |title=Land Grab: Israel's Settlement Policy in the West Bank |publisher=[[B'Tselem]] |month=May |year=2002 |accessdate=2007-08-09}}</ref> |
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===Administrative districts=== |
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{{main|Districts of Israel|List of cities in Israel}} |
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The State of Israel is divided into six main administrative districts, known as ''mehozot'' (מחוזות; singular: ''mahoz'') – [[Center District (Israel)|Center]], [[Haifa District|Haifa]], [[Jerusalem District|Jerusalem]], [[North District (Israel)|North]], [[Southern District (Israel)|Southern]], and [[Tel Aviv District|Tel Aviv]] Districts. Districts are further divided into fifteen sub-districts known as ''nafot'' (נפות; singular: ''nafa''), which are themselves partitioned into fifty natural regions.<ref>{{cite web |publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics |title=Introduction to the Tables: Geophysical Characteristics |url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/shnaton53/download/st_eng01.doc |format=doc |accessdate=2007-09-04}}</ref> For statistical purposes, the country is divided into three metropolitan areas: [[Tel Aviv]] and [[Gush Dan]] (population 3,150,000), [[Haifa]] (population 996,000), and [[Beersheba]] (population 531,600).<ref>{{citeweb | url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton57/st02_15.pdf |format=PDF| title=Localities, Population, and Density | accessdate=2007-07-02}}</ref> Israel's largest city, both in population and area,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/hodaot2006n/11_06_106e.pdf |publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics |title=Press Release: Jerusalem Day |date=2006-05-24 |accessdate=2007-03-10 |format=PDF}}</ref> is [[Jerusalem]] with 732,100 residents in an area of 126 square kilometers (49 sq mi). Tel Aviv, Haifa, and [[Rishon LeZion]] rank as Israel's next most populous cities, with populations of 384,600, 267,000, and 222,300 respectively.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/population/new_2007/table3.pdf |publisher=[[Israel Central Bureau of Statistics]] |title=Population of Localities numbering above 1,000 residents and other rural population on 31/12/2006 |date=2006-12-31 |accessdate=2007-04-29 |format=PDF}}</ref> |
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===Occupied territories=== |
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{{main|Israeli-occupied territories|Political status of the West Bank and Gaza Strip}} |
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[[Image:West Bank & Gaza Map 2007 (Settlements).gif|right|thumb|Map of the [[West Bank]] and the [[Gaza Strip]], 2007]] |
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The Israeli-occupied territories are the [[West Bank]] and [[East Jerusalem]], and the [[Golan Heights]]. They are areas Israel captured from Jordan, and Syria during the [[Six-Day War]]. The term was also used to describe the [[Sinai Peninsula]], which was returned to Egypt as part of the 1979 [[Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty]]. |
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The term of 'Israeli-occupied territories' was also used to encompass the [[Gaza strip]] which was occupied by Egypt and captured by Israel in 1967. In 2005, Israel removed all of its residents and forces in the Gaza Strip and four settlements in the West Bank as part of its [[Israel's unilateral disengagement plan|unilateral disengagement plan]]. Israel still controls Gaza's airspace and sea access. Israel also regulates Gaza's travel and trade with the rest of the world.<ref>{{cite news |title=Isolation of Gaza Chokes Off Trade |publisher=The New York Times |date =[[September 19]], [[2007]] |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/19/world/middleeast/19gaza.html |accessdate=2008-05-12}}</ref> Inner control of the area is in the hands of [[Governance of the Gaza Strip|the Hamas government]]. |
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Following Israel's capture of these territories, [[Israeli settlement|settlements]] consisting of Israeli citizens were established within each of them. Israel has applied civilian law to the [[Golan Heights Law|Golan Heights]] and [[Jerusalem Law|East Jerusalem]], incorporating them into its territory and offering their inhabitants Israeli citizenship. In contrast, the West Bank has remained under military occupation, and is widely seen – by Israel, the Palestinians, and the international community alike – as the site of a [[Proposals for a Palestinian state|future Palestinian state]]. Most negotiations relating to the territories have been on the basis of [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 242]], which calls on Israel to withdraw from occupied territories in return for normalization of relations with Arab states, a principle known as "[[Land for peace]]".<ref>{{cite web |title=Olmert: Willing to trade land for peace |publisher=[[Ynetnews]] |date =2006-12-16 |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3340641,00.html |accessdate=2007-09-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Syria ready to discuss land for peace |publisher=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=June 12, 2007 |url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1181570258086&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |accessdate=2007-09-26 |
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}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Egypt: Israel must accept the land-for-peace formula |publisher=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=May 15, 2007 |url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull&cid=1173879095966 |accessdate=2007-09-26}}</ref> |
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The West Bank has a population consisting primarily of [[Arab]] [[Palestinian]]s, including historic residents of the territories and [[Palestinian refugee|refugees]] of the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]].<ref>{{cite web |title=UNRWA in Figures: Figures as of December 31, 2004 |publisher=[[United Nations]] |month=April | year=2005 |url=http://www.un.org/unrwa/publications/pdf/uif-dec04.pdf |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-09-27}}</ref> From their occupation in 1967 until 1993, the Palestinians living in these territories were under [[Coordinator of Government Activities in the Territories|Israeli military administration]]. Since the [[Israel-Palestine Liberation Organization letters of recognition|Israel-PLO letters of recognition]], most of the [[Demographics of the Palestinian territories|Palestinian population]] and [[List of cities in Palestinian Authority areas|cities]] have been under the internal jurisdiction of the [[Palestinian National Authority|Palestinian Authority]], and only partial Israeli military control, although Israel has on several occasions redeployed its [[Israel Defense Forces|troops]] and reinstated full military administration during periods of unrest. In response to increasing attacks as part of the [[Second Intifada]], the Israeli government started to construct the [[Israeli West Bank barrier]],<ref>{{cite web |
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| url=http://www.securityfence.mod.gov.il/Pages/ENG/questions.htm | title=Questions and Answers | accessdate=2007-04-17 | date=February 22, 2004 | work=Israel’s Security Fence | publisher=The State of Israel}} |
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</ref> which opponents note is partially built within the West Bank.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.btselem.org/english/Publications/summaries/200512_Under_the_Guise_of_Security.asp |title=Under the Guise of Security: Routing the Separation Barrier to Enable Israeli Settlement Expansion in the West Bank |accessdate=2007-04-16 |year=2005 |month=December |work=Publications |publisher=[[B'Tselem]]}}</ref> |
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===Foreign relations=== |
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{{main|Foreign relations of Israel}} |
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[[Image:Weizmann Truman 1948.jpg|[[Chaim Weizmann]], the first [[President of Israel]], presenting U.S. President [[Harry S. Truman]] with a [[Sefer Torah|Torah scroll]] in 1948|thumb|right]] |
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Israel maintains diplomatic relations with 161 countries and has 94 [[diplomatic mission]]s around the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/MFA/About%20the%20Ministry/Diplomatic%20missions/Israel-s%20Diplomatic%20Missions%20Abroad |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |accessdate=2007-07-21 |date=2006-07-12 |title=Israel's Diplomatic Missions Abroad: Status of Relations}}{{Dead link|date=October 2008}}</ref> Only three members of the [[Arab League]] have normalized relations with Israel; Egypt and Jordan signed peace treaties in [[Israel-Egypt Peace Treaty|1979]] and [[Israel-Jordan Treaty of Peace|1994]], respectively, and [[Mauritania]] opted for full diplomatic relations with Israel in 1999. Two other members of the Arab League, [[Morocco]] and [[Tunisia]], which had some diplomatic relations with Israel, severed them at the start of the Second Intifada in 2000.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/MFA/Foreign+Relations/Israel+Among+the+Nations/ISRAEL%20AMONG%20THE%20NATIONS-%20Middle%20East%20-%20North%20Afri |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=Israel Among the Nations: Middle East — North Africa |date=2006-10-01 |accessdate=2007-08-09}}{{Dead link|date=October 2008}}</ref> Since 2003. Ties with Morocco have been on the upswing, and Israel's foreign minister has visited the country.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3202767.stm |title=Israel sees Morocco as mediator |date=2003-09-02 |publisher=BBC News |accessdate=2007-09-28}}</ref> Under Israeli law, [[Lebanon]], [[Syria]], [[Saudi Arabia]], [[Iraq]], and [[Yemen]] are enemy countries<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.justice.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/129A5B6A-20D6-4C3B-9785-1C6B6763394A/0/CRCengfull.pdf |publisher=Israel Ministry of Justice |format=PDF |title=Initial Periodic Report of the State of Israel Concerning the Implementation of the Convention of the Rights of the Child (CRC) |accessdate=2007-08-09 |month=February |year=2001 |pages=147 (173 using pdf numbering)}}</ref> and Israeli citizens may not visit them without permission from the [[Ministry of Interior (Israel)|Ministry of the Interior]].<ref>{{he icon}} {{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFAHeb/MFAArchive/2004/horaot+din+israeli0304.htm |publisher=Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=הוראות הדין הישראלי |year=2004 |accessdate=2007-08-09}}</ref> Since 1995, Israel has been a member of the [[Mediterranean Dialogue]], which fosters cooperation between seven countries in the [[Mediterranean Basin]] and the members of the [[NATO|North Atlantic Treaty Organization]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.nato.int/docu/update/2000/0308/eng.htm |publisher=North Atlantic Treaty Organization |accessdate=2007-07-21 |date=2001-09-13 |title=Week of 8-March 14, 2000}}</ref> |
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The [[Israel-United States relations|United States]], [[Turkey-Israel relations|Turkey]], [[Germany-Israel relations|Germany]], the [[United Kingdom]] and [[India-Israel relations|India]] are among Israel's closest allies. The United States was the first country to recognize the State of Israel, followed by the [[Soviet Union]]. It may regard Israel as its primary ally in [[Southwest Asia]], based on shared political and religious values.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://italy.usembassy.gov/pdf/other/RL33476.pdf |title=Israel: Background and Relations with the United States |format=PDF |publisher=Congressional Research Service (via the U.S. Mission to Italy) |last=Migdalovitz |first=Carol |date=2007-07-06 |accessdate=2007-09-23 |pages=23}}</ref> Although Turkey and Israel did not establish full diplomatic relations until 1991,<ref>{{harvnb|Abadi|2004|p=3}}. "However, it was not until 1991 that the two countries established full diplomatic relations."</ref> [[Turkey]] has cooperated with the State since its recognition of Israel in 1949. Turkey's ties to the other Muslim-majority nations in the region have at times resulted in pressure from Arab states to temper its relationship with Israel.<ref>{{harvnb|Abadi|2004|pp=4-6}}</ref> [[Germany]]'s strong ties with Israel include cooperation on scientific and educational endeavors and the two states remain strong economic and military partners.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.germany.info/relaunch/info/archives/background/israel.html |publisher=German Embassy, Washington, D.C. |title=Germany and Israel |work=Background Papers |accessdate=2007-09-23}}</ref><ref>[http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/middle_east/article3564572.ece Israel welcomes new Germany to a celebration of its 60th birthday - Times Online]</ref> India established full diplomatic ties with Israel in 1992 and has fostered a strong military and cultural partnership with the country since then.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.westerndefense.org/bulletins/Dec-01.htm |publisher=Jerusalem Institute for Western Defense |last=Kumar |first=Dinesh |title=India and Israel: Dawn of a New Era |accessdate=2007-09-23}}</ref> The [[United Kingdom|UK]] has kept full diplomatic relations with Israel since its formation having had two visits from heads of state in 2007. It also has a strong trade relationship, Israel being the 23rd largest market. Relations between the two countries were also made stronger by former prime minister [[Tony Blair|Tony Blair's]] efforts for a two state resolution. The UK is seen as having a "natural" relationship with Israel on account of the [[British Mandate of Palestine]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029394365&a=KCountryProfile&aid=1031532656768 |publisher=Uk Foreign and Commonwealth Office. |title=UK and Israel |work=Background Papers |accessdate=2007-12-19}}</ref> [[Iran-Israel relations|Iran]] had diplomatic relations with Israel under the [[Pahlavi dynasty]]<ref>{{harvnb|Abadi|2004|pp=37-9, 47}}</ref> but withdrew its recognition of Israel during the [[Iranian Revolution]].<ref>{{harvnb|Abadi|2004|pp=47-9}}</ref> |
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==Military== |
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{{main|Israel Defense Forces|Israeli Security Forces}} |
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[[Image:F-15I Ra'am.jpg|thumb|right|[[Israeli Air Force]] [[F-15 Strike Eagle]]]] |
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[[Image:Merkava3dKasag001.jpg|thumb|tight|[[Israeli Army]] [[Merkava]] [[main battle tank]]]] |
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The [[Israel Defense Forces]] consists of the [[GOC Army Headquarters|Israeli Army]], [[Israeli Air Force]] and [[Israeli Sea Corps]]. It was founded during the [[1948 Arab-Israeli War]] out of [[paramilitary]] organizations – chiefly the [[Haganah]] – that preceded the establishment of the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dover.idf.il/IDF/English/about/History/40s/1948/default.htm |publisher=Israel Defense Forces |accessdate=2007-07-31 |title=History: 1948 |year=2007}}</ref> The IDF also draws upon the resources of the [[Military Intelligence Directorate (Israel)|Military Intelligence Directorate]] (''Aman''), which works with the [[Mossad]] and [[Shin Bet|Shabak]].<ref>{{harvnb|Henderson|2003|p=97}}</ref> The involvement of the Israel Defense Forces in major wars and border conflicts has made it one of the most battle-trained armed forces in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts+About+Israel/State/THE+STATE-+Israel+Defense+Forces+-IDF-.htm |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=The State: Israel Defense Forces (IDF) |accessdate=2007-08-09 |date=2006-10-01}}{{Dead link|date=October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/israel/idf.htm |publisher=GlobalSecurity.org |title=Israel Defense Forces |accessdate=2007-09-16}}</ref> |
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The majority of Israelis are [[conscription|drafted]] into the military at the age of eighteen. Men serve three years and women serve two years.<ref>{{cite web |
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|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts%20About%20Israel/State/The%20Israel%20Defense%20Forces |title=The Israel Defense Forces |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |accessdate=2006-10-21}}</ref> Following compulsory service, Israeli men join the [[Israel Defense Forces#Reserve service|reserve forces]] and do several weeks of reserve duty every year until their forties. Most women are exempt from reserve duty. [[Arab citizens of Israel]] (except the [[Druze]]) and those engaged in full-time religious studies are exempt from military service, although the [[Tal Law|exemption of yeshiva students]] has been a source of contention in Israeli society for many years.<ref>{{harvnb|Stendel|1997|pp=191–2}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ArticleContent.jhtml?itemNo=860256 |date=2007-05-16 |accessdate=2007-07-21 |title=Cool law, for wrong population |last=Shtrasler |first=Nehemia |publisher=Haaretz}}</ref> An alternative for those who receive exemptions on various grounds is ''[[Sherut Leumi]]'', or national service, which involves a program of service in hospitals, schools and other social welfare frameworks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbn.org.il/students/sherut_leumi.htm |publisher=Nefesh B'Nefesh |accessdate=2007-07-31 |date=2007-07-04 |title=Sherut Leumi (National Service)}}</ref> As a result of its conscription program, the IDF maintains approximately 168,000 active troops and an additional 408,000 reservists.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/LAC.20070906.DRAFT06/TPStory/TPInternational/Africa/ |publisher=The Globe and Mail |title=Stars take the shine off military service |date=2007-09-06 |accessdate=2007-09-16 |last=Wheeler |first=Carolynne}}</ref> |
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The nation's military relies heavily on [[Military equipment of Israel|high-tech weapons systems]] designed and manufactured in Israel as well as some foreign imports. The United States is a particularly notable foreign contributor; they are expected to provide the country with $30 billion in military aid between 2008 and 2017.<ref name="nyt">{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/17/world/middleeast/17israel.html |publisher=The New York Times |title=Israel to Get $30 Billion in Military Aid From U.S. |date=2007-08-17 |accessdate=2007-09-23 |last=Erlanger |first=Steven}}</ref> The Israeli- and U.S.-designed [[Arrow missile]] is one of the world's only operational [[anti-ballistic missile]] systems.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1173879211495&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |publisher=The Jerusalem Post |title='Arrow can fully protect against Iran' |last=Katz |first=Yaakov |date=2007-03-30 |accessdate=2007-09-16}}</ref> Since the [[Yom Kippur War]], Israel has developed a network of [[reconnaissance satellites]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/kent-csi/docs/v44i5a04p.htm |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |title=Israel's Quest for Satellite Intelligence |last=Zorn |first=E. L. |date=2007-05-08 |accessdate=2007-09-16}}</ref> The success of the ''[[Ofeq]]'' program has made Israel one of seven countries capable of launching such satellites.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1181570245958&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |publisher=The Jerusalem Post |title=Analysis: Eyes in the sky |last=Katz |first=Yaakov |date=2007-06-11 |accessdate=2007-09-16}}</ref> The country has also developed its own [[main battle tank]], the [[Merkava]]. Since its establishment, Israel has spent a significant portion of its [[gross domestic product]] on defense. In 1984, for example, the country spent 24%<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thejerusalemfund.org/images/informationbrief.php?ID=55 |publisher=The Jerusalem Fund |title=Israel’s Defense Budget: The Business Side of War |last=Seitz |first=Charmaine |accessdate=2007-09-16 |date=2001-01-30}} (first appeared in Information Brief No. 64)</ref> of its GDP on defense. Today, that figure has dropped to 7.3%.<ref name="cia" /> |
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Israel has not signed the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]] and maintains a [[policy of deliberate ambiguity]] toward [[Israel and weapons of mass destruction|its nuclear capabilities]], though it is widely regarded as [[Nuclear weapons and Israel|possessing nuclear weapons]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iaea.org/NewsCenter/Transcripts/2004/alahram27072004.html|title=Transcript of the Director General's Interview with Al-Ahram News |author=[[Mohamed ElBaradei]] |publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency |date=2004-07-27 |accessdate=2007-07-19}}</ref> |
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After the Gulf War in 1991, when Israel was attacked by Iraqi [[Scud missile]]s, a law was passed requiring all apartments and homes in Israel to have a ''mamad,'' a reinforced security room impermeable to chemical and biological substances.<ref>[http://www.israelhomeowner.com/Glossary.asp Israel Homeowner Glossary<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> |
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==Economy== |
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{{main|Economy of Israel|Tourism in Israel}} |
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[[Image:Bursa05.jpg|thumb|right|A main business district in [[Ramat Gan]], where the [[Diamond Exchange District|diamond stock exchange]] is located]] |
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Israel is considered one of the most advanced countries in [[Southwest Asia]] in economic and industrial development. The country has been ranked highest in the region on the [[World Bank]]'s [[Ease of Doing Business Index]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.doingbusiness.org/EconomyRankings/?regionid=426 |publisher=The World Bank Group |title=Economy Rankings — Middle East & North Africa |accessdate=2007-09-06}}{{Dead link|date=October 2008}}</ref> as well as in the [[World Economic Forum|World Economic Forum's]] [[Global Competitiveness Report]].<ref name="wef" /> It has the second-largest number of [[Startup company|startup companies]] in the world (after the United States) and the largest number of [[NASDAQ]]-listed companies outside North America.<ref>{{cite web |title=NASDAQ Appoints Asaf Homossany as New Director for Israel |date=2005-02-06 |publisher=[[NASDAQ]] |accessdate=2007-08-04 |url=http://www.nasdaq.com/newsroom/news/pr2005/ne_section05_019.stm}}</ref> In 2007, Israel had the 44th-highest [[gross domestic product]] and 22nd-highest gross domestic product [[per capita]] (at [[purchasing power parity]]) at US$232.7 billion and US$33,299, respectively.<ref name="IMF-gdp">[http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2008/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2008&ey=2008&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=436&s=NGDP_R%2CNGDP_RPCH%2CNGDP%2CNGDPD%2CNGDP_D%2CNGDPRPC%2CNGDPPC%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CPPPSH%2CPPPEX%2CPCPI%2CPCPIPCH%2CPCPIE%2CPCPIEPCH%2CLUR%2CLE%2CLP%2CGGB%2CGGB_NGDP%2CBCA%2CBCA_NGDPD&grp=0&a=&pr1.x=38&pr1.y=7 Report for Selected Countries and Subjects<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> In 2007, Israel was invited to join the [[Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3400955,00.html |publisher=Ynet News |accessdate=2007-08-04 |date=2007-05-16 |title=Israel invited to join the OECD}}</ref> which promotes cooperation between countries that adhere to democratic principles and operate [[free market]] economies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.oecd.org/about/ |publisher=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development |accessdate=2007-08-04 |title=About}}</ref> |
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Despite limited natural resources, intensive development of the [[Agriculture in Israel|agricultural]] and industrial sectors over the past decades has made Israel largely self-sufficient in food production, apart from grains and beef. Other major imports to Israel, totaling [[United States dollar|US$]]47.8 billion in 2006, include [[fossil fuel]]s, raw materials, and military equipment.<ref name="cia" /> Leading exports include fruits, vegetables, [[pharmaceuticals]], software, chemicals, military technology, and [[Diamond industry in Israel|diamonds]]; in 2006, Israeli exports reached US$42.86 billion.<ref name="cia" /> Israel is a global leader in [[water conservation]] and [[geothermal power|geothermal energy]],<ref>{{cite news |url=http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/jrep/access/1271587481.html?dids=1271587481:1271587481&FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=May+28%2C+2007&author=Mitch+Ginsburg&pub=The+Jerusalem+Report&edition=&startpage=13&de/ |publisher=The Jerusalem Report |date=2007-05-28 |accessdate=2007-08-30 |title=A Hotter Holy Land |last=Ginsburg |first=Mitch}}</ref> and its development of cutting-edge technologies in software, communications and the life sciences have [[Silicon Wadi|evoked comparisons]] with [[Silicon Valley]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Israel keen on IT tie-ups |date=2001-01-10 |publisher=The Hindu Business Line |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/businessline/2001/01/11/stories/151139ue.htm |accessdate=2007-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Israel: Punching above its weight |date=2005-11-14 |publisher=[[The Economist]]|url=http://www.ebusinessforum.com/index.asp?doc_id=7798&layout=rich_story |accessdate=2007-08-04}}</ref> [[Intel]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1171894528658&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |publisher=The Jerusalem Post |date=2007-02-27 |accessdate=2007-08-04 |title=Intel to expand Jerusalem R&D |last=Krawitz |first=Avi}}</ref> and [[Microsoft]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.microsoft.com/Israel/RnD/about/team.html |publisher=Microsoft |accessdate=2007-08-04 |title=Israel R&D Center: Leadership Team}}</ref> built their first overseas [[research and development]] centers in Israel, and other high-tech multi-national corporations, such as [[IBM]], [[Cisco Systems]], and [[Motorola]], have opened facilities in the country. In July 2007, U.S. billionaire [[Warren Buffett]]'s [[Berkshire Hathaway]] bought an Israeli company [[Iscar]], its first non-U.S. acquisition, for $4 billion.<ref>{{cite web|title=Buffet ready to buy a 'big business'|[[2007-05-07|]]|publisher=IHT|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/05/06/bloomberg/bxwarren.php}}</ref> Since the 1970s, Israel has received economic aid from the United States, whose loans account for the bulk of Israel's external debt,<ref name="cia" /> although that aid is expected to end in 2008.<ref name="nyt" /> |
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[[Tourism]], especially [[religious tourism]], is another important industry in Israel, with the country's temperate climate, beaches, [[Archaeology|archaeological]] and historical sites, and unique geography also drawing tourists. Israel's security problems have taken their toll on the industry, but the number of incoming tourists is on the rebound.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1186557443251&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |publisher=The Jerusalem Post |title=Tourist visits above pre-war level |last=Burstein |first=Nathan |date=2007-08-14 |accessdate=2007-09-04}}</ref> |
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==Science and education== |
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{{main|Education in Israel|Science and technology in Israel|List of universities and colleges in Israel}} |
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[[Image:Weizmann accelerator.jpg|thumb|upright|right|The [[particle accelerator]] at the [[Weizmann Institute of Science]], [[Rehovot]]]] |
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Israel has the highest school life expectancy in [[Southwest Asia]], and is tied with [[Japan]] for second-highest school life expectancy on the Asian continent (after South Korea).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unesco.org/education/docs/EN_GD2004_v2.pdf |publisher=UNESCO Institute for Statistics |year=2004 |work=Global Education Digest 2004 |title=Comparing Education Statistics Across the World |pages=75, 77 |format=PDF |accessdate=2007-08-04}}</ref> Israel similarly has the highest [[literacy]] rate in Southwest Asia, according to the [[United Nations]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2005/pdf/HDR05_HDI.pdf |format=PDF|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070702184520/http://hdr.undp.org/reports/global/2005/pdf/HDR05_HDI.pdf |archivedate=2007-07-02 |publisher=United Nations |work=Human Development Report 2005 |title=Human Development Indicators |accessdate=2007-08-04 |year=2005}}</ref> The State Education Law, passed in 1953, established five types of schools: state secular, state religious, ultra orthodox, communal settlement schools, and Arab schools. The public secular is the largest school group, and is attended by the majority of Jewish and non-Arab pupils in Israel. Most Arabs send their children to schools where Arabic is the language of instruction.<ref>[http://www.eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/custom/portlets/recordDetails/detailmini.jsp?_nfpb=true&_&ERICExtSearch_SearchValue_0=ED250227&ERICExtSearch_SearchType_0=eric_accno&accno=ED250227 ED250227 - Israeli Schools: Religious and Secular Problems.]</ref> |
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Education is [[compulsory education|compulsory]] in Israel for children between the ages of three and eighteen.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/883341.html |publisher=Haaretz |accessdate=2007-08-05 |date=2007-07-19 |title=Knesset raises school dropout age to 18 |last=Kashti |first=Or |coauthors=Shahar Ilan}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFAArchive/2000_2009/2003/1/Summary+of+the+principal+laws+relating+to+educatio.htm |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=Summary of the Principal Laws Related to Education |date=2003-01-26 |accessdate=2007-08-04}}</ref> Schooling is divided into three tiers – [[primary school]] (grades 1–6), [[middle school]] (grades 7–9), and [[high school]] (grades 10–12) – culminating with ''[[Bagrut]]'' matriculation exams. Proficiency in core subjects such as mathematics, [[Bible]], [[Hebrew language]], Hebrew and general literature, [[English language|English]], history, and civics is necessary to receive a Bagrut certificate.<ref name="moia">{{cite web |url=http://www.moia.gov.il/NR/rdonlyres/9FBC4448-CB15-4309-BA82-96DC681E7A11/0/education_en.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Immigrant Absorption |format=PDF |title=Education |accessdate=2007-08-05}}</ref> In Arab, Christian and [[Druze]] schools, the exam on Biblical studies is replaced by an exam in [[Islam]], [[Christianity]] or Druze heritage.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bibl.u-szeged.hu/oseas/bagrut.html |publisher=United States-Israel Educational Foundation via the University of Szeged University Library |title=The Israeli Matriculation Certificate |accessdate=2007-08-05 |month=January |year=1996}}</ref> In 2003, over half of all Israeli twelfth graders earned a matriculation certificate.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton56/st08_21.pdf |format=PDF|title=Pupils in Grade XII, matriculation examinees and entitled to a certificate |accessdate=2007-07-02 |publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> |
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Israel's eight public universities are subsidized by the state.<ref name="moia" /><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.israelemb.org/highered/highed.html |title=Higher Education in Israel |accessdate=2007-09-10 |publisher=Embassy of Israel in Washington, DC}}</ref> The [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]], Israel's oldest university, houses the [[Jewish National and University Library]], the world's largest repository of books on Jewish subjects.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jnul.huji.ac.il/eng/history.html |publisher=Jewish National and University Library |title=About the Library |accessdate=2007-08-05}}</ref> In 2006, the Hebrew University was ranked 60th<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/rank/2006/ARWU2006_Top100.htm |title=Top 500 World Universities (1-100)|publisher=Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University |accessdate=2007-07-02 |year=2006}}</ref> and 119th<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thes.co.uk/statistics/international_comparisons/2006/top_unis.aspx?window_type=popup |publisher=Times Higher Education Supplement |date=2006-10-06 |accessdate=2007-08-04 |title=The World's Top 200 Universities |work=International Comparisons}}{{Dead link|date=October 2008}}</ref> in two surveys of the world's top universities. Other major universities in the country include the [[Technion–Israel Institute of Technology|Technion]], the [[Weizmann Institute of Science]], [[Tel Aviv University]], [[Bar-Ilan University]], the [[University of Haifa]], and [[Ben-Gurion University of the Negev]]. Israel's seven research universities (excluding the [[Open University of Israel|Open University]]) have been ranked in the top 500 in the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ed.sjtu.edu.cn/rank/2006/ARWU2006TOP500list.htm |publisher=Institute of Higher Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University |title=Top 500 World Universities |accessdate=2007-08-01 |year=2006}}</ref> Israel ranks third in the world in the number of citizens who hold university degrees (20 percent of the population).<ref name="consulate">{{cite web |url=http://www.israelfm.org/economic/investing/top_ten.htm |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070716015552/http://www.israelfm.org/economic/investing/top_ten.htm |archivedate=2007-07-16 |title=Top Ten Reasons to Invest in Israel |publisher=Israeli Consulate, New York City |accessdate=2007-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.american.edu/initeb/as5415a/Israel_ICT/itWork.html |publisher=American University |title=Israel: IT Workforce |accessdate=2007-08-14 |work=Information Technology Landscape in Nations Around the World}}</ref> During the 1990s, an [[Aliyah from the Commonwealth of Independent States in the 1990s|influx of a million immigrants]] from the former [[Soviet Union]] (forty percent of whom were university graduates) helped boost Israel's high-tech sector.<ref name="consulate" /> |
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Israel has produced four [[Nobel Prize]]-winning scientists<ref name="nobel-mfa">{{cite web |url=http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/MFA/Israel+beyond+politics/Israeli+professor+shares+Nobel+Prize+in+Economics+for+2005+10-Oct-2005.htm |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |date=2005-10-05 |accessdate=2007-08-04 |title=Israeli professor shares Nobel Prize in Economics for 2005}}{{Dead link|date=October 2008}}</ref> and publishes among the most scientific papers per capita of any country in the world.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/science/84/8448sci1.html |publisher=American Chemical Society |work=Chemical & Engineering News |title=Globalization Of Science Rolls On |pages=26–31 |date=2006-11-27 |last=Heylin |first=Michael |accessdate=2007-08-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1154525933299&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FPrinter |publisher=The Jerusalem Post |last=Gordon |first=Evelyn |title=Kicking the global oil habit |accessdate=2007-08-04 |date=2006-08-24}}</ref> In 2003, [[Ilan Ramon]] became Israel's first astronaut, serving as payload specialist of [[STS-107]], the [[Space Shuttle Columbia disaster|fatal mission]] of the [[Space Shuttle Columbia|Space Shuttle ''Columbia'']]. |
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==Demographics== |
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{{main|Demographics of Israel}} |
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As of 2008, Israel's population is 7.28 million.<ref name="cbs0709" /> Of those, over 260,000 Israeli citizens lived in the [[West Bank]] settlements<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?c=JPArticle&cid=1167467697743&pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |publisher=The Jerusalem Post |last=Lazaroff |first=Tovah |title=Report: 12,400 new settlers in 2006 |date=2007-01-10 |accessdate=2007-08-06}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fmep.org/settlement_info/stats_data/west_bank_settlements.html |title=Settlements in the West Bank |accessdate=2007-12-12 |publisher=Foundation for Middle East Peace |work=Settlement Information}}{{Dead link|date=October 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fmep.org/settlement_info/stats_data/settler_populations/Israeli_settler_population_in_occupied_territories.html |title=Israeli Settler Population 1972-2006 |accessdate=2007-12-12 |publisher=Foundation for Middle East Peace |work=Settlement Information}}{{Dead link|date=October 2008}}</ref> such as [[Ma'ale Adumim]] and [[Ariel (city)|Ariel]], and communities that predated the establishment of the State but were re-established after the [[Six-Day War]], in cities such as [[Hebron]] and [[Gush Etzion]]. 18,000 Israelis live in the [[Golan Heights]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fmep.org/settlement_info/stats_data/golan_heights_settlements.html |title=Settlements in the Golan Heights |accessdate=2007-12-12 |publisher=Foundation for Middle East Peace |work=Settlement Information}}{{Dead link|date=October 2008}}</ref> In 2006, there were 250,000 Jews living in [[East Jerusalem]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fmep.org/settlement_info/stats_data/east_jerusalem_settlements.html |title=Settlements in East Jerusalem |accessdate=2007-12-12 |publisher=Foundation for Middle East Peace |work=Settlement Information}}{{Dead link|date=October 2008}}</ref> The total number of Israeli settlers is over 500,000 (6.5 % of the Israeli population). Approximately 7,800 Israelis lived in settlements in the [[Gaza Strip]] until they were evacuated by the government as part of its 2005 [[Israel's unilateral disengagement plan|disengagement plan]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fmep.org/settlement_info/stats_data/gaza_strip_settlements.html |title=Settlements in the Gaza Strip |accessdate=2007-12-12 |publisher=Foundation for Middle East Peace |work=Settlement Information}}{{Dead link|date=October 2008}}</ref> |
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Israel has two official languages, [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]].<ref name="cia" /> Hebrew is the primary language of the state and spoken by the majority of the population. Arabic is spoken by the Arab minority and Jews who immigrated to Israel from Arab lands. Most Israelis can communicate reasonably well in English, as many television programs are in English and many schools begin to teach English in the early grades. As a country of [[aliyah|immigrants]], dozens of languages can be heard on the streets of Israel. A large influx of people from the former Soviet Union and [[Aliyah from Ethiopia|Ethiopia]] have made [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[Amharic]] widely spoken in Israel. Between 1990 and 1994, the [[Aliyah from the Commonwealth of Independent States in the 1990s|immigration of Jews from the former Soviet Union]] increased Israel's population by twelve percent.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1162/003355301753265606?journalCode=qjec |journal=The Quarterly Journal of Economics |month=November |year=2001 |title=The Impact of Mass Migration on the Israeli Labor Market |last=Friedberg |first=Rachel M. |pages=1373 |doi=10.1162/003355301753265606 |volume=116}}</ref> Over the last decade, immigration flows have also included significant numbers of workers from countries such as [[Romania]], [[Thailand]], China, and a number of countries in Africa and South America; gauging precise numbers is difficult because of the presence of "undocumented" immigrants, but estimates run in the region of 200,000.<ref>Adriana Kemp, "Labour migration and racialisation: labour market mechanisms and labour migration control policies in Israel", ''Social Identities'' 10:2, 267-292, 2004</ref> Retention of Israel's population since 1948 is about even or greater, when compared to other countries with mass immigration.<ref>{{cite book |last= DellaPergola |first= Sergio |authorlink= Sergio DellaPergola|editor= Still Moving: Recent Jewish Migration in Comparative Perspective, Daniel J. Elazar and Morton Weinfeld eds. |title= ‘The Global Context of Migration to Israel’ |origyear= 2000 |edition= |series= |volume= |date= |year= 2000|month= |publisher= Transaction Publishers |location= New Brunswick, New Jersey |language= English |isbn= 1-56000-428-2 |pages= 13–60 }}</ref> Emigration from Israel ([[yerida]]) to other countries, primarily the United States and Canada, is described by demographers as modest<ref>{{Citation | last = Herman | first = Pini | author-link = Pini Herman | title = The Myth of the Israeli Expatriate | journal = [[Moment Magazine]] | volume = 8 |number = 8 | pages = 62–63| date = September 1983 }}</ref> but is often cited by Israeli government ministries as a major threat to Israel's future.<ref>{{Citation| first = Eric| last = Gould| author-link = Eric Gould| first2 = Omer| last2 = Moav| author2-link = Omer Moav| editor-last = | editor-first = | editor2-last = | editor2-first = | language = Hebrew | contribution-url = | title = Brain Drain From Israel (Brichat Mochot M'Yisrael)| year = 2006| pages = 26| place = Jerusalem |
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| publisher = Mercaz Shalem — The Shalem Center, The Social-Economic Institute| url = http://www.shalem.org.il/Admin/FileServer/df4b061c96a6fbceb95026260cb4de8a.pdf|format=PDF| doi = | id = }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | last = Rettig| first = Haviv| coauthors = | title = Officials to US to bring Israelis home| work = Jerusalem Post| pages = | language = English| publisher = Jerusalem Post| date = [[04-06-2008]] | url = http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&cid=1207238165607| accessdate = 2008-04-29}}</ref> |
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===Religion=== |
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{{main|Religion in Israel}} |
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[[Image:Temple Mount Western Wall on Shabbat by David Shankbone.jpg|right|thumb|The [[Western Wall]] and the [[Dome of the Rock]], Jerusalem]] |
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Israel was established as a homeland for the [[Jewish people]] and is often referred to as the [[Jewish state]]. The country's [[Law of Return]] grants all [[Jew]]s and those of Jewish lineage the right to [[Israeli nationality law|Israeli citizenship]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.knesset.gov.il/laws/special/eng/return.htm |publisher=Knesset |title=The Law of Return |accessdate=2007-08-14}}</ref> Just over three quarters, or 75.5%, of the population are Jews from a [[Jewish ethnic divisions|diversity of Jewish backgrounds]]. Approximately 68% of Israeli Jews are [[Sabra (person)|Israeli-born]], 22% are immigrants from Europe and the [[Americas]], and 10% are immigrants from Asia and Africa (including the [[Arab World]]).<ref name="pdf3">{{cite web |url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton56/st02_24.pdf |format=PDF|title=Jews and others, by origin, continent of birth and period of immigration |accessdate=2006-04-08 |first=Government of Israel |last=Central Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> The religious affiliation of Israeli Jews varies widely: 55% say they are "traditional," while 20% consider themselves "secular Jews," 17% define themselves as "[[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox Jews]]"; the final 8% define themselves as "[[Haredi Judaism|Haredi]] Jews."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jcpa.org/dje/articles2/relinisr-consensus.htm |title=Religion in Israel: A Consensus for Jewish Tradition |last=Elazar |first=Daniel J. |publisher=Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs |accessdate=2007-09-06}}</ref> |
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[[Image:Bahá'í gardens by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|left|[[Bahá'í World Centre]] in Haifa]] |
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Making up 16.2% of the population, [[Muslim]]s constitute Israel's largest religious minority. [[Arab citizens of Israel]], who comprise 19.8% of the population, contribute significantly to that figure as over four fifths (82.6%) of them are Muslim. Of the remaining Israeli Arabs, 8.8% are [[Arab Christian|Christian]] and 8.4% are [[Druze]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www1.cbs.gov.il/shnaton56/st02_01.pdf |title=Population, by religion and population group |accessdate=2007-08-06 |first=Government of Israel |last=Central Bureau of Statistics |format=PDF}}</ref> Members of many other religious groups, including [[Buddhist]]s and [[Hindu]]s, maintain a presence in Israel, albeit in small numbers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cbs.gov.il/shnaton53/st_eng02.pdf |format=PDF|title=National Population Estimates |accessdate=2007-08-06 |pages=27 |publisher=Central Bureau of Statistics}}</ref> [[Christians]] make up 2.1% of the total population of Israel and consist of both Arab Christians and [[Messianic Jews]].<ref name=bassok>{{Cite news |
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| last = Bassok |
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| first = Moti |
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| title = Israel's Christian population numbers 148,000 as of Christmas Eve |
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| work = Haaretz |
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| accessdate = 2008-07-29 |
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| date = 2006-12-25 |
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| url = http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/805277.html |
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}}</ref> |
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The city of [[Jerusalem]] enjoys a special place in the hearts of Jews, Muslims, and Christians as the home of sites that are pivotal to their religious beliefs, such as the [[Western Wall]], the [[Temple Mount]], the [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]] and the [[Church of the Holy Sepulchre]]. Other landmarks of religious importance are located in the West Bank, among them the [[Church of the Nativity|birthplace of Jesus]] and [[Rachel's Tomb]] in [[Bethlehem]], and the [[Cave of the Patriarchs]] in [[Hebron]]. |
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The administrative center of the [[Bahá'í Faith]] and the [[Shrine of the Báb]] are located at the [[Bahá'í World Centre]] in [[Haifa]] and the leader of the faith is buried in [[Acre, Israel|Acre]]. Apart from maintenance staff, there is no Bahá'í community in Israel, although it is a destination for [[Bahá'í pilgrimage|pilgrimages]]. Bahá'í staff in Israel do not teach their faith to Israelis following strict policy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://info.bahai.org/article-1-6-0-5.html |title=The Bahá'í World Centre: Focal Point for a Global Community |publisher=The Bahá'í International Community |accessdate=2007-07-02}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |publisher=Bahá'í Library Online |title=Teaching the Faith in Israel |date=1995-06-23 |url=http://bahai-library.com/index.php5?file=uhj_teaching_in_israel.html |accessdate=2007-08-06}}</ref> |
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==Culture== |
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{{main|Culture of Israel}} |
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[[Image:Shvua hasefer 2005.jpg|thumb|right|[[Hebrew Book Week]] 2005 in Jerusalem]] |
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Israel's diverse culture stems from the diversity of the population: [[Jew]]s from around the world have brought their cultural and religious traditions with them, creating a melting pot of Jewish customs and beliefs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iyfnet.org/document.cfm/92/97/243 |publisher=International Youth Foundation |title=Immigration and Social and Cultural Diversity Among the Jewish Population |accessdate=2007-09-06}}</ref> Israel is the only country in the world where life revolves around the [[Hebrew calendar]]. [[Public holidays in Israel|Work and school holidays]] are determined by the [[Jewish holiday]]s, and the official day of rest is Saturday, the [[Shabbat|Jewish Sabbath]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts%20About%20Israel/People/Jewish%20Festivals%20in%20Israel |publisher=Israel Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=Jewish Festivals and Days of Remembrance in Israel |accessdate=2007-09-16}}</ref> Israel's substantial Arab minority has also left its imprint on Israeli culture in such spheres as architecture,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/MFA/MFA+Publications/Photo+exhibits/Encounters-+The+Vernacular+Paradox+of+Israeli+Arch-+Intro.htm |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs |title=Encounters: The Vernacular Paradox of Israeli Architecture |last=Ran |first=Ami |accessdate=2007-09-06 |date=1998-08-25}}{{Dead link|date=October 2008}}</ref> music,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.israel21c.org/bin/en.jsp?enDispWho=Articles%5El1126&enPage=BlankPage&enDisplay=view&enDispWhat=object&enVersion=0&enZone=Culture |title=Israeli, Palestinian and Jordanian DJs create bridge for peace |last=Brinn |first=David |date=2005-10-23 |accessdate=2007-09-16 |publisher=Israel21c}}</ref> and cuisine.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.med.umich.edu/umim/clinical/pyramid/global.htm |publisher=The University of Michigan |title=Some Thoughts About Israeli Cuisine |last=Dolev |first=Yael |accessdate=2007-09-06 |work=University of Michigan Integrative Medicine}}</ref> |
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[[Israeli literature]] is primarily poetry and prose written in Hebrew, as part of the renaissance of [[Hebrew Language|Hebrew]] as a spoken language since the mid-19th century, although a small body of literature is published in other languages, such as Arabic and English. By law, two copies of all printed matter published in Israel must be deposited in the [[Jewish National and University Library]] at the [[Hebrew University of Jerusalem]]. In 2001, the law was amended to include audio and video recordings, and other non-print media.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jnul.huji.ac.il/eng/lgd.html |publisher=Jewish National and University Library |title=Depositing Books to The Jewish National & University Library |accessdate=2007-08-21}}</ref> In 2006, 85 percent of the 8,000 books transferred to the library were in Hebrew.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jnul.huji.ac.il/eng/lgd-statistics-2007.html |publisher=Jewish National and University Library |accessdate=2007-08-12 |title=Israeli Book Statistics for 2006}}</ref> The [[Hebrew Book Week]] ([[Hebrew Language|He:]] {{Hebrew|שבוע הספר}}) is held each June and features book fairs, public readings, and appearances by Israeli authors around the country. During the week, Israel's top literary award, the [[Sapir Prize]], is presented. In 1966, [[Shmuel Yosef Agnon]] shared the [[Nobel Prize in Literature]] with German Jewish author [[Nelly Sachs]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1966/index.html |publisher=Nobel Foundation |title=The Nobel Prize in Literature 1966 |accessdate=2007-08-12}}</ref> |
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[[Image:Batsheva Dance Company by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|left|[[Batsheva Dance Company]] in [[Tel Aviv]]]] |
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[[Music of Israel|Israeli music]] contains musical influences from all over the world; [[Music of Yemen|Yemenite music]], [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] melodies, [[Arabic music]], [[Music of Greece|Greek music]], [[jazz]], and [[pop rock]] are all part of the music scene.<ref>{{harvnb|Broughton|Ellingham|Trillo|1999|p=365–9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/worldmusic/view/page.basic/country/content.country/israel_36 |publisher=National Geographic Society |title=Israel |work=World Music |accessdate=2007-08-13}}</ref> The nation's canonical [[Folk music|folk songs]], known as "Songs of the Land of Israel," deal with the experiences of the pioneers in building the Jewish homeland.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://worldmusic.nationalgeographic.com/worldmusic/view/page.basic/genre/content.genre/israeli_folk_735 |publisher=National Geographic Society |title=Israeli Folk |accessdate=2007-08-13 |work=World Music}}</ref> Among Israel's world-renowned<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761575008_4/Israel.html |title=Israel (country) |publisher=Microsoft |encyclopedia=Encarta |year=2007 |accessdate=2007-08-13}}</ref> [[orchestra]]s is the [[Israel Philharmonic Orchestra]], which has been in operation for over seventy years and today performs more than two hundred concerts each year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Israel+beyond+politics/Israel+Philharmonic+Orchestra+celebrates+70th+anniversary+5-Feb-2007.htm |publisher=Ministry of Foreign Affairs (from Israel21c) |title=Israel Philharmonic Orchestra celebrates 70th anniversary |date=2007-02-05 |accessdate=2007-08-13 |last=Davis |first=Barry}}</ref> Israel has also produced many musicians of note, some achieving international stardom. [[Itzhak Perlman]], [[Pinchas Zukerman]] and [[Ofra Haza]] are among the internationally acclaimed musicians born in Israel. Israel has participated in the [[Eurovision Song Contest]] nearly every year since 1973, winning the competition three times and hosting it twice.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eurovision.tv/content/view/537/1 |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070622035651/http://www.eurovision.tv/content/view/537/1 |archivedate=2007-06-22 |publisher=Eurovision Broadcasting Union |work=Eurovision Song Contest |title=Israel |accessdate=2007-08-13}}</ref> [[Eilat]] has hosted its own international music festival, the [[Red Sea Jazz Festival]], every summer since 1987.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.redseajazzeilat.com/EN/aboutus.html |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20070812185754/http://www.redseajazzeilat.com/EN/aboutus.html |archivedate=2007-08-12 |publisher=Red Sea Jazz Festival |title=About Us |accessdate=2007-08-13}}</ref> Continuing the strong [[Yiddish theatre|theatrical traditions]] of the Yiddish theater in Eastern Europe, Israel maintains a vibrant theatre scene. Founded in 1918, [[Habima Theatre]] in Tel Aviv is Israel's oldest [[repertory]] theater company and national theater.<ref>{{he icon}} {{cite web |url=http://www.habima.co.il/ |title=התיאטרון הלאומי הבימה |publisher=Habima National Theatre |accessdate=2007-08-13}}</ref> |
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The [[Israel Museum]] in Jerusalem is one of Israel's most important cultural institutions<ref name="imj">{{cite web |url=http://www.imj.org.il/eng/about/index.html |publisher=The Israel Museum, Jerusalem |title=About the Museum |accessdate=2007-08-13}}</ref> and houses the [[Dead Sea scrolls]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imj.org.il/eng/shrine/index.html |publisher=The Israel Museum, Jerusalem |title=Shrine of the Book |accessdate=2007-08-13}}</ref> along with an extensive collection of [[Judaica]] and [[Western art history|European art]].<ref name="imj" /> Israel's national [[Holocaust]] museum, [[Yad Vashem]], houses the world's largest archive of Holocaust-related information.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www1.yadvashem.org/about_yad/index_about_yad.html |publisher=Yad Vashem |title=About Yad Vashem: The Yad Vashem Library |accessdate=2007-08-13}}</ref> [[Beth Hatefutsoth]] (the Diaspora Museum), on the campus of [[Tel Aviv University]], is an interactive museum devoted to the history of Jewish communities around the world.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bh.org.il/information/BethHatefutsoth.asp |publisher=Beth Hatefutsoth |title=Museum Information |accessdate=2007-08-13}}</ref> Apart from the major museums in large cities, there are high-quality artspaces in many towns and ''[[kibbutz]]im''. ''Mishkan Le'Omanut'' on Kibbutz [[Ein Harod Meuhad]] is the largest art museum in the north of the country.<ref>[http://www.ilmuseums.com/museum_eng.asp?id=183 Mishkan LeOmanut, Ein Harod]</ref> |
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==Sports== |
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[[Image:Ramat Gan Stadium.jpg|right|thumb|200px|[[Ramat Gan Stadium]], Israel's largest stadium]] |
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{{main|Sports in Israel}} |
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Sports and physical fitness have not always been paramount in Jewish culture. Athletic prowess, which was prized by the [[Ancient Greece|ancient Greeks]], was looked down upon as an unwelcome intrusion of [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic]] values. [[Maimonides]], who was both a [[rabbi]] and a [[physician]], emphasized the importance of physical activity and keeping the body in shape. This approach received a boost in the 19th century from the physical culture campaign of [[Max Nordau]], and in the early 20th century when the [[Chief Rabbi]] of [[British Mandate of Palestine|Palestine]], [[Abraham Isaac Kook]], declared that "the body serves the soul, and only a healthy body can ensure a healthy soul".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&_Culture/sports.html |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |accessdate=2007-08-13 |title=Sports in Israel |month=June |year=1999 |last=Griver |first=Simon}}</ref> |
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The [[Maccabiah Games]], an Olympic-style event for Jewish athletes, was inaugurated in the 1930s, and has been held every four years since then. The most popular spectator sports in Israel today are [[association football]] and [[basketball]].<ref>{{harvnb|Torstrick|2004|p=141}}. "The two most popular spectator sports in Israel are soccer and basketball."</ref> In 1964 [[Israel national football team|Israel]] hosted and won the [[Asian Nations Cup]]. |
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In the Seventies Israel was excluded from the [[1978 Asian Games]] following the organizers' refusal to invite the country as a result of pressure by participating middle eastern countries. The exclusion led Israel to shift from Asia to Europe and cease competing in Asian competitions.<ref>[http://www.sadec.com/Asiad98/news1219.html Sadec], [http://www.people.com.cn/english/features/Asiad/history.html People], [http://www.guardian.co.uk/football/2008/feb/27/worldcup2010 Guardian].</ref> In 1994 [[UEFA]] agreed to admit Israel and all Israeli sporting organizations now compete in Europe. [[Ligat ha'Al]] is the country's premier soccer league, and [[Ligat HaAl (basketball)|Ligat HaAl]] is the premier basketball league.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bsl.org.il/defaultE.asp?lang=en |publisher=Winner Basketball Super League |title=Basketball Super League Profile |accessdate=2007-08-13}}</ref> [[Maccabi Tel Aviv B.C.]] has won the [[Fiba European Champions Cup and Euroleague history|European championship]] in basketball five times.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jewishjournal.com/opinion/article/israel_wins_more_than_hoop_crown_20050513/ |publisher=The Jewish Journal |date=2005-05-13 |title=Israel Wins More Than Hoop Crown |last=Bouskila |first=Daniel |accessdate=2007-08-21}}</ref> |
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[[Beersheba]] has become a national [[chess]] center and home to many chess champions from the former [[Soviet Union]]. The city hosted the World Team Chess Championship in 2005, and chess is taught in the city's kindergartens.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fide.com/news.asp?id=861 |title=World Team Championship in Beer Sheva, Israel |publisher=World Chess Federation |accessdate=2007-08-13 |date=2005-11-01}}{{Dead link|date=May 2008}}</ref> |
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In 2007, an Israeli tied for second place in the [[World Chess Championship]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull&cid=1191257206613 |publisher=The Jerusalem Post |date=2007-10-01 |accessdate=2007-10-11 |last=Levy |first=Marissa |title=Local grandmaster takes second place at World Chess Championship}}</ref> |
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To date, Israel has won [[Israel at the Olympics|seven]] [[Olympic Games|Olympic]] medals since its first win [[1992 Summer Olympics|in 1992]], including a gold medal in [[windsurfing]] at the [[2004 Summer Olympics]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.olympic.org/uk/athletes/results/search_r_uk.asp |publisher=International Olympic Committee |title=Olympic Medal Winners (under Europe / Israel) |accessdate=2007-08-13}}</ref> Israel has won over 100 gold medals in the [[Paralympic Games]] and is ranked about 15th in the [[All-time Paralympic Games medal table|all time medal count]]. The [[1968 Summer Paralympics]] were hosted by Israel.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.paralympic.org/release/Main_Sections_Menu/Paralympic_Games/Past_Games/Tel_Aviv_1968/index.html|title=Tel Aviv 1968|publisher=[[International Paralympic Committee]]|accessdate=2008-09-20}}</ref> |
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==References== |
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{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}} |
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</div> |
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==External links== |
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{{portal|Israel|Flag of Israel.svg}} |
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{{sisterlinks}} |
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;Government |
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* (Hebrew) [http://www.gov.il Israel Government Portal] <span style="font-size:90%">(with links to English, Arabic versions)</span> |
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* (Hebrew) [http://www.pmo.gov.il Prime Minister's Office], official site <span style="font-size:90%">(with links to English, Arabic versions)</span> |
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* (Hebrew) [http://www.president.gov.il President of the State of Israel], official site <span style="font-size:90%">(with links to English, Arabic versions)</span> |
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* [http://www.knesset.gov.il The Knesset], official site of Israel's parliament |
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* (Hebrew) [http://www.court.gov.il The Supreme Court], official site <span style="font-size:90%">(with links to English, Arabic versions)</span> |
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* [http://www.mfa.gov.il Ministry of Foreign Affairs], official site |
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* (Hebrew) [http://www.cbs.gov.il Central Bureau of Statistics], official site <span style="font-size:90%">(with links to English, Arabic versions)</span> |
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* [http://www.goisrael.com Ministry of Tourism], official site |
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* [http://www.moit.gov.il Ministry of Industry Trade & Labor] Official Site |
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* [http://www.dat.gov.il Ministry of Religion] |
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* [http://www.moch.gov.il/moch Ministry of Construction and Housing] |
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* [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/world-leaders-1/world-leaders-i/israel.html Chief of State and Cabinet Members] |
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;General reference |
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* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/middle_east/country_profiles/803257.stm Country Profile] from [[BBC News]] |
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* [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Israel Israel] from the [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |
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* {{CIA World Factbook link|is|Israel}} |
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* [http://ucblibraries.colorado.edu/govpubs/for/israel.htm Israel] at ''UCB Libraries GovPubs'' |
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* {{dmoz|Regional/Middle_East/Israel/|Israel}} |
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* [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/israel.html Israel] at the [[Jewish Virtual Library]] |
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* [http://www.columbia.edu/cu/lweb/indiv/mideast/cuvlm/Israel.html Israel] resources from [[Columbia University|Columbia University Libraries]] |
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* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/iltoc.html Israel] (1988) from [[Library of Congress Country Studies]] |
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* [http://www.hweb.org.uk/content/view/69/3 Israel-Palestine in Maps] from ''hWeb'' |
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* [http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-3284752,00.html The State of Israel] fact file at [[Ynetnews]] |
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;Media |
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* [http://www.jpost.com ''The Jerusalem Post''] |
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* [http://www.ynetnews.com Ynet News], based on [[Tel Aviv]] |
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* [http://www.iba.org.il Israel Broadcasting Authority], state broadcasting network {{he icon}} <span style="font-size:80%">(with link to English version)</span> |
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* [http://www.israelnationalnews.com Israel National News] |
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* [http://www.kolisrael.com Kol Israel] Voice of Israel |
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* [http://www.haaretz.com ''HaAretz''] |
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;Other |
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* {{wikitravel|Israel}} |
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* {{coord|31.625321|35.145264}} Israel |
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* {{wikiatlas|Israel}} |
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{{Israel topics}} |
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[[dsb:Israel]] |
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[[dz:ཨིཛ་རཱེལ་]] |
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[[et:Iisrael]] |
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[[el:Ισραήλ]] |
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[[es:Israel]] |
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[[eo:Israelo]] |
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[[eu:Israel]] |
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[[fa:اسرائیل]] |
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[[fo:Ísrael]] |
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[[fr:Israël]] |
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[[fy:Israel]] |
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[[ga:Iosrael]] |
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[[gv:Israel]] |
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[[gd:Iosrael]] |
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[[gl:Israel - ישראל]] |
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[[got:#57145;#57155;#57154;#57136;#57140;#57147;/Israel]] |
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[[zh-classical:以色列]] |
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[[hak:Yî-set-lie̍t]] |
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[[ko:이스라엘]] |
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[[ha:Isra'ila]] |
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[[hy:Իսրայել]] |
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[[hi:इस्राइल]] |
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[[hsb:Israel]] |
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[[hr:Izrael]] |
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[[io:Israel]] |
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[[ig:Israel]] |
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[[ilo:Israel]] |
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[[bpy:ইসরাইল]] |
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[[id:Israel]] |
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[[ia:Israel]] |
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[[ie:Israel]] |
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[[os:Израиль]] |
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[[is:Ísrael]] |
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[[it:Israele]] |
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[[he:ישראל]] |
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[[jv:Israèl]] |
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[[pam:Israel]] |
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[[kn:ಇಸ್ರೇಲ್]] |
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[[ka:ისრაელი]] |
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[[csb:Izrael]] |
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[[kk:Израиль]] |
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[[kw:Ysrael]] |
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[[ky:Израиль]] |
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[[sw:Israel]] |
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[[kv:Израиль]] |
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[[ht:Izrayèl]] |
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[[ku:Îsrael]] |
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[[lad:Medinat Yisrael]] |
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[[la:Israel (civitas)]] |
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[[lv:Izraēla]] |
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[[lb:Israel]] |
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[[lt:Izraelis]] |
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[[lij:Isræ]] |
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[[li:Israël]] |
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[[hu:Izrael]] |
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[[mk:Израел]] |
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[[ml:ഇസ്രയേല്]] |
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[[mr:इस्रायल]] |
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[[ms:Israel]] |
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[[mn:Израйль]] |
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[[nah:Israel]] |
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[[na:Israel]] |
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[[fj:Isireli]] |
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[[nl:Israël]] |
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[[nds-nl:Israël]] |
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[[ja:イスラエル]] |
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[[nap:Israele]] |
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[[pih:Esrail]] |
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[[no:Israel]] |
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[[nn:Israel]] |
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[[nov:Israel]] |
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[[oc:Israèl]] |
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[[uz:Isroil]] |
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[[ps:اسرايل]] |
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[[pms:Israel]] |
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[[nds:Israel]] |
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[[pl:Izrael]] |
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[[pt:Israel]] |
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[[crh:İsrail]] |
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[[ksh:Israel]] |
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[[ro:Israel]] |
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[[qu:Israyil]] |
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[[ru:Израиль]] |
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[[se:Israel]] |
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[[sa:इस्रेल]] |
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[[sco:Israel]] |
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[[sq:Izraeli]] |
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[[scn:Israeli]] |
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[[simple:Israel]] |
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[[sk:Izrael]] |
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[[cu:Їꙁдраи́л҄ь]] |
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[[sl:Izrael]] |
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[[szl:Izrael]] |
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[[sr:Израел]] |
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[[sh:Izrael]] |
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[[fi:Israel]] |
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[[sv:Israel]] |
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[[tl:Israel]] |
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[[ta:இசுரேல்]] |
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[[kab:Israyil]] |
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[[te:ఇజ్రాయిల్]] |
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[[th:ประเทศอิสราเอล]] |
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[[vi:Israel]] |
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[[tpi:Isrel]] |
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[[tr:İsrail]] |
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[[udm:Израиль]] |
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[[uk:Ізраїль]] |
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[[ur:اسرائیل]] |
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[[vec:Israełe]] |
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[[vo:Yisraelän]] |
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[[wa:Israyel (estat)]] |
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[[war:Israel]] |
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[[wo:Israayil]] |
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[[wuu:以色列]] |
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[[yi:ישראל]] |
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[[yo:Israel]] |
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[[zh-yue:以色列]] |
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[[diq:İsrail]] |
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[[bat-smg:Izraelės]] |
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[[zh:以色列]] |
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Revision as of 02:00, 30 December 2008
Israel houses Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, each religion in their own right is morally sound. The one problem though is that Israel is a state of terror, runned by corrupt unjust people. Both sides, hamas and the Israeli goverment are to blame for the recent lost of life. Will either side ever co exist? No, the West can hope but the state of Israel was doomed since it's inception.