Latin American Muslims
Latin American Muslims are Muslims from countries in Latin America. A survey conducted by the Pew Research Center in 2010[update] found that Muslims make up 0.1% of all of Latin America's population.[1]
History
[edit]The 1492 discovery of Latin America by Columbus was driven in part by Islamophobic views. European Christians arriving in the Americas perceived local customs as being Islamic and used this as a rationale for genocide.[2]
Sixteenth Century Inquisition
[edit]Some scholars believe that the first Muslims in Latin America arrived with the Portuguese and Spanish armies.[3] Beginning in 1492, the Spanish and Portuguese promoted efforts to forcibly expel or convert Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula during the Spanish Inquisition. From 1492 to 1610, over 3 million Muslims were expelled from the area, with many settling in North Africa, while others attempted to migrate to Latin America.[4] During his first journey in 1492, Christopher Columbus' interpreter Luis de Torres was a converted Jewish man who spoke in Arabic. Despite this, Spain and Portugal prohibited Muslims, along with the Moriscos and their descendants, from going to the Americas with the colonists.[5]
Legal Regulations
[edit]In 1501, Spain increased its efforts to promote Spanish culture in the colonies by creating royal decrees to limit the settlement of Latin America to Catholics. These decrees sought to ensure that the Catholic faith would be spread throughout the region by limiting the presence of Muslim and Jewish settlers, as well as those who were newly converted.[5] The Spanish sent this degree with the first royal governor of the Americas, Nicolás de Ovando.[6] Furthermore, Spanish rulers issued a series of decrees beginning in 1508 which banned the settlement of the descendants of converted Catholics or those convicted in the Inquisition in the Americas. Similar decrees were reinstated in 1522, 1530, and 1539.[5] Historians note that these rules were likely not evenly enforced, as shown by the frequent need to restate them. However, limited evidence has caused historians to debate the number of Muslim settlers at this time.[7]
Countries with Notable Islamic Populations
[edit]Brazil
[edit]Early Muslim Populations
[edit]The Muslim presence in Brazil has been shaped by multiple migratory patterns over time. Early Muslim populations came from Spanish and Portuguese colonization in the 16th century.[8] This colonization brought over prejudicial values of Christian purity, causing expulsion of Muslim and Jewish migrants, forced conversion to Christianity, and the suppression of religious practices. Despite restrictions against religious minorities, some maintained their practices in secret. The influence of these Crypto-Jews and Crypto-Muslims on Brazil's culture is evident through Arabic and Hebrew influence on Portuguese and Spanish languages.
Later Muslim Populations
[edit]While there is evidence of small Crypto-Muslim populations throughout the 16th century, larger and more organized groups of Muslims in Brazil began after the 19th century. The transatlantic slave trade brought enslaved Muslims from West Africa, and their involvement in slave uprisings contributed to increased religious fear and persecutions.[9] The Christian concept of limpieza de sangre (purity of blood), first introduced during the Inquisition's prosecution of religious minorities, played a significant role in shaping colonial racism and the formation of ethno-religious states in Brazil which persisted even after slavery.[8]
Other significant contributors to Islamic populations in Brazil include immigration from Syria and Lebanon starting in 1880. This was the first group of Muslim migrants that did not face extreme persecution for either race or religion, therefore is thought to be the most influential source of Islam in modern-day Brazil. In the 1990s, more Syrian, Lebanese, Palestinian and other Middle Eastern migrants came to Brazil as refugees and immigrants fleeing political instability.[9]
Caribbean
[edit]Early Muslim Populations
[edit]The first Muslims to arrive in the Caribbean arrived through the Trans-Atlantic slave trade,[10] originiating from Western African Countries. The second wave of Muslims that came after the abolition of Slavery were indentured servants originiating from Asia, mainly British-India. Many that came worked on Sugar farms from the 19th to early 20th century. The Caribbean is very unique were a majority of the Muslim Population there came from Asia compared to all other Latin Countries were a majority originated from Africa. This gives the Caribbean a unique Islamic Culture compared to the rest of the Latin Countries.
Later Muslim Populations
[edit]Most Muslims today in the Caribbean have orignated from Asia, predominately from the regions Uttar Pradesh and Bihar.[11] The Caribbean contains a unique Muslim culture due to having Asian descending Muslims compared to Afro-Muslims. Major differences are Asian descending have more of a direct faith to the Muslim relgion, where as Afro-Muslims have a religion that is blended with Christianity due to forced conversion. The celebration, traditions and music are much more traditional. Their religious goals are also different, where Afro-Muslims focus more on reclaiming their Islamic heritage and traditions, and Asian-Muslims focus more on preserving their traditional culture and ways of life.[12]
Effect on Culture
[edit]Most Muslims in Latin American were brought from slavery or are refugees. Many were forced out of their religion and to Christianity, among losing full body autonomy and any type of freedom.[12] This led to the Muslim population to dwindle in the 1700's and 1800's, losing many of their religious practices. However many Islamic traditions were preserved through what they were still able to do. Some of the actions kept were rice and spice cultivation practices, trade practices when they were freed, and blending Islamic and Christian practices creating a new Afro-Islamic-Christianity rich in music, dance and festivals. Modern day the country with the highest Muslim Population is Brazil. It is common to find Mosque's, communities and festivals celebrating Muslim heritage and religion. Many trade practices have become common place in Brazil that are native to Islamic roots. The 1835 Malê Revolt in Bahia, a notible slave revolt in Brazil had Muslim related practices blended with Afro-Brazilian culture. The revolt was led by Islamic speaking leaders, motivated by their religion being oppressed as well as body autonomy.[13] The event occured during Ramadan and the revolters recited many Islamic prayers and verses during their revolt.
Statistics
[edit]
Quoted from "Muslims in Latin America" by Muhammad Yusuf Hallar - "According to statistics, the number of Muslims in Latin America is over four million, serving as an example 700,000 (seven hundred thousand) in Argentina and more than 1,500,000 (one point five million) in Brazil."[14][original research?] Based on other estimates, there are 100,000 Muslims in Latin America, mainly concentrated in Brazil, Mexico, Jamaica and Argentina, with smaller concentrations in Venezuela, Haiti, Colombia and Paraguay.[citation needed] Most of these Latin American Muslims are from either Lebanese, Syrian and some convert origin.[citation needed]
A survey conducted by the Pew Research Center in 2010[update] found that the number of Muslims in Latin America and Caribbean is around 840,000.[15] According to the International Religious Freedom Report in 2015[update], the actual size of Argentina's Muslim community is estimated to be around 1% of the total population (400,000 to 500,000 members).[16][17] And according to the 2010 census, the number of Muslims in Brazil, was 35,207 out of a population of approximately 191 million people.[18]
Suriname has the highest percentage of Muslims in its population for the region, with 13.9% or 75,053 individuals, according to its 2012 census.[19] Islam came to Suriname with immigrants from Indonesia (Java) and South Asia (today India, Pakistan and Bangladesh).
Organizations
[edit]Many Muslim organizations exist in Latin America, such as the Islamic Organization of Latin America and the Caribbean (OIPALC). OIPALC is considered the most active organization in Latin America in promoting Islamic affiliated endeavors.[20]
See also
[edit]| Islam by country |
|---|
 |
 Islam portal |
- Islam in Argentina
- Islam in Bolivia
- Islam in Brazil
- Islam in Chile
- Islam in Colombia
- Islam in Ecuador
- Islam in Haiti
- Islam in Panama
- Islam in Paraguay
- Islam in Peru
- Islam in Uruguay
- Islam in Venezuela
- Islam in Belize
- Islam in Costa Rica
- Islam in Cuba
- Islam in Guatemala
- Islam in Dominican Republic
- Islam in El Salvador
- Islam in Honduras
- Islam in Mexico
- Islam in Nicaragua
- Islam in Puerto Rico
- Latino Muslims
- Islamic Organization of Latin America and the Caribbean
References
[edit]- ^ Analysis (19 December 2011). "Global religious landscape: Muslims" (PDF). Pewforum.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-03-23. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
- ^ Mikhail, Alan (2020-12-17). "How the Specter of Islam Fueled European Colonization in the Americas". Literary Hub. Retrieved 2024-10-24.
- ^ Sills, M. David. Islam in Latin America. p. 17.
{{cite book}}:|work=ignored (help) - ^ "Islamic Encounters". www.brown.edu. Retrieved 2024-12-06.
- ^ a b c Qamber, Rukhsana (2006). "Inquisition Proceedings against Muslims in 16th Century Latin America". Islamic Studies. 45 (1): 21–57. ISSN 0578-8072. JSTOR 20839001.
- ^ Logroño Narbona, María del Mar; Pinto, Paulo Gabriel Hilu da Rocha; Karam, John Tofik, eds. (2016). Crescent over another horizon: Islam in Latin America, the Caribbean, and Latino USA. Middle Eastern studies, anthropology, Latin American studies (First paperback ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 978-1-4773-0231-6.
- ^ Vanoli, Alessandro (2013). "The Presence and the Memory of Islam during the "Spiritual Conquest" of the New World (Sixteenth Century): A Brazilian Case Study". Franciscan Studies. 71: 219–236. ISSN 0080-5459. JSTOR 43855971.
- ^ a b Shohat, Ella; Stam, Robert (2016). "Genealogies of Orientalism and Occidentalism: Sephardi Jews, Muslims, and the Americas". Studies in American Jewish Literature (1981-). 35 (1): 13–32. doi:10.5325/studamerjewilite.35.1.0013. ISSN 0271-9274. JSTOR 10.5325/studamerjewilite.35.1.0013.
- ^ a b Castro, Cristina Maria (2016). Islam and the State in Brazil: reflections on the freedom of a minority religion. In: Dawson A (ed) The politics and practice of religious diversity. Routledge, London: Dawson A (ed). pp. 67–81. ISBN 9781315762555.
- ^ Mota, Thiago Henrique (2023-06-12). "Review of The Muslims of Latin America and the Caribbean". European Review of Latin American and Caribbean Studies (115): 6. doi:10.32992/erlacs.11011. ISSN 0924-0608.
- ^ "Muslims of the Caribbean – Caribbean Muslim Network". Retrieved 2024-12-09.
- ^ a b Khan, Aliyah (2020-04-17). Far from Mecca: Globalizing the Muslim Caribbean. Rutgers University Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctvxw3p6h. ISBN 978-1-9788-0668-9. JSTOR j.ctvxw3p6h.
- ^ Domingues da Silva, Daniel B.; Eltis, David; Khan, Nafees; Misevich, Philip; Ojo, Olatunji (2017-10-02). "The transatlantic Muslim diaspora to Latin America in the nineteenth century". Colonial Latin American Review. 26 (4): 528–545. doi:10.1080/10609164.2017.1350492. ISSN 1060-9164.
- ^ Muslims in Latin America by Muhammad Yusuf Hallar
- ^ Analysis (19 December 2011). "Global religious landscape: Muslims" (PDF). Pewforum.org. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2018-03-23. Retrieved 17 August 2012.
- ^ "International Religious Freedom Report 2010". United States Department of State. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^ "Table: Muslim Population by Country". Pewforum.org. 27 January 2011. Retrieved 8 December 2015.
- ^ IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics). 2010 Census. Retrieved 7 August 2012.
- ^ 2012 Suriname Census Definitive Results Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine. Algemeen Bureau voor de Statistiek - Suriname.
- ^ Connell, Curtis C. (2005). Islamic Fundamentalism in Latin America and the Caribbean (Report). Air University Press. pp. 19–29.