Iraqi Turkmen: Difference between revisions

Browse history interactively

← Previous edit Next edit →

Content deleted Content added

VisualWikitext

Inline

Revision as of 16:02, 20 December 2010

who edit back this false fact??????? The one I reedit was correct.

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
+who edit back this false fact??????? The one I reedit was correct.
-{{POV|date=March 2009}}
-{{ethnic group|
-|group=  Iraqi Turkmens
-|image    = [[File:Flag of Iraq Turkmen Front.svg|250px]]
-|image_caption = Flag used by Iraqi Turks
-|poptime= 567,000{{smallsup|a}} (1957 census <br/> 9% of the Iraqi population)<ref name=TMEQ>{{cite web|author=The Middle East Quarterly|title=Who Owns Kirkuk? The Turkoman Case|url=http://www.meforum.org/1074/who-owns-kirkuk-the-turkoman-case|accessdate=2010-12-04}}</ref><ref name=TurkishWeekly>{{cite web|author=Turkish Weekly|title=The Reality of the Turkmen Population in Iraq|url=http://www.turkishweekly.net/news/44911/the-reality-of-the-turkmen-population-in-iraq.html|accessdate=2010-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author=Yola Habif|title=TheFuture of Iraq|url=http://www.turkishpolicy.com/images/stories/2002-04-securitydimensions/TPQ2002-4-habif.pdf|accessdate=2010-12-04}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Oğuzlu|2004|loc=313}}.</ref><ref name="Gunter 2004 loc=131">{{Harvnb|Gunter|2004|loc=131}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Sirkeci|2005|loc=4}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Güçlü|2007|loc=7}}.</ref><ref name=UNPO1>{{cite web|author=Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization|title=Iraqi Turkmen|url=http://www.unpo.org/members/7878|accessdate=2010-12-05}}</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|International Crisis Group|2008|loc=16}}.</ref><ref name="Taylor 2004 loc=28">{{Harvnb|Taylor|2004|loc=28}}.</ref>
-<br/> est. 500,000-3,000,000<ref name="Park 2005 loc=36">{{Harvnb|Park|2005|loc=36}}.</ref><ref name="Kibaroğlu 2009 loc=165">{{Harvnb|Kibaroğlu|Kibaroğlu|Halman|2009|loc=165}}.</ref>
-|popplace= '''[[Turkmeneli]]''' <br/> [[Kirkuk]] {{·}} [[Arbil|Erbil]] {{·}} [[Tal Afar]] {{·}} [[Mosul]]<ref name="Al-Shawi 2006 loc=47"/>
-|rels= Predominantly [[Islam]]<ref name="Al-Shawi 2006 loc=47"/>
-|langs= [[Turkish language|Turkish]] {{·}} [[Arabic]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Ryan|Mullen|1998|loc=92}}.</ref>.<ref name=UNPO1/>
-|footnotes  = {{smallsup|a}} The Iraqi government in its 1957 national census claimed there were 136,800 Turks in Iraq. However, the revised figure of 567,000 was issued by the Iraqi government after the [[14 July Revolution|1958 revolution]]. The Iraqi government admitted that the minorities population was actually more than 400% from the previous year's total.<ref name="Taylor 2004 loc=28"/><ref>{{Harvnb|Al-Hirmizi|2003|loc=124}}.</ref><ref name=Hurmuzlu>{{cite web|author=Ershat Hurmuzlu|title=The Ethnic Reality of the Kirkuk Area|url=http://www.turkmen.nl/ERK.pdf|accessdate=2010-12-05|page=2-3}}</ref>
-|related= [[Syrian Turkmens]]
-}}
-The '''Iraqi Turkmens''' or '''Iraqi Turks''' (also spelled '''Turcomans''', '''Turkomens''', and '''Iraqi Turkmans''') ({{lang-tr|Irak Türkmenleri/Irak Türkleri}}) are the ethnic [[kin]] of [[Turkish people|Turks]] who mainly reside in northern [[Iraq]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Blanchard|Katzman|Migdalovitz|Sharp|2009|loc=15}}.</ref> The term "Turkmen" for Iraqi Turks seems to have been created during the course of the discussion on the Mosul issue in the third decade of the last century, in order to isolate the Iraqi Turks from [[Turkey]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Turk Tarih|title=IRAK TÜRKLERİ |url=http://turktarih.net/tarih/1020/irak-turkleri|accessdate=2010-12-03}}</ref> Claims of their population range between 500,000 to over 3 million. Nonetheless, regardless of this uncertainty, it is generally accepted that the Iraqi Turks are the third-largest ethnic group in Iraq.<ref name="Al-Shawi 2006 loc=47">{{Harvnb|Al-Shawi|2006|loc=47}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Park|2005|loc=37}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Phillips|2006|loc=112}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|Dabrowska|Hann|2008|loc=172}}.</ref> According to the 1957 census, which was the last census taken in Iraq, [[Arabs]] formed the largest ethnicity followed by [[Kurds]] (13%) and Iraqi Turkmen (9%).<ref name="Gunter 2004 loc=131"/>
-==Etymology==
-The name ''Turkmen'' ({{lang-tr|Türkmenler}}) can be divided into two words, "Turk" and "men". The word "Turk" is used as a synonym to the word "[[Turkic]]" and the word "men" means "I". Accordingly, the word "Turkmen" translates to "I am a Turkish man" or "We are Turkish brave men".<ref>{{Harvnb|Kerkuklu|2007|loc=9}}.</ref>
-==History==
-The Iraqi Turkmen first came to [[Iraq]] in the seventh century, as soldiers recruited in the Muslim army. Approximately 1,000 Turkic soldiers were brought to Iraq by [[Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad]], who was a governor of Iraq. However, it was the wider migration of the [[Oghuz Turks]] towards [[Anatolia]] which took place at the end of the ninth century that established a substantial Iraqi Turkmen presence.<ref>{{Harvnb|Anderson|Stansfield|2009|loc=15}}.</ref> Successive waves of immigration continued under the rule of the [[Seljuk Turks]] who assumed positions of military and administrative responsibilities in the empire. Furthermore, with the expansion of the [[Ottoman Empire]], the conquest of Iraq by [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] in 1535, followed by [[Murad IV]]’s capture of [[Baghdad]] in 1638, resulted in another influx of Turks settling in Iraq.<ref>{{Harvnb|Stansfield|2007|loc=70}}.</ref>
-===Seljuk era===
-{{see also|Seljuk Empire}}
-Large scale migration of the Turks in Iraq was with the invasion of [[Toğrül]] who was the second ruler of the [[Seljuk dynasty]]. The Seljuks placed large Turkmen communities along the most valuable routes of Iraq, especially [[Tel Afar]], [[Arbil]], [[Kirkuk]], and [[Mandali]], which is now identified by the modern community as [[Turkmeneli]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Anderson|Stansfield|2009|loc=16}}.</ref>
-===Ottoman era===
-{{see also|Ottoman Empire}}
-Following the conquest of Iraq by [[Suleiman the Magnificent]] in 1535, [[Kirkuk]] came firmly under [[Ottoman Turks|Ottoman Turkish]] control and was referred to as "Gökyurt". The Ottoman rule led to further migration occurring mainly into northern Iraq. It is this period in history whereby modern Iraqi Turkmen claim association with [[Anatolia]] and the [[Turkey|Turkish state]].<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=17">{{Harvnb|Anderson|Stansfield|2009|loc=17}}.</ref> More Turks arrived with the army of Sultan [[Murad IV]] in 1638 following the capture of [[Baghdad]]; whilst others came even later with other notable Ottoman figures.<ref name="Anderson & Stansfield 2009 loc=17"/>
-==Demography==
-[[File:Karte von Türkmeneli.png|thumb|The majority of Iraqi Turks live in the  geo-cultural region of [[Turkmeneli]].]]
-The Iraqi Turkmen are considered to be the third largest ethnic group in Iraq. However, due to the undemocratic environment, their number has always been underestimated. It was fixed at 2% of the total Iraqi population during the negotiations of the Mosul issue in the establishment of the Iraqi State after the [[World War I]].<ref name=UNPO/> However, according to the last Iraqi census which was conducted in 1957, the Turkmens numbered 567,000 out of a population of 6.3 million; thus, they formed 9% of the total Iraqi population.<ref name=TMEQ/><ref name=TurkishWeekly/>
-The population of the community within the entire Iraqi society has long been a point of controversy. The figure mostly referred to by Kurdish groups and Western scholars is approximately 500,000. However, Iraqi Turks claim to have a population of over 3 million.<ref name="Park 2005 loc=32"/><ref name="Kibaroğlu 2009 loc=165"/>
-The community stretches from [[Talafar]] in the Northwest to [[Badra]] and [[al-Aziziyya]] in the [[al-Kut]] province in mid eastern Iraq.<ref name=UNPO>{{cite web|author=UNPO|title=The Turkmen of Iraq: Underestimated, Marginalized and exposed to assimilation Terminology|url=http://www.unpo.org/article/2610|accessdate=2010-12-04}}</ref> However, their strongest presence is in [[Northern Iraq]], near [[Kirkuk]], [[Mosul]] and [[Arbil]].<ref name="Al-Shawi 2006 loc=47"/> The 1957 census determined that the Turks made up close to 40% of the population in Kirkuk.<ref name="Park 2005 loc=32">{{Harvnb|Park|2005|loc=32}}.</ref><ref>{{Harvnb|O'Leary|2009|loc=152}}.</ref> Thus, they made up the majority of the population. For this reason, Kirkuk is regarded by Turks as the heart of the community.<ref name="Park 2005 loc=32"/>
-Accroding to the [[Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization]], at least 180,000 Turks live in the city of [[Kirkuk]]. There is also at least 250,000 living in [[Arbil]], and at least half a million living in [[Mosul]], around 227,000 of which live in the large [[Talafar]] district. The community also constitute a considerable part of the population of [[Badra]] in al-Kut province. There are also Turks living in [[Diyala]] and [[Baghdad]].<ref name=UNPO/>
-However, the [[Diyala Governorate|Diyala Province]] and [[Kifri]] which were once mainly Turkoman cities have been heavily [[Kurdification|Kurdified]] and [[Arabization|Arabified]].<ref name=UNPO/>
-===Diaspora===
-Most Iraqi Turkmen migrate to [[Turkey]] followed by [[Germany]], [[Denmark]], and [[Sweden]]. Smaller communities have been formed in [[Canada]], the [[United States]] and [[Australia]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Sirkeci|2005|loc=20}}.</ref>
-==Culture==
-Iraqi Turkmens are most known for [[folk songs]], especially the "qoyrats", long songs with nearly twenty different melodious voices forming rich literary texts are typical Turkmen musical works, and make up an important part of [[Turkish music]].  The songs often are protest-like, expressing sorrow and resentment over injustice. Hoyrats are a form of uzun hava built on quatrains which often contain allusions and plays on words.  They are sung throughout Eastern Anatolia, Southeast Anatolia and [[Turkmeneli]].
-The level of education of the Turkmen people living in Iraq was high (except for the last 10 years of the Saddam regime). They had a liberal mentality and they supported peace. They were humanists; they respected laws and were progressive, yet they were falsely accused of working for another state and have been exposed to ethnic cleansing.
-===Language===
-Iraqi Turks speak the [[Turkish language]]<ref>{{Harvnb|Ryan|Mullen|1998|loc=92}}.</ref> which is one of the official languages of the [[Kirkuk Governorate|Kirkuk region]].<ref>{{cite web|author=APA|title=Kirkuk parliament passes decision to give official status to the Turkish language|url=http://en.apa.az/news.php?id=94167|accessdate=2010-12-03}}</ref> Similar to the [[Turkish Cypriot]] and Balkan Turkish dialects, Iraqi Turks have maintained their own vernacular, one which is close to dialects spoken in [[Azerbaijan]] and [[Urfa]] in south-eastern [[Turkey]].<ref name=Kerkuklu24>{{cite web|author=Mofak Salman Kerkuklu|title=Turkmen of Iraq|url=http://www.turkmen.nl/1A_Others/Turkmen_of_Iraq_Part_I.pdf|date=2007|page=24|accessdate=06 December 2010}}</ref> The Iraqi Turkmen have adopted formal [[Anatolian Turkish]] for written language which came under the influence of the rising [[Ottoman language]].<ref name="Kerkuklu24"/>
-===Religion===
-The majority of the Iraqi Turkmen community adhere to [[Islam]].<ref name=Kerkuklu23>{{cite web|author=Mofak Salman Kerkuklu|title=Turkmen of Iraq|url=http://www.turkmen.nl/1A_Others/Turkmen_of_Iraq_Part_I.pdf|date=2007|page=23|accessdate=06 December 2010}}</ref> The Muslims are divided into two sectors: [[Sunni]] and [[Shiite]]. Furthermore, the Sunni segment is divided in [[Hanafi]] and [[Shāfi‘ī]]. The Sunni and Shitte Turks share the same culture and intermarriage is very common.<ref name="Kerkuklu23"/>
-There is also close to 30,000 [[Catholic]] [[Christian]] Turks living in Iraq<ref name="Kerkuklu23"/> and a small number of [[Jews]].<ref name=Buzzle>{{cite web|author=Buzzle|title=Jews and Turkmen Can Prosper Again in Tuz Khurmatu – With Turkey Annexing North Iraq|url=http://www.buzzle.com/articles/jews-and-turkmen-can-prosper-again-in-tuz-khurmatu-with-turkey-annexing-north-iraq.html|first=Mofak Salman|last=Kerkuklu|work=Buzzle|date=11/8/2008|accessdate=05 December 2010}}</ref><ref name=AmericanChronicle>{{cite web|author=American Chronicle|title=Protect Iraq´s Turkmen Cultural Heritage from Barbaric "Kurdish" Terrorists|url=http://www.americanchronicle.com/articles/view/81343|first=Dr. Muhammad Shamsaddin|last=Megalommatis|work=American Chronicle|date=November 13, 2008|accessdate=05 December 2010}}</ref>
-==Assimilation Campaigns==
-[[File:Iraqi Turkmen protest in Amsterdam.jpg|thumb|Turks protesting in [[Amsterdam]], the banner reads: 'Kirkuk is an Iraqi city with Turkmen characteristics'.]]
-Iraqi Turkmens suffered from various degrees of suppression and assimilation that ranged from political persecution and exile to terror, massacres and [[ethnic cleansing]].
-During the British and monarchy era, despite 1925 constitution and 1932 League of Nations declaration, cultural rights were gradually taken away, activists were sent to exile.
-===Arabization===
-The Iraqi Turkmen community have been affected greatly by [[Arabization]] policies, particularly because of the [[Ba'ath regime]].<ref>{{Harvnb|Anderson|Stansfield|2009|loc=64}}.</ref> Arabization has been a process which has been inherently tied to the need to ensure that the oil fields of [[Kirkuk]] were firmly under the control of the central government. According to the last Iraqi census, taken in 1957, Iraqi Turkmens were the majority in Kirkuk. However, many Arab families from central and south of Iraq have moved into Kirkuk to dominate the region.<ref>{{Harvnb|Anderson|Stansfield|2009|loc=65}}.</ref> Thus, ethnic cleansing has been a strong factor of the Ba’thist policy aimed at reducing the influence of Iraqi Turkmen in Kirkuk. For those who have remained in Kirkuk, they have been subject to assimilation policies.<ref>{{Harvnb|Anderson|Stansfield|2009|loc=66}}.</ref>
-Arab tribes were settled west of [[Kirkuk]]. During the early republican era, Communist and separatist groups committed the Kirkuk Massacre of July 14, 1959 which aimed at terrorizing and ethnically cleansing the Turkmens from the city.
-During the Baathist era, the Iraqi administration granted some cultural rights to the Turkmens on January 24, 1970, including education in the Turkish language in primary schools, daily radio broadcasting for two hours and TV broadcasting for half an hour in the Turkish language, these rights were gradually taken away by the authorities and by 1972, all Turkish schools were closed.
-The assimilation of the Turkmens already became a state policy in 1971 when the General Assembly of the Baath Party decided to complete the Arabization of Kirkuk by 1980. Administrative boundaries were changed in 1974 to divide Turkmen concentrations. Since the mid 70s, Arabs enjoyed special incentives and rights encouraging them to move to historically Turkmen areas including the oil-rich city of Kirkuk. In the latter half of the 1970s, the names of several villages and places were changed.<ref name="unpo.org">http://www.unpo.org/content/view/7878/117/</ref>
-===Kurdification===
-Since 1991, Iraqi Turks have been victims of [[Kurdification]]. Following the formation of the [[Kurdistan Region]] in 1991, Iraqi Turkmens feel that their identity as the rightful inheritors of the [[Ottoman Empire]] constitutes a threat to their survival, aimed at eradicating Turkmens or assimilating them.<ref>{{Harvnb|Anderson|Stansfield|2009|loc=67}}.</ref> Thus, animosity between Kurds and the Iraqi Turkmen increased when the Turkmens fears of a Kurdistan Region came to pass. The Kurds claimed [[de facto]] sovereignty over land still believed to be rightfully the Turks. Tension increased as the [[KDP]] and the [[PUK]] were institutionalised as the political hegemons of the region who sought to marginalise the Iraqi Turkmen from positions of authority and to subsume their culture with a Kurdish identity.<ref>{{Harvnb|Anderson|Stansfield|2009|loc=68}}.</ref>
-==Present status==
-Although some have been able to preserve their language, the Iraqi Turkmens today are being rapidly assimilated into the general population and are no longer tribally organized<ref name="countrystudy02">Helen Chapin Metz and the Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress. '''''Iraq: A Country Study''''', p. 86.</ref> With the toppling of Saddam Hussein in [[2003]], tensions between the Kurds and the Turkmens grew substantially.  As a result, Kirkuk soon became the only violent non-Arab city in Iraq during the [[Iraq War]].
-Iraqi Turkmens have also emerged as a key political force in the controversy over the future status of northern Iraq and the [[Kurdish Autonomous Region]]. The government of Turkey has helped fund such political organizations as the [[Iraqi Turkmen Front]], which opposes Iraqi federalism and in particular the proposed annexation of Kirkuk to the [[Kurdistan Regional Government]].<ref>[http://english.aljazeera.net/NR/exeres/563D3875-FE1D-4C26-9146-F91377A4FB19.htm Kurds Accused Of Rigging Kirkuk Vote], Al Jazeera</ref>
-Tensions between the two groups over Kirkuk, however, have slowly died out and on January 30, 2006, the President of Iraq, [[Jalal Talabani]], said that the "Kurds are working on a plan to give Iraqi Turkmen autonomy in areas where they are a majority in the new constitution they're drafting for the Kurdistan Region of Iraq."<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.kurdistanweekly.dk/news.php?readmore=103| title=Talabani: Autonomy for Turkmen in Kurdistan| publisher=Kurdistan Weekly| first=Ilnur| last=Cevik| date=2006-01-30| accessdate=2006-05-20}}</ref>
-However, it never happened and the policies of [[Kurdification]] by [[KDP]] and [[PUK]] after 2003 (with non-Kurds being pressures to move) have prompted serious inter-ethnic problems.<ref>'''Stansfield, Gareth'''. (2007). Iraq: People, History, Politics. p71</ref>
-Between ten and twelve Turkmen individuals were [[Iraqi legislative election, January 2005|elected]] to the transitional [[National Assembly of Iraq]] in January 2005, including five on the [[United Iraqi Alliance]] list, three from the [[Iraqi Turkmen Front]] (ITF), and either two or four from the [[Democratic Patriotic Alliance of Kurdistan]].<ref>[http://www.zaman.com/?bl=columnists&alt=&trh=20050220&hn=16703 Interesting Outcomes in Iraqi Election], Zaman Daily Newspaper</ref><ref name="Setav">[http://www.setav.org/document/SE1_406_Iraq_English.pdf The New Iraq, The Middle East and Turkey: A Turkish View], ''Foundation for Political, Economic and Social Research'', 2006-04-01, accessed on 2007-09-06</ref>
-In the [[Iraqi legislative election, December 2005|December 2005 elections]], between five and seven Turkmen candidates were elected to the Council of Representatives. This included one candidate from the ITF (its leader [[Sadettin Ergec]]), two or four from the [[United Iraqi Alliance]], one from the [[Iraqi Accord Front]] and one from the [[Kurdistani Alliance]].<ref name="Setav"/><ref>[http://www.kerkuk.net/haberler/haber.aspx?dil=2057&metin=200601229 Turkmens Win Only One Seat in Kerkuk], Iraqi Turkmen Front</ref>
-The Turkmens of Iraq have made considerable contribution to the region of Mesapotamia and to the Iraqi society in general. Unfortunately due to political differences, Turkmens in Iraq faced numerous prosecutions during the British invasion after the fall of the Ottoman Empire and subsequent regimes that followed, especially during the devastating reign of Saddams' era, which stripped many Turkmens from their right to express their Turkish culture and educate their children in their mother tongue.
-Iraqi Turkmens continue to face assimilation and misrepresentation even after the invasion of Iraq. Kurdification of the [[Turkmeneli]] capital [[Kerkuk]] and [[Arbil|Erbil]] being one of the main problems.
-== Notable Iraqi Turks ==
-*[[İhsan Doğramacı]], Pediatric physician, academic and honarary member of notable organisations such as [[WHO]] and [[UNICEF]].
-*[[Abdurrahman Kızılay]], Famous composer and interpreter of popular Kirkuk songs.
-*[[Abdülvahab Barğaş]], popularly known as "Haba" very famous interpreter of Northern Iraqi songs.
-*[[Mehmet Ali Erbil]],  Turkish comedian, actor and talk show host
-*[[Reha Muhtar]], Turkish television personality
-*[[Hijri Dede]] poet
-*[[Sinan Erbil]] singer
-*[[Princess Fahrelnissa Zeid]], Turkish painter
-*[[Mehmet Türkmehmet]], midfielder for [[Diyarbakirspor]]
-*[[Younis Mahmoud]], Captain for the Iraqi football national team.
-==See also==
-*[[Minority politics in Iraq]]
-*[[Demographics of Iraq]]
-*[[Iraqi Turkmen Front]]
-*[[Turkmeneli]]
-*[[Iraqi-Turkish relations]]
-==References==
-{{Reflist|2}}
-==Bibliography==
-<div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;">
-*{{citation |last=Al-Hirmizi|first=Ershad|year=2003|title=[http://www.turkmen.nl/1A_Others/EH_english.pdf The Turkmen And Iraqi Homeland] |place=|publisher=Kerkuk Vakfi|isbn=}}
-*{{citation |last=Al-Shawi|first=Ibrahim|year=2006|title=A Glimpse of Iraq|place=|publisher=Lulu|isbn=1411695186}}
-*{{citation |last1=Anderson|first1=Liam D.|last2=Stansfield|first2= Gareth R. V.|year=2009|title=Crisis in Kirkuk: The Ethnopolitics of Conflict and Compromise
-|place=|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=0812241762}}
-*{{citation |last1=Blanchard|first1=Christopher|last2=Katzman|first2=Kenneth|last3=Migdalovitz|first3=Carol|first4=Sharp|last4=Jeremy|year=2009|title=Iraq: Regional Perspectives and U.S. Policy|place=|publisher= Congressional Research Service|isbn=1437920284}}
-*{{citation |last1=Dabrowska|first1=Karen|last2=Hann|first2=Geoff|year=2008|title=Iraq Then and Now: A Guide to the Country and Its People|place=|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=1841622435}}
-*{{citation |last=Güçlü|first=Yücel|year=2007|title=[http://www.turkmen.nl/1A_soitm/WOK.pdf Who Owns Kirkuk? The Turkoman Case] |place=|publisher=Middle East Quarterly, Winter 2007|isbn=}}
-*{{citation |last=Gunter|first=Michael M.|year=2004|url=http://www.navend.de/aktuell/pdf/2004-03-30/Kurds_In_Iraq_Middle_East_Policy_2004_No_1.pdf|title=The Kurds in Iraq|journal=Middle East Policy|volume=11|issue=1|pages=106-131|place=|publisher=|accessdate=}}
-*{{citation |last=International Crisis Group|first=|year=2008|url=http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/Middle%20East%20North%20Africa/Iraq%20Syria%20Lebanon/Iraq/81Turkey%20and%20Iraqi%20Kurds%20Conflict%20or%20Cooperation.ashx|title=Turkey and the Iraqi Kurds: Conflict or Cooperation?|place=Middle East Report N°81 –13 November 2008|publisher=International Crisis Group|isbn=}}
-*{{citation |last1=Kibaroğlu|first1=Mustafa|last2=Kibaroğlu|first2=Ayșegül|last3=Halman|first3=Talât Sait|year=2009|title=Global security watch Turkey: A reference handbook|place=|publisher= Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=0313345600}}
-*{{citation |last=O'Leary|first=Brendan|year=2009|title=How to get out of Iraq with integrity|place=|publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press|isbn=0812242017}}
-*{{citation |last=Oğuzlu|first=H.Tarık|year=2004|url=http://www.turkmen.nl/1A_Others/Muslimaffairs.pdf|title=Endangered Community:The Turkoman Identity in Iraq|journal=Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs|volume=24|issue=2|pages=309-325|place=|publisher=|accessdate=}}
-*{{citation |last=Park|first=Bill|year=2005|title=Turkey's policy towards northern Iraq: problems and perspectives|place=|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=0415382971}}
-*{{citation |last=Phillips|first=David L.|year=2006|title=Losing Iraq: Inside the Postwar Reconstruction Fiasco|place=|publisher=Basic Books|isbn=0465056814}}
-*{{citation |last1=Ryan|first1=J. Atticus|last2=Mullen|first2=Christopher A.|year=1998|title=Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: Yearbook 1997|place=|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|isbn=9041110224}}
-*{{citation |last=Sirkeci|first=Ibrahim|year=2005|title=[http://www.migrationletters.com/turkmen/turkmeneng.pdf Turkmen in Iraq and International Migration of Turkmen] |place=|publisher=University of Bristol, Department of Sociology|isbn=}}
-*{{citation |last=Stansfield|first=Gareth R. V.|year=2007|title=Iraq: People, History, Politics|place=|publisher=Polity|isbn=0745632270}}
-*{{citation |last=Taylor|first=Scott|year=2004|title=Among the Others: Encounters with the Forgotten Turkmen of Iraq|place=|publisher=Esprit de Corps Books|isbn=1895896266}}
-</div>
-== External links ==
-{{Commons category|Iraqi Turkmen}}
-*[http://www2.ohchr.org/english/issues/minorities/docs/12/Iraqi_Turkmen_Human_Rights_Research_Foundation.pdf Violation of Human Rights of the Turkmen of Iraq]
-*[http://www.kerkukfeneri.com/galeri/19-1-kerkuk-tazehurmatu-katliami.html Kirkuk Turkmen massacre Tazehurmatu-2009]
-{{Iraq topics}}
-{{Turkish diaspora}}
-[[Category:Ethnic groups in Iraq]]
-[[Category:Oghuz Turks]]
-[[Category:Demographics of Iraq]]
-[[Category:Iraq–Turkey relations]]
-[[Category:Muslim communities]]
-[[Category:Turkic peoples]]
-[[ar:تركمان العراق]]
-[[az:Türkmanlar]]
-[[ca:Turcmans de l'Iraq]]
-[[da:Irakiske tyrkere]]
-[[de:Turkmenen des Irak]]
-[[es:Turcomanos iraquíes]]
-[[fa:ترکمن‌های عراق]]
-[[fr:Turcomans d'Irak]]
-[[no:Irakiske tyrkere]]
-[[pt:Turcomanos iraquianos]]
-[[ru:Туркоманы]]
-[[tr:Irak Türkmenleri]]
-[[uk:Туркомани]]