Iranian Azerbaijanis: Difference between revisions
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{{Infobox Ethnic group |
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|group = Iranian Azerbaijanis |
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|image = [[Image:Grand Ayatollah Ali Khamenei,.jpg|105px]][[Image:Sami Yusuf.jpg|115px]]<br>[[Image:Googooshcrop.jpg|76px]][[Image:Ahmad-Kasravi.jpg|67px]][[File:Mohammad Khan Qajar.jpg|73px]]<br>[[Image:Iraj mirza picture.jpg|65px]][[File:Farah.jpg|65px]][[File:Ali Daie.jpg|73px]] |
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|caption = {{·}}[[Ali Khamenei|Ayatollah Ali Khamenei]]{{·}}[[Sami Yusuf]]<br>{{·}}[[Googoosh]]{{·}}[[Ahmad Kasravi]]{{·}}[[Mohammad Khan Qajar]]<br>[[Iraj Mirza]]{{·}}[[Farah Diba]]{{·}}[[Ali Daei]]{{·}} |
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|population = '''11.8–16 million''' <br> Approximatley between '''16–25% of [[Demographics of Iran|Iran's population]]''' |
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|region1 = '''{{flagcountry|Iran}}''' |
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|pop1 = '''11.8–16 million'''|<ref name="Encyclopedia of Orient">[http://looklex.com/e.o/iran.peoples.htm "Peoples of Iran"] in ''Looklex Encyclopedia of the Orient''. Retrieved on 22 January 2009.</ref><ref name="CIA Iran">[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html#People "Iran: People"], ''CIA: The World Factbook'': 24% of Iran's total population. Retrieved on 22 January 2009.</ref> |
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|ref1 = <ref>[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ir.html#People "Iran: People"], ''CIA: The World Factbook''</ref> |
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|languages = [[Persian language|Persian]], [[Azeri language|Azerbaijani]], [[Old Azari language|Old Azeri]] |
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|religions = Predominately [[Shi'a Islam]]; Minorities practice [[Sunni Islam]] & [[Zoroastrianism]] |
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|related = [[Azerbaijani people]], Other [[Iranian people]], other [[Turkic people]] |
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}} |
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'''Iranian Azerbaijanis''', also known as "'''Persian Azeris'''" are the native [[Azerbaijani people|Azeri]] population of [[Iran]], mainly found in the northwest provinces of [[East Azarbaijan Province|East Azarbaijan]], [[West Azarbaijan Province|West Azarbaijan]],<ref>http://www.ciaonet.org/pbei/winep/policy_2006/2006_1146/index.html</ref> [[Ardabil Province|Ardabil]], [[Zanjan Province|Zanjan]], and, in smaller numbers, in other provinces such as [[Kurdistan Province|Kurdistan]], [[Qazvin Province|Qazvin]], [[Hamadan Province|Hamadan]] and [[Markazi Province|Markazi]]. Many Iranian Azeris also live in [[Tehran]], [[Karaj]] and other regions.<ref name="Library of Congress Iran">Azarbaijanis</ref> |
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==Background== |
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===Origins=== |
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{{Main|Caucasian origin of the Azerbaijanis|Iranian origin of the Azerbaijanis}} |
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The Iranian origins of the Azeris likely derive from ancient Iranic tribes, such as the [[Medes]] in Iranian Azerbaijan, and [[Scythian]] invaders who arrived during the eighth century BCE. It is believed that the Medes mixed with an indigenous population, the Caucasian [[Mannai]], a [[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian]] group related to the [[Urartian]]s.<ref name="Mannai">[http://oke.grolier.com/InfoOffset=30818&FFC=F&OEMTag=RV&MajorVersion=11&EAID=0308950-00.ea "Ancient Persia"], ''Encyclopedia Americana'' (retrieved 8 June 2006).</ref> Ancient written accounts, such as one written by Arab historian Abu al-Hasan Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Masudi (896–956), attest to an Iranian presence in the region: |
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{{cquote|''The Persians are a people whose borders are the Mahat Mountains and Azerbaijan up to Armenia and Aran, and Bayleqan and Darband, and Ray and Tabaristan and Masqat and Shabaran and Jorjan and Abarshahr, and that is Nishabur, and Herat and Marv and other places in land of Khorasan, and Sejistan and Kerman and Fars and Ahvaz...All these lands were once one kingdom with one sovereign and one language...although the language differed slightly. The language, however, is one, in that its letters are written the same way and used the same way in composition. There are, then, different languages such as Pahlavi, Dari, Azeri, as well as other Persian languages.''<ref>(Al Mas'udi, Kitab al-Tanbih wa-l-Ishraf, De Goeje, M.J. (ed.), Leiden, Brill, 1894, pp. 77–8)</ref>}} |
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Scholars see cultural similarities between modern Persians and Azeris as evidence of an ancient Iranian influence.<ref name="Columbia Encyclopedia">[http://www.bartleby.com/65/az/Azerbaij.html "Azerbaijan"], ''Columbia Encyclopedia'' (retrieved 8 June 2006).</ref> Archaeological evidence indicates that the Iranian religion of [[Zoroastrianism]] was prominent throughout the Caucasus before Christianity and Islam and that the influence of various [[Persian Empire]]s added to the Iranian character of the area.<ref name="UCalgaryFireTemples">[http://www.iras.ucalgary.ca/~volk/sylvia/FireTemple.htm "Various Fire-Temples"], ''University of Calgary'' (retrieved 8 June 2006).</ref> It has also been hypothesized that the population of Iranian Azerbaijan was predominantly Persian-speaking before the Oghuz arrived. This claim is supported by the many figures of [[Persian literature]], such as [[Qatran Tabrizi]], [[Shams Tabrizi]], [[Nezami]], and [[Khaghani]], who wrote in Persian prior to and during the Oghuz migration, as well as by [[Strabo]], Al-Istakhri, and Al-Masudi, who all describe the language of the region as [[Persian language|Persian]]. The claim is mentioned by other medieval historians, such as [[Al-Muqaddasi]].<ref>[[Al-Muqaddasi]], ''Ahsan al-Taqāsīm'', p. 259 & 378, ''"... the Azerbaijani language is not pretty [...] but their Persian is intelligible, and in articulation it is very similar to the Persian of Khorasan ..."'', tenth century, Persia (retrieved 18 June 2006).</ref> Other common Perso-Azeribaijani features include Iranian place names such as [[Tabriz]]<ref name="Tabriz">[http://encyclopedia.jrank.org/SUS_TAV/TABRIZ.html "Tabriz"] (retrieved 8 June 2006).</ref> and the name Azerbaijan itself. |
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Various sources such as [[Encyclopaedia Iranica]] explain how, "The Turkish speakers of Azerbaijan (q.v.) are mainly descended from the earlier Iranian speakers, several pockets of whom still exist in the region."<ref>R. N. Frye: [http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v13f3/v13f3004a.html Encyclopaedia Iranica], May 2, 2006</ref> The modern presence of the Iranian [[Talysh people|Talysh]] and [[Tats]] in Azerbaijan is further evidence of the former Iranian character of the region.<ref name="Talysh">[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=tly "Report for Talysh"], ''Ethnologue'' (retrieved 8 June 2006).</ref><ref name="Tats">[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=ttt "Report for Tats"], ''Ethnologue'' (retrieved 8 June 2006).</ref> As a precursor to these modern groups, the [[Ancient Azari language|ancient Azaris]] are also hypothesized as ancestors of the modern Azerbaijanis. |
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===20th century=== |
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[[Image:Ahmad-Kasravi.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Ahmad Kasravi]], one of the most famous Iranians in Iran's modern history.]] |
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Resentment came with Pahlavi policies that suppressed the use of the [[Azerbaijani language]] in local government, schools, and the press.<ref name="ISBNAbrahamian">''Iran between Two Revolutions'' by Ervand Abrahamian, p. 131. Princeton University Press (1982), ISBN 0-691-10134-5 (retrieved 10 June 2006).</ref> However with the advent of the [[Iranian Revolution]] in 1979, emphasis shifted away from nationalism as the new government highlighted religion as the main unifying factor. Within the Islamic Revolutionary government there emerged an Azeri nationalist faction led by [[Ayatollah Kazem Shariatmadari]], who advocated greater regional autonomy and wanted the constitution to be revised to include secularists and opposition parties; this was denied.<ref name="Iranian Studies">"Shi'ite Leadership: In the Shadow of Conflicting Ideologies", by David Menashri, ''Iranian Studies'', 13:1–4 (1980) (retrieved 10 June 2006).</ref> Azeri nationalism has oscillated since the Islamic revolution and recently escalated into riots over the publication in May 2006 of a [http://www.iranian.com/Satire/Cartoon/2006/June/soosks.html cartoon] that many Azeris found offensive.<ref name="Ethnic tensions">[http://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F70910FE345A0C7A8EDDAC0894DE404482 "Ethnic Tensions Over Cartoon Set Off Riots in Northwest Iran"] – ''The New York Times'' (retrieved 12 June 2006)</ref><ref name="Iran Azeris protest">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5024550.stm "Iran Azeris protest over cartoon"] – ''BBC'' (retrieved 12 June 2006)</ref> The cartoon was drawn by [[Mana Neyestani]], an ethnic Azeri, who was fired along with his editor as a result of [[Iran newspaper cockroach cartoon controversy|the controversy]].<ref name="Cockroach cartoonist">[http://www.comicsreporter.com/index.php/cockroach_cartoonist_jailed_in_iran/ "Cockroach Cartoonist Jailed In Iran"] – ''The Comics Reporter'', May 24, 2006 (retrieved 15 June 2006)</ref><ref name="Iran paper cartoon ban">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/5008420.stm "Iranian paper banned over cartoon"] – ''BBC News'', May 23, 2006 (retrieved 15 June 2006)</ref> |
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Despite sporadic problems, Azeris are an intrinsic community within Iran.<ref>[http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/culture/articles/eav041503.shtml]</ref> Currently, the living conditions of Azeris in Iran closely resemble that of [[Persian people|Persians]]: |
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{{cquote|The life styles of urban Azerbaijanis do not differ from those of Persians, and there is considerable intermarriage among the upper classes in cities of mixed populations. Similarly, customs among Azerbaijani villagers do not appear to differ markedly from those of Persian villagers.<ref name="Library of Congress Iran">Azarbaijanis</ref>}} |
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Azeris in Iran are in high positions of authority with the Azeri Ayatollah [[Ali Khamenei]] currently sitting as the [[Supreme Leader]]. Azeris in Iran remain quite conservative in comparison to most Azeris in the Republic of Azerbaijan. Nonetheless, since the Republic of Azerbaijan's independence in 1991, there has been renewed interest and contact between Azeris on both sides of the border. |
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Andrew Burke writes: |
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{{cquote|Azeri are famously active in commerce and in bazaars all over Iran their voluble voices can be heard. Older Azeri men where the traditional wool hat and their music and dances have become part of the mainstream culture. Azeris are well integrated and many Azeri Iranians are prominent in Persian literature, politics and clerical world.<ref>Burke, Andrew. ''Iran''. Lonely Planet, Nov 1, 2004, pp 42–43. 1740594258</ref>}} |
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According to Bulent Gokay: |
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{{cquote|The Northern part of Iran , that used to be called Azerbaijan , is inhabited by 17 million Azeris. This population has been traditionally well integrated with the multi-ethnic Iranian state. |
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<ref>Bulent Gokay, ''The Politics of Caspian Oil'', Palgrave Macmillan, 2001, pg 30</ref>}} |
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Richard Thomas, Roger East, and Alan John Day state: |
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{{cquote|The 15–20 million Azeri Turks living in northern Iran, ethnically identical to Azeris, have embraced Shia Islam and are well integrated into Iranian society<ref>Richard Thomas, Roger East, Alan John Day,''Political and Economic Dictionary of Eastern Europe '', Routledge, 2002, pg 41</ref>}} |
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According Michael P. Croissant: |
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{{cquote|Although Iran's fifteen-million Azeri population is well integrated into Iranian society and has shown little desire to secede, Tehran has nonetheless shown extreme concern with prospects of the rise of sentiments calling for union between the two Azerbaijans.<ref>Michael P. Croissant, "The Armenia–Azerbaijan Conflict: Causes and Implications" , Praeger/Greenwood, 1998, pg 61</ref>}} |
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Iranian Azerbaijan has seen some anti-government protests by Iranian Azeris in recent years, most notably in 2003, 2006, and 2007. In cities across northern Iran in mid-February 2007, tens of thousands of ethnic Azeris marched in observance of International Mother Language Day, although it's been said that the subtext was a protest against what the marchers perceive to be "the systematic, state-sponsored suppression of their heritage and language".<ref>[http://www.isn.ethz.ch/news/sw/details_print.cfm?id=17508 Karl Rahder. The Southern Azerbaijan problem, ISN Security Watch, 19/04/07]</ref> |
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While Iranian Azeris may seek greater cultural rights, few Iranian Azeris display separatist tendencies. Extensive reporting by [[Afshin Molavi]], an Iranian Azeri scholar, in the three major Azerbaijani provinces of Iran, as well as among Iranian Azeris in Tehran, found that irredentist or unificationist sentiment was not widely held among Iranian Azeris. Few people framed their genuine political, social and economic frustration – feelings that are shared by the majority of Iranians – within an ethnic context.<ref name="eurasianet.org">http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/culture/articles/eav041503.shtml</ref> |
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According to another Iranian Azeri scholar Dr. Hassan Javadi – a Tabriz-born, Cambridge-educated scholar of Azerbaijani literature and professor of Persian, Azerbaijani and English literature at George Washington University – Iranian Azeris have more important matters on their mind than cultural rights. "Iran’s Azeri community, like the rest of the country, is engaged in the movement for reform and democracy," Javadi told the Central Asia Caucasus Institute crowd, adding that separatist groups represent "fringe thinking." He also told EurasiaNet: "I get no sense that these cultural issues outweigh national ones, nor do I have any sense that there is widespread talk of secession."<ref name="eurasianet.org"/> |
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==Ethnic status in Iran== |
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{{Main|Ethnic minorities in Iran}} |
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Generally, Azeris in Iran were regarded as "a well integrated linguistic minority" by academics prior to [[Iranian Revolution|Iran's Islamic Revolution]].<ref name="Higgins">Higgins, Patricia J. (1984) "Minority-State Relations in Contemporary Iran" ''Iranian Studies'' 17(1): pp. 37–71, p. 59</ref><ref name="Binder">Binder, Leonard (1962) ''Iran: Political Development in a Changing Society'' University of California Press, Berkeley, Calif., pp. 160–161, [http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/408909 OCLC 408909]</ref> Until the [[Pahlavi dynasty|Pahlavi]] period in the 20th century, "the identity of Iran was not exclusively Persian, but supra-ethnic", as much of the political leadership, starting from the 11th century, had been Turkic.<ref name="ISBNShaffer">Ibid.</ref> The Iranian and Turkic groups were integrated until 20th century nationalism and communalism began to alter popular perception.<ref name="ISBNShaffer">Ibid.</ref> Despite friction, Azerbaijanis in Iran came to be well represented at all levels of, "political, military, and intellectual hierarchies, as well as the religious hierarchy."<ref name="ISBN6">Ibid.</ref> |
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According to [[Amnesty International]]: |
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<blockquote>"Iranian Azeri Turks, who are mainly Shi’a Muslims, are the largest minority in Iran, [and are] believed to constitute up to 25 per cent of the population. They are located mainly in the north and north-west of Iran. As Shi’a, they are not subject to the same kinds of discrimination as minorities of other religions, and are well-integrated into the economy, but there is a growing demand for greater cultural and linguistic rights, including implementation of their constitutional right to education through the medium of Turkish."<ref>[http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGMDE130102006?open&of=ENG-IRN Amnesty International. Iran. New government fails to address dire human rights situation]</ref> |
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</blockquote> |
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In addition, the current [[Supreme Leader of Iran]], [[Ali Khamenei]], is half Azari.<ref>[http://www.cornellcaspian.com/pub2/0411IRAN.pdf Professor Svante Cornell – PDF]</ref>. However, At the end of June 2005, scores of people were reportedly arrested following an Azari gathering at Babak Castle in the city of Kalaybar. Much more wide spread protests across major cities of Iranian Azerbaijan in May, 2006 triggered by a [[Iran newspaper cockroach cartoon controversy|cartoon]], drawn by an Azeri cartoonist, allegedly with abusive contents towards the Azerbaijani language, were met with repression.<ref>http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGMDE130462005?open&of=ENG-IRN</ref><ref>http://www.amnestyusa.org/news/document.do?id=ENGMDE130742006</ref> |
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In contrast to the claims of de-facto discrimination of some Azeris in Iran, the government claims that its policy in the past 30 years has been one of [[pan-Islamism]], which is based on a common Islamic religion of which diverse ethnic groups may be part, and which does not favor or repress any particular ethnicity, including the Persian majority.<ref>For more information see: Ali Morshedizad,Roshanfekrane Azari va Hoviyate Melli va Ghomi (Azeri Intellectuals and Their Attitude to Natinal and Ethnic Identity (Tehran: Nashr-e Markaz publishing co., 1380)</ref> Persian language is thus merely used as the [[lingua franca]] of the country, which helps maintain Iran's traditional centralized model of government. |
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More recently, the Azeri language and culture starts being taught and studied at university level in Iran although its use is extremely limited, and there appears to exist publications of books, newspapers and aparently, regional radio broadcasts too in the language.<ref>Annika Rabo, Bo Utas, “The role of the state in West Asia”, Swedish Research institute in Istanbul , 2005. pg 156. Excerpt:"There is in fact, a considerable publication (book, newspaper, etc.) taking place in the two largest minority languages in the Azerbaijani language and Kurdish, and in the academic year 2004–05 B.A. programmes in the Azerbaijani language and literature (in Tabriz) and in the Kurdish language and literature (in Sanandaj) are offered in Iran for the very first time"</ref> |
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Furthermore, Article 15 of Iran's constitution reads: |
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:"The use of regional and tribal languages in the press and mass media, as well as for teaching of their literature in schools, is allowed in addition to Persian."<ref>[http://www.oefre.unibe.ch/law/icl/ir00000_.html Iran– Constitution]</ref> |
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==Famous Azeris of Iran== |
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{{New|date=June 2009}} |
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Azeris (Azaris) have participated in Iran's history and politics, and continue to do so. |
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Some of the most famous Azeris of Iran involved on national levels are: |
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===In politics=== |
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*[[Mir-Hossein Mousavi]], former [[Prime Minister of Iran]] |
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* [[Mehdi Bazargan]], head of [[Interim government of Iran, 1979|Iran's interim government]], first prime minister after the [[Iranian Revolution]] |
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*[[Yahya Safavi]], former head of [[IRGC]] |
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*[[Sattar Khan]], constitutional revolutionary leader |
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*[[Bagher Khan]], constitutional revolutionary leader |
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*[[Parviz Davoudi]], current First Vice-President of Iran |
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*[[Parviz Fattah]], current Minister of Energy |
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*[[Ali Meshkini]], influential cleric and the ex-chairman of [[Assembly of Experts]] |
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*[[Abdolkarim Mousavi Ardabili|Grand Ayatollah Musavi Ardabili]], former Judiciary Chairman of Iran |
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*[[Ali Soheili]], [[Prime Minister]] of [[Iran]] |
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*[[Ebrahim Hakimi]], [[Prime Minister]] of [[Iran]] |
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*[[Tadfel Molouk Ayrumlu]], general of the Qajar army |
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*[[Abbas Gharabaghi]], Iran's last Army Chief of Staff under the Pahlavi regime.<ref>[http://www.iran-books.com/Book/detail.asp?key=2405014 (autobiography)]</ref> |
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* [[Abbas-Ali Amid Zanjani]], Iranian hardliner theologian, politician and University lecturer. |
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*[[Hossein Mousavi Tabrizi]], former chief prosecutor of the Revolutionary Court |
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*[[Ahmad Kasravi]], Iranian nationalist politician and author |
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*[[Mina Ahadi]], Communist Activist from [[Worker-Communist Party of Iran|WPI]] |
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*[[Mahmud Jam]], [[Prime Minister]] of [[Iran]] |
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*[[Sadegh Khalkhali]], hardline Shia cleric of the Islamic Republic |
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*[[Mohammad Khiabani]], famous cleric, politician |
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*[[Ramin Jahanbegloo]], political philosopher |
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*[[Hassan Roshdieh]], famous cleric, politician |
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*[[Gholam Reza Aghazadeh]], president of the [[Atomic Energy Organization of Iran]] |
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*[[Mehdi Bakeri]], Iranian war hero |
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*[[Reza Moridi]], member of the Legislative Assembly of Ontario, Canada ([[Orumieh]] native) |
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* [[Tadfel Molouk Ayrumlu]] A general in the [[Qajar]] era [[Iran]]. The grand father of [[Mohammad Reza Pahlavi]], the last [[Shah]] of Iran. |
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*[[Feridoun Jam]], former head of Iranian Army core. |
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===Grand ayatollahs=== |
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:''In addition to those mentioned above:'' |
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*[[Mousavi Ardabili]], he was the first head of the judicial system of the [[Islamic Republic of Iran]] (1980–1989) |
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*[[Abul-Qassim Khoei]] |
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*[[Ali Khamenei]] – Grand [[Ayatollah]] '''Ali Hoseyni Khāmene’i''' was [[president of Iran]] from 1981 to 1989 and has been [[Supreme Leader of Iran]] since June 1989. |
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*[[Allameh Tabatabaei]] |
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*[[Fazel Lankarani]] |
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*[[Mousa Shubairi Zanjani]] |
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*[[Mohammad Kazem Shariatmadari]] |
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*[[Jawad Tabrizi]] |
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*[[Javad Gharavi Aliari]] |
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*[[Moslem Malakouti]] |
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*[[Sadegh Khalkhali|Ayatollah khalkhali]] : Although he was not a grand ayatollah, but a [[sheikh]], but still important for his violent political character. |
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===In literature=== |
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*[[Iraj Mirza]], poet and politician |
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*[[Mohammad Hossein Shahriar]], poet |
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*[[Samad Behrangi]], political writer |
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*[[Behzad Behzadi]], writer and translator |
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*[[Gholam Hossein Saedi]], writer |
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*[[Reza Baraheni]], writer |
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*[[Parvin Etesami]], poetess |
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*[[Ebrahim Nabavi]], political commentator and satirist |
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*[[Afshin Molavi]], journalist and writer |
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===In the arts=== |
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*[[Davod Azad]], composer, Sufi vocalist, multi-instrumentalist |
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*[[Samin Baghtcheban]], musician, writer and translator |
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*[[Davood Behboodi]], singer |
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*[[Reza Deghati]], the Paris-based, world-renowned photographer |
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*[[Dariush Eghbali]], singer and actor |
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*[[Googoosh]], singer and actress |
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*[[Haydar Hatemi]], painter |
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*[[Ebrahim Hatamikia]], film director |
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*[[Rasoul Mollagholipour]], film director |
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*[[Mana Neyestani]], cartoonist |
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*[[Touka Neyestani]], cartoonist |
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*[[Marjane Satrapi]], animated film director |
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*[[Kamal Tabrizi]], film director |
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*[[Sami Yusuf]], British singer, song-writer and musician |
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*[[Parviz Parastui]], actor and movie director |
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*[[Akbar Abdi]], actor |
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*[[Tahmineh Milani]], film director |
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*[[Behrouz Vossoughi]], Iranian cinema actor |
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===In sports=== |
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*[[Ali Daei]], football player, former head coach of the [[Iran national football team]] |
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*[[Hossein Rezazadeh]], World champion weight-lifter |
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*[[Karim Bagheri]], football player |
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*[[Rasoul Khatibi]], football player |
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*[[Hosein Khatibi]], football player |
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*[[Aliakbar Ostad Asadi]], football player |
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*[[Javad Allahverdi]], football player |
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*[[Ahad Sheykhlari]], football player |
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*[[Aziz Asli]], football player |
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*[[Gholamreza Fathabadi]], football player |
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*[[Sirous Dinmohammadi|Cyrus Dinmohammadi]], football player |
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*[[Mohammad Navazi]], football player |
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*[[Meghdad Ghobakhlou]], football player |
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*[[Payan Rafat]], football player |
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*[[Yousef Karami]], Iranian taekwondo athlete |
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===Other=== |
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* [[Sona Babai]], oldest naturalized Iranian American |
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==See also== |
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* [[Azerbaijan (Iran)]] |
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* [[Iran]] |
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* [[List of Azerbaijanis]] |
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* [[Persian people]] |
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* [[Azerbaijani people]] |
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* [[Iranian origin of the Azerbaijanis]] |
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* [[Demographics of Iran]] |
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==Notes and references== |
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{{Ibid|date=July 2010}} |
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{{reflist|2}} |
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{{Ethnic groups in Iran}} |
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[[Category:Ethnic groups in Iran|Azeris]] |
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[[Category:Iranian Azeris|+]] |
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[[Category:Muslim communities]] |
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[[Category:Turkic peoples]] |
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[[es:Azeríes iraníes]] |
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[[ru:Азербайджанцы в Иране]] |
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