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Recognition of the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan

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The Taliban has ruled Afghanistan as the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan since taking control by force in 2021, overthrowing the internationally recognized Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. The takeover was widely criticized by the international community, and no countries have extended de jure diplomatic recognition to the new regime, despite nominally maintaining relations with Afghanistan. The Taliban has campaigned for international recognition since the takeover. Several countries have vowed never to recognize the Islamic Emirate, and others have said they will do so only if human rights in the country are respected. Some countries have accredited Taliban diplomats at the chargé d'affaires level despite not recognizing the Islamic Emirate. In September 2023, the People's Republic of China became the first country to formally name a new ambassador to the country since the takeover, and in January 2024 recognized the Taliban's envoy to China; however, the PRC still does not formally recognize the Taliban as the legitimate government of Afghanistan.[1] The United Arab Emirates also accepted a Taliban appointed diplomat as Afghanistan's new ambassador in August 2024.[2]

The Taliban previously ruled Afghanistan from 1996 to 2001 and received limited diplomatic recognition, with the United Nations and most countries continuing to recognize the Islamic State of Afghanistan.

Ousted president Ashraf Ghani has largely remained silent since the takeover, and has not formed a government-in-exile. Ghani's vice president Amrullah Saleh declared himself caretaker president and relocated to Panjshir Province after the Taliban takeover with the support of the National Resistance Front (NRF). However, he fled Afghanistan after the Taliban quickly captured the province. Although the NRF continues to wage a guerrilla insurgency, it has failed to take any territory and neither Saleh nor the NRF have received any international support, leaving the Taliban as the only viable claimant to Afghanistan's government.[3][4][5][6]

Several countries, including Canada and Tajikistan have designated the Taliban as a terrorist organization.[7][8][9] Kazakhstan removed the prohibition in 2023 after a controversial business forum featuring Afghan Minister Nooruddin Azizi.[10]

1996–2001

[edit]

Between 1996 and 2001, only three UN member states—Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates (UAE)—recognized the Islamic Emirate as the rightful government of Afghanistan.[11] The Islamic Emirate received recognition from the partially recognized Chechen Republic of Ichkeria,[12] though Chechen president Aslan Maskhadov would later describe the Islamic Emirate as an "illegitimate" government.[13]

The Taliban government was not recognized by the United Nations, which instead continued to recognize the Islamic State of Afghanistan as the legitimate government of Afghanistan.

2021–present

[edit]
See also: International relations with the Taliban
U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo (Left) with Taliban Third Deputy Leader and Head of the Political Office Abdul Ghani Baradar (Right) in Doha, Qatar in 2020

Despite no countries recognizing the Islamic Emirate as the legitimate successor of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, there have been official diplomatic talks between the Taliban and other countries since September 2021.

National governments

[edit]

Pro-Taliban

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  • Bangladesh According to the foreign minister of Bangladesh, AK Abdul Momen, "If a Taliban government is formed, which has been done, our door will be open to them if it is a government of the people" and "No matter which new government is formed, we will accept if it is of the people". Both Bangladesh and Afghanistan have good diplomatic relations, with the minister considering Bangladesh as a "potential development partner and a friend of Afghanistan".[14]
  • China A spokesperson for the foreign ministry of the People's Republic of China stated that China "respects the wishes and choices of the Afghan people" and hopes for "friendship and cooperation" with the new authorities.[15][16] China also hopes to seek assurances from the Taliban that they will not support the UN-proscribed Turkistan Islamic Party or allow them to operate from Afghan territory.[15] In March 2022, Wang Yi, foreign minister of China, visited Kabul and met with the acting foreign minister of Afghanistan, Amir Khan Muttaqi.[17] China nominated Zhao Sheng as the ambassador to Afghanistan in September 2023, becoming the first country to appoint an ambassador since Taliban's takeover.[18] On January 30, 2024, China became the first country to accept credentials from an ambassador appointed by Taliban.[19]
  • Indonesia In aftermath of Fall of Kabul, former of Indonesian vice president Jusuf Kalla believed that Indonesia would not sever the diplomatic connection between Indonesia and Afghanistan. Indonesian constitutional experts have urged the Indonesian government to not hastily recognize Afghanistan under the Taliban government as they deemed the transfer of power to have taken place without constitutional means. These concerns were voiced on 17 August 2021 and were formalized with a statement by the Commission of Constitutional Studies of People's Consultative Assembly three days later. On 26 August 2021, Minister of Foreign Affairs Retno Marsudi met Taliban officials and representatives in Qatar. In the meeting, she urged to her Taliban counterpart to (1) ensure stability and prosperity of Afghanistan, (2) formation of inclusive government, (3) maintaining respect, dignities, and basic rights to Afghan women.[20]
  • Iran Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi has said that the U.S. "military failure" in Afghanistan offers an opportunity to establish lasting peace in the country. Iranian state TV quoted him as saying that "America's military defeat and its withdrawal must become an opportunity to restore life, security and durable peace in Afghanistan".[21][22] Iran accredited the Taliban's nominee for Chargé d'Affairs, Mohammad Afzal Haqqani, on February 26, 2023, and handed over the embassy in Tehran.[23]
  • Myanmar Burmese Minister of International Cooperation Ko Ko Hlaing took aim at "externally enforced democratization" and blamed American foreign intervention for the fall of the government.[24]
  • Pakistan Pakistani Prime Minister Imran Khan stated that Afghans have "broken the shackles of slavery".[25] Foreign Minister Shah Mahmood Qureshi stated that Pakistan would not recognize a Taliban-led government without consultations with regional and international partners, adding that he was pleased that the transfer of power took place without bloodshed.[26][27] The Pakistani Representative to the United Nations referred to the government led by Ashraf Ghani as "a now defunct regime" and criticized both the participation of the Afghan representative appointed by Ghani as well as being blocked from addressing a UN Security Council meeting presided over by India.[28] The Pakistani government claimed that Mir Rahman Rahmani, the Speaker of the Wolesi Jirga, met Foreign Minister Shah Mahmood Qureshi and agreed to engage with the Taliban to form an inclusive government.[28] Pakistani National Security Advisor, Moeed Yusuf, has warned that the West risks a second 9/11 situation if it doesn’t “immediately recognise” the Taliban.[29]
  • Qatar Qatar has served as the main diplomatic hub of the Taliban since 2012, when the Taliban's Political Office opened there, with the assistance of the Qatari government. The office hosted senior Taliban diplomats; the head of the Political Office is a member of the Taliban's governing Leadership Council. From 2019 until the recapture of the country, Third Deputy Leader Abdul Ghani Baradar, a co-founder of the Taliban, was stationed in Qatar as the head of the Political Office. He negotiated and signed the United States–Taliban deal in Qatar, and arranged for the handover of Kabul with U.S. military leaders. Baradar returned to Afghanistan on 17 August 2021, and Suhail Shaheen took over the Political Office, which continues to serve as a diplomatic hub for the Taliban. The Taliban has since also been allowed to take over the Embassy of Afghanistan in Qatar. Acting Foreign Minister Amir Khan Muttaqi has made numerous visits to Qatar to meet with both Qatari and other world leaders, and has visited Qatar more than any other country.
  • Russia Russia has not recognized the Islamic Emirate as the lawful authority of Afghanistan.[30][31] Moscow has said that it hopes to develop ties with the Taliban, although it also says that it is in no rush to recognize them as the country's rulers.[21] On 16 August 2021, Dmitry Zhirnov, the Russian Ambassador to Afghanistan, praised the group and stated that "the situation is peaceful and good and everything has calmed down in the city. The situation in Kabul now under the Taliban is better than it was under Ashraf Ghani." Zhirnov met a Taliban representative on September 15 to discuss security for the embassy in Kabul, which remained open. On October 21, a day after hosting the Taliban for talks in Moscow, Vladimir Putin announced that Russia would “move in the direction” of delisting the Taliban as a terrorist group, although the president stressed that the UN Security Council should be the first to change the Taliban’s designation. Soon after, the Russian state news agency Rossiya Segodnya forbade its reporters from referring to the Taliban in published content as a terrorist organization that is banned in Russia.[32] This has happened before: In November 2018, management at RIA Novosti ordered staff not to mention in reporting about the Taliban that it is a banned terrorist organization in Russia. However, the Taliban are still on Russia’s federal list of banned terrorist organizations.[33] On 31 March 2022, the Russian Federation became one of the first countries to accept the diplomatic credentials of a Taliban-appointed envoy, although this is not equivalent to official recognition.[34]
  • Turkmenistan In March 2022, Turkmenistan accepted the credentials of the Taliban's appointee for chargé d'affaires to the Afghan Embassy in Ashgabat, Fazal Muhammad Sabir, without formally recognizing the Islamic Emirate. A ceremony held at the embassy was attended by Deputy Foreign Minister of Turkmenistan Wafa Khadzhiev.[35][36][37]
  • United Arab Emirates The UAE's embassy opened on 30 November 2021.[38] In December 2022, second deputy leader of Afghanistan and acting defense minister Mullah Yaqoob met with UAE President Mohammad bin Zayed Al Nahyan in Abu Dhabi. They discussed strengthening of relations.[39][40] In March 2023 Taliban opened Consulate-General in Dubai.[41]
  • Uzbekistan In August 2024, Prime Minister of Uzbekistan Abdulla Airpov made a working visit to Kabul, the highest-ranking foreign leader to do so since the Taliban retook power.[42] In October 2024, Oybek Usmonov, Uzbekistan's former deputy foreign minister and ambassador to Pakistan, was appointed as ambassador to Afghanistan.[43] The governments of Afghanistan and Uzbekistan have engaged in dialogue regarding the Qoshtepa Canal, which Uzbekistan worries may threaten its water security; President of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev stated, "it is imperative to form a joint working group to study all aspects of the construction of the Qosh Tepa Canal and its effect on the water regime of the Amu Darya.”[44]

Anti-Taliban

[edit]
  • Australia Then-Australian minister for foreign affairs Marise Payne said in 2021, "We make no premature commitments to engage with an Afghan administration that is Taliban led." Australia will support international efforts to maintain pressure on the Taliban and any future Afghan administration to meet its responsibilities to its people, its region and the wider world.[45]
  • Canada Prime Minister Justin Trudeau has stated that Canada will not recognize the Islamic Emirate as the legitimate government of Afghanistan and that the Taliban would remain a banned organization in Canada.[46]
  • Czech Republic Czech Foreign Minister Jakub Kulhánek stated that the Czech Republic will "by no means recognize the Taliban under any circumstances" but did not rule out dialogue with the group.[47][48]
  • France French Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian stated that France "refuses to recognize or have any type of relationship with this government".[49]
  • India The Indian Government does not recognize the country, but has said that they will help Afghanistan whenever required.[50]
  • Malaysia Malaysian Foreign Minister Saifuddin Abdullah has stated that Malaysia is undecided on whether to recognize the Taliban and will take a very cautious approach.[51]
  • Saudi Arabia In August 2021, Saudi Arabia evacuated all of its diplomats from its embassy in Kabul during the Taliban offensive. Although Saudi Arabia does not recognize the re-established Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, the Saudi embassy re-opened on 30 November 2021 to provide consular services to Afghan citizens.[52]
  • Spain In August 2021, Spanish Minister of Foreign Affairs José Manuel Albares announced that the country would not recognize the Taliban government "imposed by force", although they did not rule out the possibility of keeping "operational contact" with the Taliban government to continue with the evacuation procedure.[53][needs update]
  • Tajikistan In a September 2021 address to the United Nations General Assembly, President of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon criticized the Taliban for its "failure to deliver on its earlier promises to form a comprehensive government with the broad participation of Afghan political and ethnic forces."[54] While the Afghanistani consulate in Khorog is administered by the Taliban government, as of May 2024, the embassy in Dushanbe is led by the ambassador previously appointed by the former Islamic Republic.[55] Tajikistan has also sought to exclude the Taliban government from participating in regional organizations, such as the Shanghai Cooperation Organization.[56]
  • Turkey In September 2021, Foreign Minister Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu said Turkey was in no rush to recognize the Taliban government.[57] In March 2022, however, Çavuşoğlu has expressed the intention to internationally recognize the Islamic Emirate.[58]
  • United Kingdom Former British Prime Minister Boris Johnson has urged other countries not to recognize the Islamic Emirate as the legitimate government of Afghanistan.[59] Former Deputy Prime Minister Dominic Raab has stated that the UK "will not recognize the Taliban as the new government in Kabul" but will be willing to engage in direct communications with the group.[60]
  • United States Secretary of State Antony Blinken said in an interview that the United States will not recognize any government that harbors terrorist groups or does not uphold basic human rights.[61] The U.S. State Department later declined to say if the United States still recognized Ashraf Ghani as the president of Afghanistan.[62]

International organizations

[edit]
  • United Nations The United Nations has called for "the establishment, through inclusive negotiations, of a government that is united, inclusive and representative with the full, equal and meaningful participation of women".[63] Ghulam M. Isaczai, the Afghan representative to the United Nations, who was appointed by the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan, continued to represent the country at a meeting of the Security Council held on 16 August 2021.[64] The second Taliban government is not recognized by the United Nations, which instead continues to recognize the Islamic Republic as the country's legitimate government. On 1 December 2021, the nine-nation Credentials Committee of the General Assembly voted to defer a decision to allow the Taliban to represent Afghanistan at the UN.[65] On 22 December 2021, the UN adopted a resolution aimed at facilitating aid to Afghanistan.[66] On 15 February 2022, the UN released an updated list of member state officials with the names of Ghani administration officials removed.[67] In May 2024, the UN suspended Afghanistan's voting rights in the UN General Assembly over failure to pay the UN membership fees.[68]
  • European Union The European Union's HR/VP Josep Borrell stated that the EU "will have to get in touch with the authorities in Kabul, whatever they are. The Taliban have won the war, so we will have to talk with them" but that the EU had no plans to recognize the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.[69] On 23 January 2022, the EU's embassy officially opened following the meeting between Taliban officials and other European officials in Oslo.[70]
  • Most world sports governing bodies do not recognize the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan. Either the Taliban flag is banned from competition or athletes are forced to compete as neutral.

United Nations vote

[edit]

In November 2022, the United Nations passed resolution A/RES/77/10 titled "The situation in Afghanistan." The resolution condemns the Taliban government and urges non-recognition. 116 countries voted yes, the following 10 countries voted to abstain, and 67 did not vote. No countries voted against the resolution.[71]

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ "Why has China recognised Taliban's envoy to Beijing?".
  2. ^ https://www.reuters.com/world/asia-pacific/taliban-appoints-ambassador-uae-first-time-since-afghanistan-takeover-2024-08-22/ [bare URL]
  3. ^ Trofimov, Yaroslav (2021-09-13). "As Taliban Seek International Acceptance, Countries Seek to Engage—but Stop Short of Recognition". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2021-09-20.
  4. ^ O'Donnell, Lynne (29 September 2022). "Afghan Resistance Leaders See 'No Option' but War". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  5. ^ O'Donnell, Lynne (10 February 2022). "Former Afghan VP: 'We Will Resist Until Our Aim Is Achieved'". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  6. ^ Dawi, Akmal (20 December 2022). "Frustrated with the Taliban, US Officials Meet Anti-Taliban Figures". Voice of America. Retrieved 30 December 2022. The NRF has executed hit-and-run attacks against the Taliban in some parts of Afghanistan but has not been able to hold territory.
  7. ^ "Currently listed entities". Public Safety Canada. Retrieved 23 October 2014.
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  10. ^ "Астана намерена вычеркнуть «Талибан» из списка запрещённых в Казахстане организаций". Радио Азаттык (in Russian). Radio Free Europe. 29 December 2023. Retrieved 9 March 2024.
  11. ^ Guelke, Adrian (25 August 2006). Terrorism and Global Disorder – Adrian Guelke – Google Libros. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 9781850438038. Retrieved 15 August 2012.
  12. ^ Are Chechens in Afghanistan? – By Nabi Abdullaev, 14 December 2001 Moscow Times Archived 7 August 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ Kullberg, Anssi. "The Background of Chechen Independence Movement III: The Secular Movement". The Eurasian politician. 1 October 2003
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  33. ^ "Единый федеральный список организаций, в том числе иностранных и международных организаций, признанных в соответствии с законодательством Российской Федерации террористическими :: Федеральная Служба Безопасности".
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  37. ^ "IEA introduces caretaker ambassador to Turkmenistan". Ariana News. 17 March 2022. Retrieved 6 April 2022.
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  44. ^ "Uzbekistan pursues mediation with Afghanistan over Qosh Tepa canal". Eurasianet. 19 Oct 2023.
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  47. ^ "No Czech recognition for the Taliban". 13 September 2021.
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  50. ^ "Want good India-Afghanistan relations, says Taliban leader". Hindustan Times. 30 August 2021. Retrieved 12 September 2021.
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  52. ^ Lilian Wagdy (1 December 2021). "Saudi opens consular section of Kabul embassy as of Tuesday – state news agency". Reuters.
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  70. ^ Sidiqi, Khawaja Nasir Ahmad (23 January 2022). "EU embassy (opened)". Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  71. ^ “The Situation in Afghanistan :” United Nations, United Nations, https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/3993873?ln=en. Accessed 30 Sept. 2023.
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