Jump to content

International human rights law: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
AnomieBOT (talk | contribs)
Bots
6,486,574 edits
m Dating maintenance tags: {{Citation needed}}
←Replaced content with 'Hellro wooser ( i stuck in a chinese cookie factory'
Tag: blanking
Line 1: Line 1:
Hellro wooser ( i stuck in a chinese cookie factory
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2011}}
'''International human rights law''' refers to the body of [[international law]] designed to promote and protect [[human rights]] at the international, regional and domestic levels. As a form of international law, international human rights law is primarily made up of [[treaties]], agreements between [[Sovereign state|states]] intended to have binding legal effect between the parties that have agreed to them; and [[customary international law]], rules of law derived from the consistent conduct of states acting out of the belief that the law required them to act that way. Other [[international human rights instruments]] while not legally binding contribute to the implementation, understanding and development of international human rights law and have been recognised as a source of ''political'' obligation.<ref>Human rights, A very short introduction p42 – replace this with a better reference later</ref>

Enforcement of international human rights law can occur on either a domestic, a regional or an international level. States that ratify human rights treaties commit themselves to respecting those rights and ensuring that their domestic law is compatible with international legislation. When domestic law fails to provide a remedy for human rights abuses, parties may be able to resort to regional or international mechanisms for enforcing human rights.

International human rights law is closely related to, but distinct from [[international humanitarian law]]. They are closely related because the substantive norms they contain are often similar or related: Both provide, for example, a protection against [[torture]]. They are distinct because they are regulated by legally discrete frameworks, and usually operate in different contexts and regulate different relationships. Generally, human rights are understood to regulate the relationship between states and individuals in the context of ordinary life, while humanitarian law regulates the actions of a belligerent state and those parties with which it comes into contact, both hostile and neutral, within the context of an armed conflict.<ref>{{cite book |author=Provost, René |title=International human rights and humanitarian law |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge, UK |year=2002 |page=8 |isbn=0-511-04186-1 |oclc= }}</ref>

== Historical background ==
In primitive societies, organisation was based on communalism{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}}. The emergence of states saw the organisation and distribution of power based on law. With this came the growth of “rights” and evolving notions of what they constitute, and eventually the development of “human rights law.”{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}}

The emergence of the State is a crucial development in the evolution of human rights precisely because so many rights, if not most of them, are state-centred. The State is a bearer of duties in respect of individual persons, who

* depend on it for the protection of their rights;{{Citation needed|date=October 2013}} and
* are entitled to claim against it for violations of those rights.

Human rights law provides the tools and mechanisms with which these protections and claims may be realised.

== United Nations system ==
The [[General Assembly of the United Nations]] adopted the [[Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action]] in 1993, in terms of which the [[United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights]] was established.

In 2006, the [[United Nations Commission on Human Rights]] was replaced with the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] for the enforcement of international human rights law.

== International Bill of Human Rights ==
=== Universal Declaration of Human Rights ===
{{Main|Universal Declaration of Human Rights}}
The [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]] (UDHR) is a UN General Assembly declaration that does not in form create binding international human rights law. Many legal scholars cite the UDHR as evidence of customary international law.

More broadly, the UDHR has become an authoritative human rights reference. It has provided the basis for subsequent [[international human rights instruments]] that form binding international human rights law.

== International human rights treaties ==
{{Expand section|date=July 2008}}
Besides the adoption in 1966 of the two wide-ranging Covenants that form part of the [[International Bill of Human Rights]] (namely the [[International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights]] and the [[International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights]]), a number of other treaties have been adopted at the international level. These are generally known as ''human rights instruments''. Some of the most significant include the following:

* the [[Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide]] ('''CPCG''') (adopted 1948 and entered into force in 1951);
* the [[Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees]] ('''CSR''') (adopted in 1951 and entered into force in 1954);
* the [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination]] ('''CERD''') (adopted in 1965 and entered into force in 1969);<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20080530072459/http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/d_icerd.htm |title=OHCHR |publisher=Web.archive.org |date=30 May 2008 |accessdate=9 October 2011}}</ref>
* the [[Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women]] ('''CEDAW''') (entered into force in 1981);<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/index.html |title=Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women |publisher=United Nations |accessdate=9 October 2011}}</ref>
* the [[United Nations Convention Against Torture]] ('''CAT''') (adopted in 1984 and entered into force in 1987);<ref>{{cite web|url=http://web.archive.org/web/20080309145458/http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/h_cat39.htm |title=OHCHR |publisher=Web.archive.org |date=9 March 2008 |accessdate=9 October 2011}}</ref>
* the [[Convention on the Rights of the Child]] ('''CRC''') (adopted in 1989 and entered into force in 1990);<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.unicef.org/crc |title=Convention on the Rights of the Child |publisher=UNICEF |accessdate=9 October 2011}}</ref>
* the [[United Nations Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of Their Families|International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families]] ('''ICRMW''') (adopted in 1990 and entered into force in 2003);
* the [[Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities]]('''CRPD''') (entered into force on May 3, 2008);<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.un.org/disabilities/convention/conventionfull.shtml |title=Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities |publisher=United Nations |date=30 March 2007 |accessdate=9 October 2011}}</ref> and
* the [[International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance]] (adopted in 2006 and entered into force in 2010).

== Regional protection and institutions ==
Regional systems of international human rights law supplement and complement national and international human rights law by protecting and promoting human rights in specific areas of the world. There are three key regional human rights instruments which have established human rights law on a regional basis:

* the [[African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights]] for Africa of 1981, in force since 1986;
* the [[American Convention on Human Rights]] for the Americas of 1969, in force since 1978; and
* the [[European Convention on Human Rights]] for Europe of 1950, in force since 1953.

=== Americas and Europe ===
The [[Organisation of American States]] and the [[Council of Europe]], like the UN, have adopted treaties (albeit with weaker implementation mechanisms) containing catalogues of [[economic, social and cultural rights]], in addition to the aforementioned conventions dealing mostly with [[civil and political rights]]:

* the [[European Social Charter]] for Europe of 1961, in force since 1965 (whose complaints mechanism, created in 1995 under an Additional Protocol, has been in force since 1998); and
* the Protocol of San Salvador to the ACHR for the Americas of 1988, in force since 1999.

===Africa ===
{{Main|Human rights in Africa}}
The [[African Union]] (AU) is a supranational union consisting of 53 African states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/memberstates/map.htm|title=AU Member States|publisher=African Union|accessdate=3 January 2008}}</ref> Established in 2001, the AU's purpose is to help secure Africa's democracy, human rights, and a sustainable economy, in particular by bringing an end to intra-African conflict and creating an effective common market.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/AboutAu/au_in_a_nutshell_en.htm|title=AU in a Nutshell|accessdate=3 January 2008}}</ref>

The [[African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights]] is the region's principal human rights instrument. It emerged under the aegis of the [[Organisation of African Unity]] (OAU) (since replaced by the [[African Union]]). The intention to draw up the [[African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights]] was announced in 1979. The Charter was unanimously approved at the OAU's 1981 Assembly.

Pursuant to Article 63 (whereby it was to "come into force three months after the reception by the Secretary General of the instruments of ratification or adherence of a simple majority" of the OAU's member states), the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights came into effect on October 21, 1986, in honour of which October 21 was declared [[African Human Rights Day]].<ref>[[African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights]].</ref>

The [[African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights]] (ACHPR) is a quasi-judicial organ of the [[African Union]], tasked with promoting and protecting human rights and collective (peoples') rights throughout the African continent, as well as with interpreting the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, and considering individual complaints of violations of the Charter. The Commission has three broad areas of responsibility:<ref name=mandate>{{cite web|url=http://www.achpr.org/english/_info/mandate_en.html|title=Mandate of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights|accessdate=3 January 2008}}</ref>

# promoting human and peoples' rights;
# protecting human and peoples' rights; and
# interpreting the [[African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights]].

In pursuit of these goals, the Commission is mandated to "collect documents, undertake studies and researches on African problems in the field of human and peoples' rights, organise seminars, symposia and conferences, disseminate information, encourage national and local institutions concerned with human and peoples' rights and, should the case arise, give its views or make recommendations to governments."<ref>Art. 45.</ref><ref name=mandate/>

With the creation of the [[African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights]] (under a protocol to the Charter which was adopted in 1998 and entered into force in January 2004), the Commission will have the additional task of preparing cases for submission to the Court's jurisdiction.<ref name=court>{{cite web|url=http://www.achpr.org/english/_info/court_en.html|title=Protocol to the African Charter on human and peoples' rights on the establishment of an African court on human and peoples' rights|accessdate=3 January 2008}}</ref> In a July 2004 decision, the AU Assembly resolved that the future Court on Human and Peoples' Rights would be integrated with the African Court of Justice.

The [[African Court of Justice|Court of Justice of the African Union]] is intended to be the “principal judicial organ of the Union.”<ref>Protocol of the Court of Justice of the African Union, Article 2.2.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.africa-union.org/official_documents/Treaties_%20Conventions_%20Protocols/Protocol%20to%20the%20African%20Court%20of%20Justice%20-%20Maputo.pdf|title=Protocol of the Court of Justice of the African Union|publisher=African Union|format=PDF}}</ref> Although it has not yet been established, it is intended to take over the duties of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, as well as to act as the supreme court of the African Union, interpreting all necessary laws and treaties. The Protocol establishing the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights entered into force in January 2004,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amnesty.org/en/alfresco_asset/dc501e2c-a5f9-11dc-bc7d-3fb9ac69fcbb/ior630082004en.pdf|title=Open Letter to the Chairman of the African Union (AU) seeking clarifications and assurances that the Establishment of an effective African Court on Human and Peoples’ Rights will not be delayed or undermined|publisher=Amnesty International|date=5 August 2004|format=PDF}}</ref> but its merging with the Court of Justice has delayed its establishment. The Protocol establishing the Court of Justice will come into force when ratified by fifteen countries.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=African International Courts and Tribunals|url=http://www.aict-ctia.org/courts_conti/acj/acj_home.html|title=African Court of Justice|accessdate=3 January 2008}}</ref>

There are many countries in Africa accused of human rights violations by the international community and NGOs.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hrw.org/doc/?t=africa|title=Human Rights Watch Africa|accessdate=3 January 2008}}</ref>

=== Inter-American system ===
{{See also|Human rights in North America|Human rights in South America}}
The [[Organization of American States]] (OAS) is an international organization, headquartered in Washington, DC. Its members are the thirty-five independent states of the Americas.

Over the course of the 1990s, with the end of the [[Cold War]], the return to democracy in Latin America,{{Citation needed|date=April 2008}} and the thrust toward [[globalisation]], the OAS made major efforts to reinvent itself to fit the new context. Its stated priorities now include the following:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oas.org/key_issues/eng/default.asp|title=OAS Key Issues|accessdate=3 January 2008}}</ref>

* strengthening democracy;
* working for peace;
* protecting human rights;
* combating corruption;
* the rights of indigenous peoples; and
* promoting sustainable development.

The [[Inter-American Commission on Human Rights]] (IACHR) is an autonomous organ of the [[Organization of American States]], also based in Washington, D.C. Along with the [[Inter-American Court of Human Rights]], based in [[San José, Costa Rica|San José]], Costa Rica, it is one of the bodies that comprise the inter-American system for the promotion and protection of human rights.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.oas.org/documents/eng/biographies.asp?group=hhrr|publisher=Organization of American States|title=Directory of OAS Authorities|accessdate=3 January 2008}}</ref> The IACHR is a permanent body which meets in regular and special sessions several times a year to examine allegations of human rights violations in the hemisphere. Its human rights duties stem from three documents:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cidh.oas.org/what.htm|title=What is the IACHR?|publisher=Inter-American Commission on Human Rights|accessdate=3 January 2008}}</ref>

# the [[Charter of the Organization of American States|OAS Charter]];
# the [[American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man]]; and
# the [[American Convention on Human Rights]].

The Inter-American Court of Human Rights was established in 1979 with the purpose of enforcing and interpreting the provisions of the American Convention on Human Rights. Its two main functions are therefore adjudicatory and advisory:

* Under the former, it hears and rules on the specific cases of human rights violations referred to it.
* Under the latter, it issues opinions on matters of legal interpretation brought to its attention by other OAS bodies or member states.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.corteidh.or.cr/index.cfm?CFID=25331&CFTOKEN=36922058|title=Inter-American Court on Human Rights homepage|publisher=Inter-American Court on Human Rights|accessdate=3 January 2008}}</ref>

Many countries in the Americas, including Colombia, Cuba, Mexico and Venezuela,{{fact|date=June 2013}} have been accused of human rights violations.

=== European system ===
{{Main|Human rights in Europe}}
The [[Council of Europe]], founded in 1949, is the oldest organisation working for European integration. It is an international organisation with legal personality recognised under public international law, and has observer status at the United Nations. The seat of the Council is in [[Strasbourg]] in France.

The Council of Europe is responsible for both the [[European Convention on Human Rights]] and the [[European Court of Human Rights]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite web|url=http://who.int/reproductive-health/gender/index.html |title=Gender and reproductive rights home page |publisher=Who.int |accessdate=29 August 2010}}</ref> These institutions bind the Council's members to a code of human rights which, although strict, is more lenient than that of the UN Charter on human rights.{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}}

The Council also promotes the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]] and the [[European Social Charter]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coe.int/T/E/Human_Rights/Esc/|title=Social Charter|publisher=Council of Europe|accessdate=4 January 2008}}</ref> Membership is open to all European states which seek [[European integration]], accept the principle of the [[rule of law]], and are able and willing to guarantee democracy, fundamental human rights and [[freedom (political)|freedoms]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coe.int/T/e/Com/about_coe/|archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20080109045152/http://www.coe.int/T/e/Com/about_coe/|archivedate=9 January 2008|title=The Council of Europe in Brief|accessdate=4 January 2008}}</ref>

The Council of Europe is separate from the [[European Union]], but the latter is expected to accede to the [[European Convention on Human Rights]]. The Council includes all the member states of European Union. The EU also has a separate human rights document, the [[Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gouvernement.lu/salle_presse/actualite/2006/04/11conseil_europe/english_mod.pdf|title=Council of Europe – European Union: "A sole ambition for the European Continent"|author=Juncker, Jean-Claude|date=11 April 2006|publisher=Council of Europe|accessdate=4 January 2008|format=PDF}}</ref>

The [[European Convention on Human Rights]] has since 1950 defined and guaranteed human rights and fundamental freedoms in Europe.<ref name=EUCourt>{{cite web|url=http://www.echr.coe.int/ECHR/EN/Header/The+Court/The+Court/History+of+the+Court/|title=Historical Background to the European Court of Human Rights|publisher=European Court of Human Rights|accessdate=4 January 2008 |archiveurl =http://web.archive.org/web/20071222001646/http://www.echr.coe.int/ECHR/EN/Header/The+Court/The+Court/History+of+the+Court/ |archivedate = 22 December 2007}}</ref> All 47 member states of the Council of Europe have signed this Convention, and are therefore under the jurisdiction of the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg.<ref name=EUCourt/> In order to prevent torture and inhuman or degrading treatment,<ref>Article 3 of the Convention.</ref><ref>[[European Convention for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment]].</ref> the [[Committee for the Prevention of Torture]] was established.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cpt.coe.int/en/about.htm|title=About the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture|publisher=European Committee for the Prevention of Torture|accessdate=4 January 2008}}</ref>

The Council of Europe also adopted the [[Convention on Action against Trafficking in Human Beings]] in May 2005, for protection against [[human trafficking]] and [[Sexual slavery|sexual exploitation]], and the [[Convention on preventing and combating violence against women and domestic violence]] in May 2011.

The [[European Court of Human Rights]] is the only international court with jurisdiction to deal with cases brought by individuals rather than states.<ref name=EUCourt/> In early 2010, the court had a backlog of over 120,000 cases and a multi-year waiting list.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.law.virginia.edu/html/news/2008_spr/roucounas.htm |title=Virginia Law |publisher=Law.virginia.edu |date=24 March 2008|accessdate=29 August 2010}}</ref><ref>[[BBC]] article [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/country_profiles/4789300.stm]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/Push_for_reform_of_backlogged_rights_court.html?cid=8314824 |title=Swiss info article|publisher=Swissinfo.ch |accessdate=29 August 2010}}</ref> About one out of every twenty cases submitted to the court is considered admissible.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2009/apr/11/european-court-of-human-rights |title=The Guardian|work=The Guardian |location=UK |date=16 July 2008 |accessdate=29 August 2010}}</ref> In 2007, the court issued 1,503 verdicts. At the current rate of proceedings, it would take 46 years for the backlog to clear.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.breakingnews.ie/archives/2008/0123/world/human-rights-cases-have-46-year-backlog-in-eu-345706.html |title=Breaking news, Ireland |publisher=Breakingnews.ie |date=23 January 2008 |accessdate=29 August 2010}}</ref>

== Monitoring, implementation and enforcement ==
{{Expand section|date=July 2008}}
There is currently no international court to administer international human rights law, but quasi-judicial bodies exist under some UN treaties (like the [[Human Rights Committee]] under the ICCPR). The [[International Criminal Court]] (ICC) has jurisdiction over the crime of [[genocide]], [[war crimes]] and [[crimes against humanity]]. The [[European Court of Human Rights]] and the [[Inter-American Court of Human Rights]] enforce regional human rights law.

Although these same international bodies also hold jurisdiction over cases regarding international humanitarian law, it is crucial to recognise, as discussed above, that the two frameworks constitute different legal regimes.<ref>The Program for Humanitarian Policy and Conflict Research, "Brief Primer on IHL" Accessed at http://wiki.riteme.site/wiki/International_humanitarian_law#Two_Historical_Streams:_The_Law_of_Geneva_and_The_Law_of_The_Hague</ref>

The United Nations human rights bodies do have some quasi-legal enforcement mechanisms. These include the treaty bodies attached to the seven currently active treaties, and the [[United Nations Human Rights Council]] complaints procedures, with [[Universal Periodic Review]] and [[United Nations Special Rapporteur]] (known as the 1235 and 1503 mechanisms respectively).<ref>{{cite web
|last = OHCHR
|title = Human Rights Council Complaint Procedure
|url = http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/chr/complaints.htm
|accessdate = 6 February 2009 }}</ref>

The enforcement of international human rights law is the responsibility of the [[nation state]]; it is the primary responsibility of the State to make the human rights of its citizens a reality.

In practice, many human rights are difficult to enforce legally, due to the absence of consensus on the application of certain rights, the lack of relevant national legislation or of bodies empowered to take legal action to enforce them.<ref>See, REDRESS, [http://www.redress.org/downloads/publications/master_enforcement%2030%20May%202006.pdf Enforcement of Awards for Victims of Torture and Other International Crimes] May, 2006</ref>

In over 110 countries, [[national human rights institutions]] (NHRIs) have been set up to protect, promote or monitor human rights with jurisdiction in a given country.<ref>[http://www.nhri.net/ National Human Rights Institutions Forum] is the official portal for the National Human Rights Institutions and show a list of 119 institutions that can be found at [http://www.nhri.net/nationaldatalist.asp]</ref> Although not all NHRIs are compliant with the Paris Principles,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nhri.net/2007/List_Accredited_NIs_Nov_2007.pdf|format=PDF|title=Chart of the Status of National Institutions|publisher=National Human Rights Institutions Forum|quote=ACCREDITED BY THE INTERNATIONAL COORDINATING COMMITTEE OF NATIONAL INSTITUTIONS FOR THE PROMOTION AND PROTECTION OF HUMAN RIGHTS<br>In accordance with the Paris Principles and the ICC Sub-Committee Rules of Procedure, the following classifications for accreditation are used by the ICC: A: Compliance with the Paris Principles;<br>A(R): Accreditation with reserve – granted where insufficient documentation is submitted to confer A status;<br>B: Observer Status – Not fully in compliance with the Paris Principles or insufficient information provided to make a determination;<br>C: Non-compliant with the Paris Principles.|month=November | year=2007|accessdate=6 January 2008}}</ref> the number and effect of these institutions is increasing.<ref>[http://www.huridocs.org/ HURIDOCS] has developed extensive methodologies for monitoring and documenting human rights violations, and more resources can be found at [http://www.huridocs.org/research-development/ Human Rights Tools]</ref>

The [[Paris Principles]] were defined at the first International Workshop on National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights in Paris from October 7 to 9, 1991, and adopted by UN Human Rights Commission Resolution 1992/54 of 1992 and General Assembly Resolution 48/134 of 1993. The Paris Principles list a number of responsibilities for national institutions.<ref>National Human Rights Institutions – Implementing Human Rights", Executive Director Morten Kjærum, The Danish Institute for Human Rights, 2003. ISBN 87-90744-72-1, page 6.</ref>

=== Universal jurisdiction ===
{{Main|universal jurisdiction}}
[[Universal jurisdiction]] is a controversial principle in international law, whereby states claim criminal jurisdiction over persons whose alleged crimes were committed outside the boundaries of the prosecuting state, regardless of nationality, country of residence or any other relationship to the prosecuting country. The state backs its claim on the grounds that the crime committed is considered a crime against all, which any state is authorised to punish. The concept of universal jurisdiction is therefore closely linked to the idea that certain international norms are ''[[erga omnes]]'', or owed to the entire world community, as well as the concept of ''[[jus cogens]]''.

In 1993, [[Belgium]] passed a "law of universal jurisdiction" to give its courts jurisdiction over crimes against humanity in other countries. In 1998, [[Augusto Pinochet]] was arrested in London following an indictment by Spanish judge [[Baltasar Garzón]] under the universal-jurisdiction principle.<ref>Ball, Gready (2007) p.70</ref>

The principle is supported by [[Amnesty International]] and other [[List of human rights organisations|human rights organisations]], which believe that certain crimes pose a threat to the international community as a whole, and that the community has a moral duty to act.

Others, like [[Henry Kissinger]],<ref>Kissinger has himself been subject to calls for prosecution under universal jurisdiction. See Hitchens, Christopher, and David Rieff. "[http://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/pinochet-milosevic-henry-kissinger-christopher-hitchens/]." ''Prospect'', 28 June 2001 (accessed 2013/06/11); Hitchens, Christopher. ''The Trial of Henry Kissinger''. London: Verso, 2001.</ref> argue that "widespread agreement that human rights violations and crimes against humanity must be prosecuted has hindered active consideration of the proper role of international courts. Universal jurisdiction risks creating universal tyranny—that of judges".<ref>{{cite journal|title=The Pitfall of Universal Jurisdiction|journal=Foreign Affairs|author=Kissinger, Henry|date=July/August 2001|url=http://www.foreignaffairs.org/20010701faessay4996/henry-a-kissinger/the-pitfalls-of-universal-jurisdiction.html}}</ref>

== Substantive Rights ==
{{Empty section|date=December 2012}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|Human rights}}
*[[Crimes against humanity]]
*[[Customary international law]]
*[[Genocide]]
*[[Human rights]]
*[[Rule of Law in Armed Conflicts Project (RULAC)]]
*[[International Criminal Court]]
*[[International law]]
*[[International humanitarian law]]
*[[International human rights instruments]]
*[[Legal certainty]]
*[[Refugee law]]
*[[Rule of law]]
*[[Rule According to Higher Law]]
*[[War crime]]s
*[[Natural law]]
*[[Natural and legal rights]]
*[[Jus gentium]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
*[http://www.ohchr.org/ UNHCHR]
*[http://www.un.org/ Official United Nations website]
*[http://www.un.org/rights Official UN website on Human Rights]
*[http://www.un.org/law Official UN website on International Law]
*[http://www.icj-cij.org/ Official website of the International Court of Justice]
*[http://www.ijrcenter.org/ International Justice Resource Center – comprehensive online resources and news]

{{International human rights legal instruments}}
{{Articles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights}}
{{law}}

[[Category:Human rights instruments]]
[[Category:Human rights]]
[[Category:International law]]
[[Category:Human rights legislation| ]]
[[Category:Sociocultural globalization]]

Revision as of 19:20, 7 October 2013

Hellro wooser ( i stuck in a chinese cookie factory

Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=International_human_rights_law&oldid=576182727"