Assadist–Saddamist conflict
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The Assadist–Saddamist conflict, also known as the Ba'ath Party intraconflict, was a conflict between the Assadist Syrian-led Ba'ath Party and its subgroups, loyal to Ba'athist Syria, and the Saddamist Iraqi-led Ba'ath Party and its subgroups, loyal to Ba'athist Iraq.
Nonetheless, both factions demonstrate shared traits, including autocratic rule, oppression, limitations on freedoms, power monopolization, electoral fraud, and responsibility for extensive suffering in both nations and the wider region.[11][12]
History
[edit]The conflict emerged after the Ba'ath Party split into two factions, that of Syria and that of Iraq, following the 1966 Syrian coup d'état where Michel Aflaq and Salah al-Din al-Bitar were overthrown by Hafez al-Assad and Salah Jadid. In the 1970s, the two Ba'athist parties managed to reconcile, although the conflict erupted again as a result of the 1979 Ba'ath Party Purge in Iraq.[13][14]
In 1980, when Saddam Hussein invaded Iran, leading to the Iran-Iraq war, the Syrian Ba'ath chose to ally with Iran. This began a Syrian Ba'athist alliance with Shia Islamists, and an Iraqi Ba'athist alliance with the West and Sunni Islamists. Despite the Ba'ath Party as a whole claiming to be secular, the conflict is partially rooted in sectarianism as the Iraqi Ba'ath party was led by Sunnis, while the Syrian Ba'ath party was led by Alawites.[15] The Iraqi Ba'ath Party supported the Muslim Brotherhood in their revolt against the Syrian Ba'ath.[16]
During U.S. Middle East envoy Donald Rumsfeld's visit to Iraq in 1983, Saddam Hussein gave him a videotape. The video was allegedly filmed in Syria, and showed Hafez al-Assad overseeing Syrian troops strangling and stabbing puppies to death, and a line of young women biting off the heads of snakes. The video appeared to have been edited, with various clips of Assad applauding spliced in to suggest he was present. Rumsfeld would later write that he was sceptical of the video's authenticity, speculating that Saddam was using the video as a means to paint the Assad regime as barbaric and convince the U.S. to take Iraq's side in a potential conflict.[17][18] The video was later released by Rumsfeld via his "The Rumsfeld Papers" website in 2011.[19]
In 1990, Iraq invaded Kuwait. After United Nations Security Council authorization, Syria joined the coalition that liberated Kuwait from Iraqi occupation in the 1991 Gulf War. Syria broke relations after Iraq invaded Kuwait in 1990 and joined other Arab states in sending military forces to the coalition that forced Iraq out of Kuwait. However by 1997, Syrian president Hafez al-Assad began reestablishing relations with Iraqi president Saddam Hussein.[20] Hafez died in 2000 and Iraq sent Vice President Taha Muhie-eldin Marouf to attend the state funeral. The ascendance of Bashar al-Assad in 2000 boosted this process.[21] Under Bashar, Syria ignored the sanctions against Iraq and assisted Iraq to illegally import oil.[22]
In 2003, the United States invaded Iraq and removed the Saddamists from power, leaving the Syrian Arab Republic as the only remaining Ba'athist state, until a 2024 offensive by the Syrian opposition which ousted the Ba'athist regime from power.
In 2024 after collapse of Bashar al-Assad regime, Khamenei stated Iranian support to support the regime in 2013 was a response to Hafez al-Assad's support during the Iran–Iraq War years war by blocking transit of 1 million barrel of oil through the Mediterranean sea. [23]
See also
[edit]- Arab Cold War
- Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict
- Iraq–Syria relations
- Shia–Sunni conflict
- Sino-Soviet split
References
[edit]- ^ Karsh, Efraim (1989). The Iran–Iraq War: Impact and Implications. Springer. ISBN 978-1349200504.
- ^ El-Azhary, M. S. (23 May 2012). The Iran–Iraq War (RLE Iran A). Routledge. ISBN 978-1136841750.
- ^ Razoux, Pierre (2015). The Iran–Iraq War. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674088634.
- ^ "The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood". Cablegate. 26 February 1985. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
- ^ Ephraim Kahana; Muhammad Suwaed (2009). The A to Z of Middle Eastern Intelligence. Scarecrow Press. p. 208. ISBN 978-0-8108-7070-3.
- ^ Timmerman, Kenneth R. (1992). The Death Lobby: How the West Armed Iraq. London: Fourth Estate. ISBN 978-1857020311.
- ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2017-01-22. Retrieved 2019-11-01.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) - ^ "Iraqi Scientist Reports on German, Other Help for Iraq Chemical Weapons Program". fas.org. Retrieved 2021-03-16.
- ^ The Research Unit for Political Economy. "The Iran-Iraq War: Serving American Interests". History of Iran. Iran Chamber Society. Archived from the original on 2013-01-03. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
- ^ Hendelman-Baavur, Liora (20 May 2009). "Iran-Egypt Relations". Iran Almanac. Archived from the original on 2016-10-09. Retrieved 7 November 2012.
- ^ "Saddam To Assad, The Ba'ath Party's Brutal Slant On Arab Power Is Finally Over - Worldcrunch". worldcrunch.com.
- ^ [1]
- ^ Batatu, Hanna (1999). Syria's Peasantry, the Descendants of Its Lesser Rural Notables, and Their Politics. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-00254-1.
- ^ Ehteshami, Anoushiravan; Hinnebusch, Raymond A. (2002). Syria and Iran: Middle Powers in a Penetrated Regional System. New York, USA: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-15675-0.
- ^ Nasr, Vali, The Shia Revival (Norton), 2006, p.154
- ^ "The Syrian Muslim Brotherhood". Cablegate. 26 February 1985. Archived from the original on 8 May 2014. Retrieved 12 July 2013.
- ^ Rumsfeld, Donald (2011). Known and Unknown: A Memoir. Sentinel. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-1-59523-067-6.
- ^ Reeve, Elspeth (8 March 2011). "Rumsfeld Releases a Puppy Snuff Film from Saddam". The Atlantic. Retrieved 15 December 2024.
- ^ "New Video Released: Middle East Envoy". The Rumsfeld Papers. 8 March 2011. Archived from the original on 5 November 2011. Retrieved 15 December 2024.
- ^ Mansour & Thompson 2020, p. 118.
- ^ Mansour & Thompson 2020, p. 117.
- ^ Harris 2012, p. 267.
- ^ "statement after Asad's fall". khameneir. Retrieved 12 December 2024.
Bibliography
[edit]- Harris, William W. (2012). Lebanon: A History, 600-2011. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780190217839.
- Mansour, Imad; Thompson, William R. (2020). Shocks and Rivalries in the Middle East and North Africa. Georgetown University Press. ISBN 9781626167681.