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List of South-West Indian Ocean intense tropical cyclones

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"List of intense tropical cyclones" redirects here. For the list of the strongest cyclones, see List of the most intense tropical cyclones.
Cyclone Chido at peak intensity on 17 November 2024

Intense tropical cyclone is the second-highest classification used within the South-West Indian Ocean to classify tropical cyclones with and are amongst the strongest tropical cyclones that can form on Earth. A total of 101 tropical cyclones have peaked as an intense tropical cyclone while in the South-West Indian Ocean, which is denoted as the part of the Indian Ocean to the south of the equator and to the west of 90°E. The most recent intense tropical cyclone was Cyclone Chido of the 2024–25 season.

Background

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The South-West Indian Ocean tropical cyclone basin is located to the south of the Equator between Africa and 90°E.[1] The basin is officially monitored by Météo-France's tropical cyclone centre on the island of Reunion (MFR, RSMC La Réunion). In addition, the Mauritius Meteorological Service and the Madagascan Direction Generale de la Meteorologie are classified as subregional tropical cyclone advisory centres and are responsible for monitoring and naming tropical cyclones in consultation with RSMC La Réunion.[1] Other meteorological services such as the Australian Bureau of Meteorology, Mauritius Meteorological Service as well as the United States Joint Typhoon Warning Center also monitor the basin.[1] Within the basin an intense tropical cyclone is a tropical cyclone that has 10-minute mean maximum sustained wind speeds between 90–115 knots (165–215 km/h; 105–130 mph).[1]

Systems

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Name Duration Peak intensity Areas affected Damage
(USD) 		Deaths Refs
Wind speed Pressure
Deidre–Delinda December 26, 1973 – January 4, 1974 205 km/h (125 mph) 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) None None None [2]
Blandine January 6 – 12, 1975 175 km/h (110 mph) 980 hPa (28.94 inHg) None None None [3]
Robyn–Deborah December 26, 1973 – January 4, 1974 205 km/h (125 mph) 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) None None None [3]
Aurore November 21, 1977 165 km/h (105 mph) 927 hPa (27.37 inHg) No land areas None None [4]
Celine February 9–10, 1979 165 km/h (105 mph) 927 hPa (27.37 inHg) Mauritius, Reunion, Rodrigues None Unknown [5][6]
Idylle April 7–13, 1979 175 km/h (110 mph) 927 hPa (27.37 inHg) Western Australia None Minor [7][8]
Albine November 30, 1979 175 km/h (110 mph) 960 hPa (28.35 inHg) No land areas None None [9]
Viola–Claudette December 15–19, 1979 205 km/h (125 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) St. Brandon, Mauritius, Réunion 5 $175 million [10][11][12][13]
Chris–Damia January 9–16, 1982 215 km/h (130 mph) 898 hPa (26.52 inHg) Rodrigues, Mauritius 0 $650,000 [14][15]
Karla April 30 – May 2, 1982 165 km/h (105 mph) 927 hPa (27.37 inHg) No land areas None None [16]
Andry December 9–12, 1983 165 km/h (105 mph) 927 hPa (27.37 inHg) Agaléga, Madagascar 1 Extensive [17][18][19]
Bakoly December 23, 1983 165 km/h (105 mph) 927 hPa (27.37 inHg) Mauritius, Réunion None $21 million [20]
Jaminy February 16–17, 1984 165 km/h (105 mph) 927 hPa (27.37 inHg) No land areas None None [21]
Kamisy April 8, 1984 165 km/h (105 mph) 927 hPa (27.37 inHg) Madagascar, Comoros, Mayotte, Seychelles 69 $250 million [22]
Erinesta February 4–5, 1986 165 km/h (105 mph) 927 hPa (27.37 inHg) Tromelin Island, Madagascar, Réunion None None [23]
Gasitao March 20, 1988 165 km/h (105 mph) 927 hPa (27.37 inHg) No land areas None None [24][25]
Walter–Gregoara March 17–18, 1990 165 km/h (105 mph) 927 hPa (27.37 inHg) No land areas None None [26]
Harriet–Heather March 2–3, 1992 175 km/h (110 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) No land areas None None [27]
Edwina March 2–3, 1993 165 km/h (105 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Rodrigues, Mauritius, Réunion None None [28]
Jourdanne April 6–7, 1993 175 km/h (110 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) No land areas None None [29]
Geralda January 30 –
February 2, 1994		 205 km/h (125 mph) 905 hPa (26.72 inHg) Madagascar 231 10 million [30][31]
Litanne March 11, 1994 195 km/h (120 mph) 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) St. Brandon, Madagascar 0 None [32]
Nadia March 22, 1994 165 km/h (105 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Madagascar, Comoros, Mayotte, Mozambique, Malawi 252 $20.2 million [33][34][35]
Odille April 11–12, 1994 165 km/h (105 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) St. Brandon, Rodrigues None Unknown [36]
Albertine November 28–29, 1994 165 km/h (105 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Diego Garcia, Rodrigues None Unknown [37]
Dorina January 21–22, 1995 165 km/h (105 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Rodrigues 0 None [38]
Marlene April 3–4, 1995 185 km/h (115 mph) 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) No land areas None None [39]
Daryl–Agnielle November 20–21, 1995 165 km/h (105 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) No land areas None None [40]
Bonita January 8–9, 1996 185 km/h (115 mph) 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) Madagascar, Mozambique
Zimbabwe, Zambia, Angola		 42 Unknown [41][42][43][44]
Itelle April 12–14, 1996 165 km/h (105 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) No land areas None None [45]
Melanie–Bellamine November 4–5, 1996 165 km/h (105 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) No land areas None None [46]
Daniella December 5–7, 1996 185 km/h (115 mph) 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Mauritius, Réunion 3 Unknown [47][48][49][50]
Davina March 7–8, 1999 175 km/h (110 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Rodrigues, Mauritius, Réunion 2 Minor [51][52][53][54]
Frederic–Evrina April 1, 1999 165 km/h (105 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) No land areas None None [55]
Connie January 27–29, 2000 185 km/h (115 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Mauritius, Réunion, Mozambique 3 None [56][57][58][59]
Leon–Eline February 17 & 22, 2000 185 km/h (115 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Madagascar, Mozambique 114-722 $309 million [60][61][34][62][63][64]
Ando January 5–7, 2001 195 km/h (120 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Seychelles, Mauritius, Réunion 2 None [65][66][67][68]
Charly January 22–23, 2001 185 km/h (115 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Rodrigues, Mauritius, Réunion 0 None [66][68][69]
Dina January 19–23, 2002 215 km/h (130 mph) 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) Mauritius, Réunion 15 $287 million [70][71][72][73][74][75]
Francesca February 4–5, 2002 195 km/h (120 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) No land areas None None [76]
Guillaume February 18–21, 2002 205 km/h (125 mph) 920 hPa (27.17 inHg) Madagascar, Comoros
Mauritius, Réunion		 0 Unknown [71][77]
Ikala March 27, 2002 175 km/h (110 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) No land areas None None [78]
Gerry February 13, 2003 175 km/h (110 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Mauritius, Réunion 1 Unknown [79][80][81][82]
Japhet March 1, 2003 165 km/h (105 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Mozambique, Zambia, Zimbabwe 25 Unknown [83][80][84][85][86]
Kalunde March 7–11, 2003 215 km/h (135 mph) 910 hPa (26.87 inHg) Rodrigues None $3.15 million [87][88][89]
Beni November 13, 2003 165 km/h (105 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Mascarene Islands 0 None [90]
Frank January 30–31, 2004 185 km/h (115 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) No land areas None None [91]
Bento November 23–25, 2004 215 km/h (130 mph) 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) No land areas None None [92]
Ernest January 22, 2005 175 km/h (110 mph) 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) Mayotte, Madagascar 78 Unknown [93]
Bertie–Alvin November 24, 2005 165 km/h (105 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) No land areas None None [94]
Carina February 27 – March 1, 2006 205 km/h (125 mph) 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) No land areas None None [95]
Bondo December 19–21, 2006 205 km/h (125 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Madagascar, Mozambique 11 None [96][97][98][99]
Dora February 2–4, 2007 195 km/h (120 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Rodrigues 0 None [100][101]
Favio February 20–22, 2007 195 km/h (120 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Mozambique, Madagascar 10 $71 million [102][103][101][97][104][105]
Gamede February 25–26, 2007 175 km/h (110 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Mascarene Islands 4 [106][97][107][108][109][110]
Indlala March 14–15, 2007 165 km/h (105 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Madagascar 150 $240 million [111][112][113][114]
Jaya March 31 – April 2, 2007 185 km/h (115 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Madagascar 1 None [115]
Hondo February 6–10, 2008 215 km/h (130 mph) 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) Mauritius, Réunion 0 Minimal [116]
Ivan February 16–17, 2008 185 km/h (115 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Madagascar 93 $300 million [117]
Jokwe March 7–8, 2008 195 km/h (120 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Madagascar, Mozambique 16 $80 million [118]
Kamba March 10, 2008 185 km/h (115 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) No land areas None None [119]
Fanele January 20–21, 2009 185 km/h (115 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Madagascar 2 None [120]
Gael February 6–8, 2009 185 km/h (115 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Madagascar 2 None [121][122][123]
Anja November 15–16, 2009 175 km/h (110 mph) 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) No land areas None None [124]
Cleo December 8, 2009 195 km/h (120 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) No land areas None None [124]
Gelane February 19–20, 2010 205 km/h (125 mph) 930 hPa (27.46 inHg) Réunion, Mauritius, Rodrigues, Madagascar None None [125]
Funso January 23–25, 2012 205 km/h (125 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) Mozambique, Malawi 40 Unknown [126][127][128]
Giovanna February 10–11, 2012 195 km/h (120 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Mauritius, Réunion, Madagascar 35 Unknown [129]
Anais October 14–15, 2012 185 km/h (115 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) Madagascar None None [130]
Claudia December 6–10, 2012 165 km/h (105 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) No land areas None None [131]
Felleng January 30, 2013 175 km/h (110 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Seychelles, Madagascar, Mauritius, Réunion 9 Unknown [132]
Amara December 19–21, 2013 205 km/h (125 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Rodrigues None None [133]
Bejisa December 30–31, 2013 165 km/h (105 mph) 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) Seychelles, Réunion, Mauritius 1 $89.2 million [134]
Colin January 11–12, 2014 205 km/h (125 mph) 915 hPa (27.02 inHg) No land areas None None [135]
Kate December 30, 2014 175 km/h (110 mph) 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) No land areas None None [136]
Uriah February 17–18, 2016 205 km/h (125 mph) 925 hPa (27.32 inHg) No land areas None None [137]
Emeraude March 17, 2016 205 km/h (125 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) No land areas None None [138]
Enawo March 6–7, 2017 205 km/h (125 mph) 932 hPa (27.52 inHg) Madagascar, Réunion 96 $50 million [139]
Berguitta January 15, 2018 175 km/h (110 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Mauritius, Réunion 1 $26.5 million [140][141][142][143][144]
Cebile January 29 – February 2, 2018 185 km/h (115 mph) 944 hPa (27.88 inHg) No land areas None None [140]
Dumazile March 5, 2018 175 km/h (110 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) Madagascar, Réunion 0 Unknown [145][146]
Alcide November 8, 2018 175 km/h (110 mph) 965 hPa (28.50 inHg) Madagascar 0 None [147]
Kenanga December 19, 2018 185 km/h (115 mph) 942 hPa (27.82 inHg) No land areas None None [148]
Cilida December 20–22, 2018 215 km/h (130 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Mauritius 0 Minimal [149][150][151]
Funani February 7–8, 2019 195 km/h (120 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Rodrigues 0 Minimal [152]
Gelena February 9–10, 2019 205 km/h (125 mph) 942 hPa (27.82 inHg) Madagascar, Mauritius, Rodrigues 0 $1 million [153][154]
Haleh March 4–5, 2019 165 km/h (105 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) No land areas None None [155]
Idai March 11, 2019 195 km/h (120 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Mozambique, Malawi
Madagascar, Zimbabwe		 1303 $2.2 billion [156][157][158]
Joaninha March 25–28, 2019 185 km/h (115 mph) 939 hPa (27.73 inHg) Rodrigues 0 $10.5 million [159][160]
Kenneth April 25, 2019 215 km/h (130 mph) 934 hPa (27.58 inHg) Seychelles, Madagascar, Comoros, Mozambique, Tanzania, Malawi 52 $100 million [161]
Herold March 17, 2020 165 km/h (105 mph) 957 hPa (28.26 inHg) Madagascar, Mascarene Islands 5 Unknown [162][163][164]
Irondro April 4, 2020 175 km/h (110 mph) 945 hPa (27.91 inHg) No land areas None None [165]
Batsirai January 27 – February 5, 2022 205 km/h (125 mph) 923 hPa (27.26 inHg) Mauritius, Réunion, Madagascar 123 190 million [166][167]
Emnati January 20 – 22, 2022 195 km/h (120 mph) 940 hPa (27.76 inHg) Mauritius, Réunion, Madagascar 15 1 million [168]
Vernon 22 February – 3 March 2022 195 km/h (120 mph) 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) None None None [169]
Halima March 25 – 26, 2022 195 km/h (120 mph) 939 hPa (27.73 inHg) None None None
Fabien May 16 – 17, 2023 175 km/h (110 mph) 958 hPa (28.29 inHg) Diego Garcia 16 None
Anggrek January 26 – 30, 2024 185 km/h (115 mph) 950 hPa (28.05 inHg) None None None
Djoungou February 18 – 19, 2024 215 km/h (130 mph) 922 hPa (27.23 inHg) None None None
Bheki November 16 –18, 2024 195 km/h (120 mph) 943 hPa (27.85 inHg) None None None
Chido December 7, 2024 – ongoing 215 km/h (130 mph) 935 hPa (27.61 inHg) Mauritius, Seychelles, Madagascar, Mayotte, Comoros, Mozambique Unknown 4

Other systems

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In addition to the systems listed above the Mauritius Meteorological Service classifies tropical cyclones in March 1931, January 1945, February 1945, January and February 1946, April 1958 as intense tropical cyclones.[170] It also classifies Alix of 1960, Carol of 1960, Beryl of 1961, Jenny of 1962, Danielle of 1964, Louise of 1970, Gervaise of 1975, Fleur of 1978, Hyacinthe of 1980, Jacinthe of 1980, Laure of 1980, Florine of 1981, and Hollanda of 1994 as intense tropical cyclones.[170]

Systems classified as an ITC per the BOM

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  • Cyclone Kirsty 1985 - 110 kts.[171]
  • Cyclone Jane–Irna 1992 - 110 kts.[172]

Savannah 2019 weakened into a tropical cyclone as it moved into the basin from the Australian region.[173]

Climatology

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Intense tropical cyclones by month
Month Number of storms
January
17
February
19
March
21
April
10
May
1
June
0
July
0
August
0
September
0
October
1
November
9
December
10
Intense tropical cyclones by decade
Decade Number of storms
1970s
5
1980s
8
1990s
18
2000s
31
2010s
25
2020s
8

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d RA I Tropical Cyclone Committee. Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the Tropical Cyclone Operational Plan for the South-West Indian Ocean 2019 (PDF) (Report). World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved May 3, 2020.
  2. ^ "Saison 1973-1974 des perturbations tropicales dans l'océan indien du sud-ouest" [1973-1974 Tropical disturbance season in the southwestern Indian Ocean]. Météorologie Maritime (in French). No. 87. 1975. pp. 46–49. ISSN 0222-5123.
  3. ^ a b "Saison 1974-1975 des perturbations tropicales dans l'océan indien du sud-ouest" [1974-1975 Tropical disturbance season in the southwestern Indian Ocean]. Météorologie Maritime (in French). No. 87. 1976. pp. 40–48. ISSN 0222-5123.
  4. ^ "1977 Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Aurore (1977322S04083)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
  5. ^ "1979 Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Celine (1979031S12056)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 27, 2020.
  6. ^ Hurricane Celine, 31 January-12 February. National Climatic Data Center (Report). Global tropical/extratropical cyclone climatic atlas. 1996. Retrieved February 7, 2019.
  7. ^ 1979 Intense Tropical Cyclone Idylle (1979094S10073) (Report). International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
  8. ^ Severe Tropical Cyclone Idylle (Report). Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
  9. ^ https://webapp1.dlib.indiana.edu/virtual_disk_library/index.cgi/4274123/FID1030/DATA/TROPIC/SWI_NAR/1979_12.NAR [bare URL plain text file]
  10. ^ 1980 Intense Tropical Cyclone Viola-Claudette (1979343S08093) (Report). International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
  11. ^ Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance (August 1993). "Significant Data on Major Disasters Worldwide 1900-present" (PDF). p. 140. Retrieved February 5, 2019.
  12. ^ "Bee Swarms". The Canberra Times. Australian Associated Press. January 1, 1980.
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  14. ^ "1982 Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Chris:Damia (1982005S10105)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
  15. ^ "Mauritius – Cyclone" (PDF). Office of U.S. Foreign Disaster Assistance. 1982. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
  16. ^ "1982 Intense Tropical Cyclone Karla (1982113S06085)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
  17. ^ "1983 Intense Tropical Cyclone Andry (1983339S10065)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
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  19. ^ La Météorlogie, Service de la Réunion (September 1984). "La Saison Cyclonique 1983-1984 A Madagascar" (PDF). Madagascar: Revue de Géographie (in French). 43 (Juil-Déc 1983): 146. Retrieved July 20, 2013.
  20. ^ "1984 Intense Tropical Cyclone Bakoly (1983353S08070)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
  21. ^ "1984 Intense Tropical Cyclone Annette:Jaminy (1984035S09101)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 2013-07-29.
  22. ^ 1984 Intense Tropical Cyclone Kamisy (1984094S10080) (Report). International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
  23. ^ "1984 Intense Tropical Cyclone Erinesta (1986029S14069)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
  24. ^ Tropical Cyclone Gasitao, 12–24 March. National Climatic Data Center (Report). Global tropical/extratropical cyclone climatic atlas. 1996. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
  25. ^ "1988 Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Gasitao (1988072S08088)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved April 28, 2020.
  26. ^ "1990 Gregoara:Walter (1990062S13091)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
  27. ^ "1992 Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Harriet:Heather (1992056S11102)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
  28. ^ "1993 Intense Tropical Cyclone Edwina (1993016S06091)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS). Retrieved May 7, 2020.
  29. ^ "1993 Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Jourdanne (1993091S13092)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
  30. ^ "1994 Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Geralda (1994026S11078)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
  31. ^ Madagascar Cyclone Jan 1994 UN DHA Situation Reports 1 - 7 (Report). United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs. 1994. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
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  34. ^ a b Centre for Research on the Epidemiology of Disasters. "EM-DAT: The Emergency Events Database". Université catholique de Louvain.
  35. ^ International Organisation for Migration (1996). Health impact of large post-conflict migratory movements: The experience of Mozambique (PDF) (Report). p. 63. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 13, 2013. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
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  37. ^ "1995 Intense Tropical Cyclone Albertine (1994325S06076)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
  38. ^ "1995 Intense Tropical Cyclone Dorina (1995017S10078)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
  39. ^ "1995 Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Marlene (1995088S10078)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
  40. ^ "1996 Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Daryl:Agnielle (1995319S05092)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved May 7, 2020.
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  43. ^ O.S. Mudenda; Z.L.S. Mumba. "The Unusual Tropical Storm of January 1996". Zambia Meteorological Department. EUMETSAT. Archived from the original on 2014-01-03. Retrieved 2014-01-02.
  44. ^ "Four dead, thousands homeless after cyclone hits Madagascar". Agence France-Presse. 1996-01-22. – via LexisNexis (subscription required)
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  46. ^ "Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Bellamine-Melanie (1996302S07095)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved 2014-01-12.
  47. ^ "1997 Very Intense Tropical Cyclone Chantelle:Daniella (1996325S08104)". International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
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  50. ^ Mauritius Cyclone Daniella Situation Report No.1. United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs (Report). ReliefWeb. 1996-12-06. Retrieved May 5, 2020.
  51. ^ "Davina: 1999-03-02 to 1999-03-19". Météo-France. Retrieved May 4, 2020.
  52. ^ Philippe Caroff, ed. (2000). Cyclone Season 1998-1999 in the South-West Indian Ocean. RSMC La Réunion (Report). Météo-France. Retrieved 2014-01-22.
  53. ^ Padgett, Gary. "Monthly Tropical Cyclone Weather Summary March 1999". Retrieved 2014-01-24.
  54. ^ "Rain or Shine..." The Independent. 1999-03-12. Retrieved 2014-01-24.
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