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Sophia University

Coordinates: 35°41′03″N 139°43′55″E / 35.68417°N 139.73194°E / 35.68417; 139.73194
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Sophia University
上智大学
MottoLux Veritatis (Latin)
真理の光 (Japanese)
Shinri no Hikari (Romaji)
Motto in English
Light of Truth
TypePrivate research university
Established1913; 111 years ago (1913)
FounderSociety of Jesus
Religious affiliation
Catholic Church (Jesuit)
Academic affiliations
AALAU, IAU, IFCU
ChancellorProf. Sali Augustine, SJ, PhD[1]
PresidentYoshiaki Terumichi[2]
Academic staff
1,509 (2022/23)
Administrative staff
293
Students13,437 (2022/23)
Undergraduates12,080 (2022/23)
Postgraduates1,357 (2022/23)
Location
Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo
,
Japan

35°41′03″N 139°43′55″E / 35.68417°N 139.73194°E / 35.68417; 139.73194
CampusUrban, 11 acres (4.5 ha)
Alma Mater songSophia
Colors  Maroon
NicknameSophians
MascotSophia-kun (ソフィア君, maroon eagle)
Websitewww.sophia.ac.jp/eng/

Sophia University, (Japanese: 上智大学, Jōchi Daigaku; Latin: Universitas Sedis Sapientiae) is a private Jesuit research university in Tokyo, Japan. Founded in 1913 by the Jesuits, it was granted university status in 1928, becoming the first Catholic university in Japan.[3] Sophia University has 12,080 undergraduate students and 1,357 postgraduate students. The university has 9 undergraduate faculties and 10 graduate schools, with over 13,900 students in total.[4][5][6]

Sophia University is a highly globalised university with international students from 77 countries and exchange agreements with 400 universities in 81 countries.[7] The university attracts many students from across Japan and abroad. As of 2022, foreign students constituted approximately 9% of the student body.[8]

Sophia's alumni are commonly referred to as "Sophians", among whom include the 79th Prime Minister of Japan, Morihiro Hosokawa, several politicians represented in the Japanese National Diet, several foreign statesmen including, Carlos Holmes Trujillo, Mukhriz Mahathir, Li Linsi, and a number of actors and musicians in the Japanese film and music industries.

Origins of the university name

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The name of the university is traced to letters of correspondence between two of the three founders of what would become Sophia University, Fr. James Rockliff, SJ and Fr. Hermann Hoffmann, SJ. The Japanese term 上智 ("higher wisdom" or "supreme wisdom", Jōchi) was the equivalent of the Latin word sapientia, which means wisdom. According to Catholic Church tradition, the term sapientia refers to one of the Church's devotional titles for the Blessed Virgin Mary, "the Seat of Wisdom".[9][10]

When Joseph Eylenbosch, SJ began teaching Greek at the university in April 1924, he thought that the Japanese term jōchi was the equivalent of the Greek term σοφία (sofia). Afterwards, the students had proposed that the school be known as Sophia University.

Fr. Hoffmann, SJ, who was serving as University President at that time, initially opposed the proposal. However, he soon accepted the idea and submitted the proposal to Rome for the approval.

The English-language, peer-reviewed academic journal Monumenta Nipponica, which was first published in 1938, identified itself as being published by Sophia University. The use of Sophia as the university name then became firmly established in Japan and overseas.[11]

History

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Early history

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The origins of Sophia University could be traced to 1549 when Saint Francis Xavier, a prominent member and co-founder of the Society of Jesus, arrived in Japan to spread Christianity. In his letters to his fellow Jesuits, he had expressed hopes of establishing a university in Japan.[12][13]

During the so-called Kirishitan period of Japanese history, the Catholic Church had been responsible for establishing and administering educational institutions in Japan called Collegios and Seminarios, serving as bridges between the East and West.

William H. O'Connell had been appointed as a special ambassador of the Vatican to Japan.

The establishment of the university only began to take place more than 400 years from St. Francis Xavier's arrival in Japan. In 1903, three Jesuit priests from Europe came to Japan to continue the missionary work of the Church and to help establish Sophia University. One of the founders, Fr. Joseph Dahlmann, SJ from Germany, who had come to Japan via India, had listened to the requests of Catholics in the country, who expressed their desires to construct a Catholic university to serve as the cultural and spiritual base of the Church's missionary operations in Japan.

Dahlmann heeded the requests and sent a proposal to the then-Bishop of Rome, Pope Pius X, at the Holy See in Rome. In 1905, Dahlmann was granted a private audience with the Pope, who promised to assign the Society of Jesus to create and administer a Catholic university in Japan. In Dahlmann's Latin memoirs regarding the encounter with Pius, he recounted that he spoke as follows: "Habebitis collegium in Japonica, magnam universitatem (in English: "You (plural) will have in Japan a college that is a great university".).

On that same year, the then-Bishop of Portland, Maine in the United States, William H. O'Connell, was appointed by the Pope to serve as a special ambassador of the Vatican to Emperor Meiji in Japan. O'Connell was also tasked to survey the situation in Japan. When he was granted an audience with Emperor Meiji, he had ascertained the education policy directions of the Japanese Ministry of Education, and reported to officials at the Holy See regarding the possible establishment of a Catholic university in Japan.

At the 25th General Congregation of the Society of Jesus in held in Rome in September 1906, Pius X issued a formal written statement to the Jesuits to establish a Catholic university in Japan. Thus, the delegates at the Congregation voted unanimously in favour of the Pope's commands, and the first concrete steps were taken to prepare a university institution in the East.[14]

Founding

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An academic building at Sophia University, a year after its establishment.
Sophia University in 1945.

Sophia University was founded by Jesuits in 1913. It opened with departments of German Literature, Philosophy and Commerce, headed by its founder Fr. Hermann Hoffmann, SJ (1864–1937) as its first official president.[15]

In 1932, a small group of Sophia University students refused to salute the war dead at Yasukuni Shrine in the presence of a Japanese military attache, saying it violated their religious beliefs. The military attache was withdrawn from Sophia as a result of this incident, damaging the university's reputation in the eyes of the government of the Japanese Empire. The Archbishop of Tokyo intervened in the standoff by permitting Catholic students to salute the war dead, after which many Sophia students, as well as Hermann Hoffmann himself, participated in rites at Yasukuni. The Congregation for the Evangelization of Peoples later issued the Pluries Instanterque in 1936, which encouraged Catholics to attend Shinto shrines as a patriotic gesture; the Vatican re-issued this document after the war in 1951.[16] Hermann Heuvers served as the university's second president from 1937 until 1941.[17]

Post-war growth

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Sophia University continued to grow as it increased the number of academic departments, faculty members and students, in addition to advancing its international focus by establishing an exchange program. Many of its students studied at Georgetown University in the United States as early as 1935. Sophia's junior college was established in 1973, followed by the opening of Sophia Community College in 1976.

21st century

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With the founding of the Faculty of Liberal Arts in 2006, Sophia University presently holds 27 departments in its eight faculties. Its current president is Yoshiaki Terumichi. Toshiaki Koso serves as head of its board of directors. Since 2008, the Global Leadership Program was started for students from four Jesuit universities in East Asia: Ateneo de Manila University in the Philippines, Fu Jen Catholic University in Taiwan, Sogang University in South Korea, and Sophia University in Japan.[18] In 2016 the university reached out to the four Jesuit junior-senior high schools in Japan, joining them in the Sophia College Corporation to help them pass on the Jesuit charism to their lay faculty through workshops and other assistance. These schools are Sophia-Fukuoka, Eiko Gakuen, Hiroshima Gakuin, and Rokko School.[19]

In 2019, Pope Francis visited Sophia University as a part of his 2019 pastoral tour. This was the first time in 38 years that a pope visited Sophia University.[20]

Campuses

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Sophia University

Sophia's main campus at Yotsuya is urban, consisting of roughly 25 large, modern buildings in the center of Tokyo. The majority of Sophia's 10,000 undergraduate students spend nearly all their time here. The faculties of Theology, Humanities, Law, Foreign Studies, Economics, Liberal Arts, and Science and Technology have their home here, as do the main library, cafeteria, gymnasium, chapel, bookstore, and offices. In April 2006, the Faculty of Comparative Culture, which had been located at the smaller Ichigaya campus, moved to the main Yotsuya campus and changed its name to the Faculty of Liberal Arts.[21] Nearly all of Sophia's foreign exchange and most of international students study at the FLA.

Students of Department of Nursing, Faculty of Human Sciences, starting from their second year, and students of the Course of Midwifery, commute to Mejiro Seibo campus at Shinjuku. Mejiro Seibo campus was originally the campus of Seibo College, before it merged with Sophia University, and the department has retained connection to the nearby Seibo Hospital.

The Tokyo office of the Council on International Educational Exchange, the student exchange organisation, which oversees roughly half of the international students, is also based on the main Yotsuya Campus. The Shakujii (Tokyo) campus housed the Faculty of Theology. The Hadano campus in Kanagawa Prefecture is home to the Sophia Junior College, as well as a number of seminar halls and athletics complexes.[22]

List of campuses

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International cooperation

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Sophia University has international partnership agreements with 396 institutions in 81 countries.[23] Some of Sophia's partner universities include Georgetown University, Yale University, University of Hong Kong, Sogang University, and LMU Munich. It also maintains nine overseas bases serving as liaisons between the Sophia School Corporation and overseas localities.[24]

Sophia School Corporation

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Established in 1911, the Sophia School Corporation (学校法人上智学院, Gakko Hojin Jochi Gakuin) is a public interest corporation established under the Private School Act (Act no. 270 of 1945) for the purpose of establishing a private school.[25] The Sophia School Corporation serves as the operator of Sophia University and other Jesuit-affiliated schools in Japan, managing a total of seven schools. It was established in 1951.[26]

Academic Institutions Under the Sophia School Corporation
Higher Education Institutions Secondary Education Institutions
Sophia University (Chiyoda Ward, Tokyo) Eiko Gakuen Junior and Senior High School (Kamakura City, Kanagawa)
Sophia University Junior College Division (Hadano City, Kanagawa) Rokko Junior and Senior High School (Kobe City, Hyogo)
Hiroshima Gakuin Junior and Senior High School (Hiroshima City, Hiroshima)
Sophia-Fukuoka Junior and Senior High School (Fukuoka City, Fukuoka)

Academics

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The university has nine undergraduate faculties with 29 departments as well as 10 graduate schools with 25 programmes. With over 14,021 students as of 2017, the university provides academic opportunities for students from Japan and overseas to study in Japan. Sophia also possesses a wide-variety of English-taught academic programmes such as those provided by the Faculty of Liberal Arts (FLA). English programmes are also provided by the Faculty of Science and Technology (FST) through two programmes and the Green Science Program, provided by the Department of Materials and Life Sciences, and the Green Engineering Program, provided by the Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences.[27]

Photograph of the Sophia University Yotsuya Campus in Chiyoda, Tokyo.

Undergraduate faculties and departments

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  • Faculty of Theology
  • Faculty of Humanities
  • Faculty of Human Science
  • Faculty of Law
  • Faculty of Economics
  • Faculty of Foreign Studies
  • Faculty of Global Studies
  • Faculty of Liberal Arts
  • Faculty of Science and Engineering
Sophia University undergraduate faculties and departments
Faculty of Theology Faculty of Humanities Faculty of Human Sciences Faculty of Law Faculty of Economics Faculty of Foreign Studies Faculty of Global Studies Faculty of Science and Technology Faculty of Liberal Arts
Department of Theology Department of Philosophy Department of Education Department of Law Department of Economics Department of English Studies Department of Global Studies Department of Materials and Life Sciences Department of Liberal Arts
Department of History Department of Psychology Department of International Legal Studies Department of Management Department of German Studies Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences
Department of Japanese Literature Department of Sociology Department of Legal Studies of the Global Environment Department of French Studies Department of Information and Communication Sciences
Department of English Literature Department of Social Services Department of Hispanic Studies
Department of German Literature Department of Nursing Department of Russian Studies
Department of French Literature Department of Luso-Brazilian Studies
Department of Journalism

Academic programmes taught in English

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In addition to most courses of study taught almost entirely in Japanese, Sophia has a variety of academic programmes and courses taught in English. The Faculty of Liberal Arts (FLA), the Green Science and Engineering courses in the Faculty of Science and Technology (FST), and the Sophia Program for Sustainable Futures (SPSF).[28]

Courses taught in the Faculty of Liberal Arts
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  • International Business and Economics (IBE)
  • Comparative Culture
  • Social Studies
English courses taught in the Faculty of Science and Technology
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  • Green Science programme (offered by the Department of Materials and Life Sciences)
  • Green Engineering programme (offered by the Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences)
Courses taught in the Sophia Program for Sustainable Futures
[edit]
Sophia Program for Sustainable Futures (SPSF)
Departments and affiliated undergraduate faculties Years of implementation
Department of Economics (Faculty of Economics) September 2020
Department of Education (Faculty of Human Sciences) September 2020
Department of Sociology (Faculty of Human Sciences) September 2020
Department of Global Studies (Faculty of Global Studies) September 2020
Department of Journalism (Faculty of Humanities) September 2021
Department of Management (Faculty of Economics) September 2022
Graduate schools and programmes
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  • Graduate School of Science and Technology
  • Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies
  • Graduate School of Economics
  • Graduate School of Human Sciences
  • Graduate School of Law
  • Graduate School of Theology
  • Graduate School of Applied Religious Studies
  • Graduate School of Humanities
  • Graduate School of Global Studies
  • Graduate School of Languages and Linguistics

University academic research

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Sophia University is a comprehensive research university with 9 undergraduate faculties with 10 graduate schools located on a single campus in Chiyoda, Tokyo.

As a research institution, the university established the Sophia Research Organisation (SRO) in April 2005 in order to promote and facilitate interdisciplinary and organisational research activities. The SRO possesses two research divisions: the Research Institutes Division and the Project Research Division. The university also has affiliated Research Organisations.

Simultaneously, Sophia's Centre for Research Promotion and Support provides additional support to general research activities and strengthens the a three-way collaboration initiative among industries, government, and academia. The Intellectual Property Rights Committee, established in 2005, ensures smooth collaborative support among the three individual groups and examines the inventions and intellectual properties of the researchers affiliated with Sophia University.[29]

To assist with academic research and learning, Sophia currently has a total of 3 libraries and an affiliated library, possessing in total more than 1.15 million books and 12,570 journal titles.[30][31]

Sophia University libraries

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  • Sophia University Central Library (上智大学中央図書館)
  • Law School Library (法科大学院図書室)
  • Mejiro Seibo Campus Library (目白聖母キャンパス図書室)

Affiliated library

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  • Kirishitan Bunko Library (キリシタン文庫)
Sophia University academic research
Academic Research Support Research Institutes Division Project Research Division Affiliated research organisations
Sophia Research Organisation Institute for Christian Culture Nanotechnology Research Centre Kirishitan Bunko Library
Centre for Research Promotion and Support Institute for Medieval Thought Centre for Islamic Studies Monumenta Nipponica
Intellectual Property Rights Committee Iberoamerican Institute Sustainable Energy Research Centre Sophia Asia Centre for Research and Human Development
Sophia Science and Technology Liaison Office (SLO) Linguistic Institute for International Communication Research and Development Centre for CAE Technologies Applied for Next-Generation Transport Aircraft Design Institute for Grief Care
Institute of Global Concern Microwave Science Research Centre Semiconductor Research Institute
Institute of Comparative Culture Water-Scarce Society Information and Research Centre Sophia University Institute of Bioethics
European Institute Sophia Institute for Human Security Human Resource Centre for International Cooperation
Institute of Asian, African, and Middle Eastern

Studies

Institute of International Relations
Institute of American and Canadian Studies
Institute of Media, Culture, and Journalism
Institute for Studies of the Global Environment
List of select research journals/publications and affiliations
Research journals/publications Affiliations
Monumenta Nipponica [32]
AGLOS Journal of Area-Based Global Studies [33] Graduate School of Global Studies
コスモポリス (Cosmopolis) [34]
Sophia Discussion Paper Series [35] Faculty of Economics

Graduate School of Economics

Sophia Business Case Series [36]
上智経済論集 (Sophia Economic Review) [37]
Sophia Linguistica [38] Sophia Linguistic Institute for International Communication
イベロアメリカ研究 (Ibero-American Studies) [39] Ibero-American Institute
Encontros Lusófonos [40]
ラテンアメリカ研究 (ILA: Investigaciones Latinoamericanas) [41]
ラテンアメリカ・モノグラフ・シリーズ (LAMS: Latin American Monograph Series) [42]
Sophia Journal of Asian, African, and Middle Eastern Studies [43] Institute of Asian, African, and Middle Eastern Studies
Occasional Papers (Monograph Series) [44]
SOIAS Research Paper Series [45] Sophia Organization for Islamic Area Studies

Student life

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School festival

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The name of the school festival is Sophia Festival (ソフィア祭) and is held every year between October 31 and November 3. "Sophians Contest", where contestants are chosen for both appearance and spreading social awareness, and other events are held. In addition, volunteers from school clubs and departments make and sell curry rice, naan, and other snacks, and famous individuals are invited to the campus to hold lectures.

Cultural activities

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Many clubs are active under Cultural/Academic Alliance, Music Activities Committee, Theatrical Activities Committee, and Hobby Club Alliance. Those include 19 cultural clubs, 10 musical clubs, and 8 theatrical clubs. In addition, there are many unorganized groups, including Catholic organizations, such as Catholic Student Association, SAfro FAmily, Sophia Choir, etc.

Sports

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Sophia University does not have a preferential admission system for high school students with sport track, however, the university supports students with excellent results in individual sports.

Sophia University - Nanzan University Inter-University Athletic Tournament or "Johnan (上南戦)" has been held since 1960 to strengthen bonds between Catholic universities, with the participation from all sports clubs. Since 14th Tournament in 1974, it has been treated as a major event in the university. 61st and 62nd Tournaments were cancelled during the COVID-19 pandemic, with 63rd being first held in 2022 after the pandemic, with Sophia winning 17-15 against Nanzan.[46]

Since 2010, Sophia University and Sogang University have held an athletic and cultural exchange event called Sogang-Sophia Festival of Exchange (SOFEX).

Around 40 clubs are organized under the Sophia University Athletic Association. Those include:

  • The Golden Eagles, an American football club, which was founded in 1969, and is currently a member of the Kantoh Collegiate Football Association, Division 2, Block B. They generally practice in the Sanadabori field, but during the rainy days they practice on the other premises or run around the Akasaka Palace. They are exclusively cheered by the Lollipoppers cheerleading team, which is not affiliated with the Athletic Association. The Lollipoppers practice outside the campus.
  • The Ōendan is composed of a male lead section, a brass section, and "Eagles" cheerleading section. The Ōendan cheers for all sports clubs except for the Golden Eagles. Cheerleading section exercises in the underground Judo hall or in public facilities outside the campus.
  • The Karate Club has included three winners in the All Japan Koshiki Karate Tournanment.
  • The Baseball Club is currently a member of the Tohto University Baseball League Division 3.
  • The Junko Baseball Club is a member of the Tohto University Junko Baseball League Division 3.
  • The Women's Baseball Club is a member of the Kanto University Women's Baseball League.
  • The Tennis Club is a member of the Kanto Inter-collegiate Tennis Fenderation. The Men's section is in Division 4, and Women's section is in Division 5.
  • The Soccer Club is a member of the Tokyo University Football Association, Division 1. They practice on the Sanadabori field.
  • The Rugby Club is a member of the Japan East Rugby Football Union, League 1. They practice on the Sanadabori field.
  • The Men's Basketball Club is a member of the Kanto College Basketball Federation, Division 3.

Sanadabori field

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Baseball, Junko Baseball, Women's Baseball, American Football, Ground Hockey, Soccer, Rugby, Lacrosse, and Track and Field Clubs practice on the Sanadabori field adjacent to the Yotsuya campus. However, the field is owned and managed by the Tokyo Metropolitan Government and is open to the public on weekends and holidays, which means Sophian clubs do not have priority use rights.

Student housing and dormitories

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Sophia University has student housing options and dormitories scattered throughout Tokyo. Events and various programmes are also organised by students and housing staff for the benefit of the housing community all year round.[47]

List of Student Dormitories:

  • Sophia Soshigaya International House (Male/Female)
  • Sophia-Arrupe International Residence (Male/Female)
  • Sophia Edogawa Men's Dormitory (Male)

Sophia University has a group of designated and recommended dormitories, which are owned and operated by various private housing companies.[48]

List of Designated Dormitories Owned by Private Companies:

  • Sophia Higashi Nakano Dormitory (Female) (Nakano Ward, Tokyo)
  • Sophia Kasai International House (Female) (Edogawa Ward, Tokyo)
  • Student House Luxlass (Male/Female) (Shinjuku Ward, Tokyo)
Sophia University, Yotsuya Campus, Tokyo, Japan.

Academic rankings

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University rankings
THE National[49] General 22
WE [ja] National[50] Employment 8
NBP Greater Tokyo[51][52] Reputation 4
Shimano National[53] Selectivity SA
QS Asia
(Asia version)[54]		 General =212
THE Asia
(Asia version)[55]		 General 601+
THE World[56] General 1501+
QS World[57] General 901–950
Sophia University.

There are several rankings below related to Sophia University.

University rankings

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Japanese university rankings

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According to the Times Higher Education 2021 Japan University Rankings, Sophia University is ranked 18th in the nation.[58] Sophia is the fourth largest liberal arts university in the country.

Global/regional university rankings

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According to the 2023 QS World University Rankings, Sophia University is ranked 801–1000.[59] In the 2021 QS rankings, Sophia was 181st in Asia and the 28th in Japan. Its 2021 Times Higher Education Impact Ranking, which assesses universities against the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN SDGs), is 601–800.[60]

Alumni rankings

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Alumni of Sophia have good employment prospects in Japanese industries. According to the Weekly Economist's 2010 rankings and the PRESIDENT's article on 2006/10/16, graduates from Sophia have the eighth best employment rate in 400 major companies, and the average graduate salary is the sixth best in Japan.[61][62]

Popularity and selectivity

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Admission to Sophia is highly selective and competitive. As such it is considered one of the top private universities along with Keio University and Waseda University. Typical acceptance rate is 5%.[63] Its entrance difficulty is considered one of the toughest along with Waseda and Keio among 730 private universities.[64][65][66]

Overseas partner institutions

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Sophia University has student and academic exchange agreements with 387 overseas partner universities in 81 countries and regions as of June 2021.[67]

List of External University Agreements and Affiliations:

Notable faculty

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Notable alumni

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Politics

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Academia

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Business

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Media and literature

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Others

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Announcement of Change of Chancellor of Sophia School Corporation".
  2. ^ "Professor Yoshiaki Terumichi appointed as Next President of Sophia University".
  3. ^ "上智大学の沿革｜上智大学". www.sophia.ac.jp (in Japanese). 1549. Retrieved 2024-03-08.
  4. ^ "Sophia University Graduate Students 「上智大学大学院学生数」" (PDF). Sophia University. Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  5. ^ "Sophia University Undergraduate Students「上智大学学部学生数」" (PDF). Sophia University. Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. 2018. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  6. ^ "History of Sophia University: Arrival of St. Francis Xavier-1967". Sophia University. Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. Retrieved 13 March 2020.
  7. ^ "Global Engagement | Sophia University". www.sophia.ac.jp. Retrieved 2023-06-12.
  8. ^ "数字で見る上智大学｜上智大学". www.sophia.ac.jp (in Japanese). Retrieved 2023-06-12.
  9. ^ "Sophia University Japanese study guide" (PDF). University of Technology Sydney. Retrieved 2023-11-12.
  10. ^ "Seat of Wisdom, Meaning of : University of Dayton, Ohio". University of Dayton. Retrieved 2023-12-11.
  11. ^ "Origins of the school name; the school emblem and school flag; the school colors and school song, No. 41" (PDF). Sophia University. Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. April 2016. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  12. ^ "Arrival of St. Francis Xavier--1967". Sophia University. Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  13. ^ "Saint Francis Xavier and the Roots of Christianity in Japan". Nippon.com. Minato, Tokyo, Japan: Nippon Communications Foundation. 27 August 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  14. ^ "The Society of Jesus and the founding of Sophia University". Sophia University. Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. Archived from the original on 11 April 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  15. ^ "Hoffman".
  16. ^ Breen, John (1 March 2010). "Popes, Bishops and War Criminals: reflections on Catholics and Yasukuni in post-war Japan". The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus. Retrieved 15 January 2014.
  17. ^ "Herman Heuvers". New York Times. Tokyo. June 10, 1977. p. 26. Retrieved April 23, 2023.
  18. ^ [http:// hompi.sogang. ac.kr/2009glp/2009glp_f_1_1.html Profile], hompi.sogang.ac.kr; accessed 22 September 2014.
  19. ^ 日本管区. イエズス会日本管区 [The Society of Jesus - Japan Province]. www.jesuits-japan.org (in Japanese). Retrieved 2017-08-16.
  20. ^ "フランシスコ教皇がローマへ出発 離日前に上智大訪問：朝日新聞デジタル". 朝日新聞デジタル (in Japanese). 2019-11-26. Retrieved 2023-05-31.
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  22. ^ "Hadano".
  23. ^ "Sophia University". www.sophia.ac.jp. Retrieved 2022-09-08.
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  25. ^ "私立学校法 - 日本語／英語 - 日本法令外国語訳DBシステム". www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp. Retrieved 2022-06-05.
  26. ^ "上智学院の歴史". 学校法人上智学院. Retrieved 2022-06-05.
  27. ^ "Sophia University". www.sophia.ac.jp. Retrieved 2021-04-23.
  28. ^ "Sophia University". www.sophia.ac.jp. Retrieved 2022-06-04.
  29. ^ "Sophia University: a Japanese university with a global mission" (PDF). Sophia University. Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. April 2018. pp. 1–25. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  30. ^ "図書館概要 - 上智大学図書館". www.lib.sophia.ac.jp. Retrieved 2022-01-31.
  31. ^ "Sophia University". www.sophia.ac.jp. Retrieved 2022-01-31.
  32. ^ "Sophia University". www.sophia.ac.jp. Retrieved 2021-05-28.
  33. ^ "Sophia University". www.sophia.ac.jp. Retrieved 2021-05-28.
  34. ^ "はじめに | 上智大学 国際関係論専攻". dept.sophia.ac.jp. Retrieved 2021-05-28.
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  36. ^ "研究活動 – 上智大学経済学部" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2021-05-28.
  37. ^ "研究活動 – 上智大学経済学部" (in Japanese). Retrieved 2021-05-28.
  38. ^ "Sophia Linguistica｜Sophia Linguistic Institute for International Communication Institute". Retrieved 2021-06-05.
  39. ^ "イベロアメリカ研究｜イベロアメリカ研究所". Retrieved 2021-06-05.
  40. ^ "Encontros｜イベロアメリカ研究所". Retrieved 2021-06-05.
  41. ^ "ILA｜イベロアメリカ研究所". Retrieved 2021-06-05.
  42. ^ "LAMS｜イベロアメリカ研究所". Retrieved 2021-06-05.
  43. ^ "Publications | The Sophia University Institute of Asian, African, and Middle Eastern Studies". dept.sophia.ac.jp. Retrieved 2021-06-05.
  44. ^ "Publications | The Sophia University Institute of Asian, African, and Middle Eastern Studies". dept.sophia.ac.jp. Retrieved 2021-06-05.
  45. ^ "Publications | The Sophia University Institute of Asian, African, and Middle Eastern Studies". dept.sophia.ac.jp. Retrieved 2021-06-05.
  46. ^ "上南戦：第63回大会 試合日程および対戦成績｜南山大学". 南山大学 (in Japanese). Retrieved 2024-09-03.
  47. ^ "Sophia University". www.sophia.ac.jp. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
  48. ^ "Sophia University". www.sophia.ac.jp. Retrieved 2022-01-19.
  49. ^ "Japan University Rankings 2023". Times Higher Education. 2023. Retrieved March 23, 2023.
  50. ^ "Employment rate in 400 major companies rankings" (in Japanese). Weekly Economist. 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
  51. ^ "Nikkei BP Brand rankings of Japanese universities" (in Japanese). Nikkei Business Publications. 2010. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
  52. ^ "Nikkei BP Brand rankings of Japanese universities" (in Japanese). Nikkei Business Publications. 2009. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
  53. ^ "GBUDU University Rankings" (in Japanese). YELL books. 2009. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
  54. ^ "QS World University Rankings: Asia 2025". QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. 2025. Retrieved November 6, 2024.
  55. ^ "Times Higher Education Asia University Rankings". Times Higher Education. 2024. Retrieved April 30, 2024.
  56. ^ "THE World University Rankings". Times Higher Education. 2025. Retrieved October 9, 2024.
  57. ^ "QS World University Rankings". QS Quacquarelli Symonds Limited. 2025. Retrieved June 4, 2024.
  58. ^ "Sophia University". Times Higher Education (THE). 2021-05-21. Retrieved 2021-06-05.
  59. ^ "Sophia University". Top Universities. Retrieved 2021-06-05.
  60. ^ "Sophia University". Times Higher Education (THE). 2021-05-21. Retrieved 2021-06-05.
  61. ^ "Employment rate in 400 major companies rankings" (in Japanese). Weekly Economist. 2011. Retrieved April 29, 2011.
  62. ^ "年収偏差値・給料偏差値ランキング（2006・10・16）：稼げる大学はどれ？".
  63. ^ "2011年度一般入試出願状況｜上智大学 公式サイト". www.sophia.ac.jp. Archived from the original on 2011-01-27.
  64. ^ National and Public universities apply different kind of exams. so it's only comparable between universities in a same category.
  65. ^ e.g., Yoyogi seminar published Hensachi (the indication showing the entrance difficulties by prep schools) rankings http://www.yozemi.ac.jp/rank/ gakubu/index.html
  66. ^ Japanese journalist Kiyoshi Shimano ranks its entrance difficulty as SA (most selective/out of 11 scales) in Japan. 危ない大学・消える大学 2012年版 (in Japanese). YELL books. 2011. ASIN 4753930181.
  67. ^ "上智大学は2020年4月1日現在、77 国・地域の374大学と協力に関する覚書（ＭＯＵ）や交換留学協定を締結しています". Sophia University. Chiyoda, Tokyo, Japan. April 2020. Retrieved 11 April 2020.
  68. ^ Lambert, Bruce (January 26, 1992). "Bettina L. Chow, Model and Designer, Dies at 41". The New York Times.
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