Jump to content

Indigenous peoples of the Philippines: Difference between revisions

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Browse history interactively
← Previous editNext edit →
Content deleted Content added
VisualWikitext
m Reverted edits by 66.121.52.2 to last revision by SmackBot (HG)
No edit summary
Line 4: Line 4:
{{Demographics of the Philippines}}
{{Demographics of the Philippines}}


'''Indigenous Peoples of the Philippines''' ({{lang-tl|Katutubong Tao sa Pilipinas}}; [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]]: ''[[Lumad]]'' or ''Tumandok''; [[ilocano language|Ilocano]]: ''Umili a Tattao iti Filipinas'') refers to a group of people or homogenous societies identified by self-ascription and ascription by others, who have continouysly lived as organised community on communally bounded and defined territory, and who have under claims of ownership since time immemorial, occupied, possessed and utilised such territories sharing common bonds of language, customs, traditions and other distinctive cultural traits, or who have, through inroads of colonisation, non-indigenous religions and cultures, become historically differentiated from the majority of the [[Filipino people|Filipinos]]. <ref> Section 3 of Republic Act 8371 or the '''Indigenous Peoples Rights Act. </ref>
'''Indigenous Peoples of the Philipppines''' ({{lang-tl|Katutubong Tao sa Pilipinas}}; [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]]: ''[[Lumad]]'' or ''Tumandok''; [[ilocano language|Ilocano]]: ''Umili a Tattao iti Filipinas'') refers to a group of people or homogenous societies identified by self-ascription and ascription by others, who have continouysly lived as organised community on communally bounded and defined territory, and who have under claims of ownership since time immemorial, occupied, possessed and utilised such territories sharing common bonds of language, customs, traditions and other distinctive cultural traits, or who have, through inroads of colonisation, non-indigenous religions and cultures, become historically differentiated from the majority of the [[Filipino people|Filipinos]]. <ref> Section 3 of Republic Act 8371 or the '''Indigenous Peoples Rights Act. </ref>


The indigenous peoples also include peoples who are regarded as indigenous on account of their descent from the populations which inhabited the country, or at the time of inroads of non-indigenous religions and cultures, or the establishment of present state boundaries, who retain some or all of their own social, economic, cultural and political institutions, but who may have been displaced from their traditional domains or who may have resettled outside their ancestral domains.
The indigenous peoples also include peoples who are regarded as indigenous on account of their descent from the populations which inhabited the country, or at the time of inroads of non-indigenous religions and cultures, or the establishment of present state boundaries, who retain some or all of their own social, economic, cultural and political institutions, but who may have been displaced from their traditional domains or who may have resettled outside their ancestral domains.

Revision as of 20:44, 2 September 2009

Map of the indigenous peoples of the Philippines by province.
Demographics of
the Philippines
Filipinos

Indigenous Peoples of the Philipppines (Tagalog: Katutubong Tao sa Pilipinas; Cebuano: Lumad or Tumandok; Ilocano: Umili a Tattao iti Filipinas) refers to a group of people or homogenous societies identified by self-ascription and ascription by others, who have continouysly lived as organised community on communally bounded and defined territory, and who have under claims of ownership since time immemorial, occupied, possessed and utilised such territories sharing common bonds of language, customs, traditions and other distinctive cultural traits, or who have, through inroads of colonisation, non-indigenous religions and cultures, become historically differentiated from the majority of the Filipinos. [1]

The indigenous peoples also include peoples who are regarded as indigenous on account of their descent from the populations which inhabited the country, or at the time of inroads of non-indigenous religions and cultures, or the establishment of present state boundaries, who retain some or all of their own social, economic, cultural and political institutions, but who may have been displaced from their traditional domains or who may have resettled outside their ancestral domains.

In the 2009 annual report of the National Commission on the Indigenous Peoples, the the estimated population of the Philippines's indigenous population has reached 14,184,645 people which constitutes to 15.76% of the total population of the Philippines. The region with the highest concentration of indigenous population is the Davao Region while the lowest (without any official tally) is the National Capital Region [2].

Conflicts and Issues

Like the indigenous populations of other countries, the Indigenous Peoples of the Philippines face a number of problems that threaten their very existence. Even with the enactment of the Republic Act 8371, also known as the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act, these tribal minorities still face a lot of challenges like cultural erosion and displacement.

Today, with the creation of the National Commission on Indigenous Peoples, the government of the Philippines tries to address the different issues concerning these minority population. To sum up, the programmes of the NCIP are the following:

  1. Land Tenure Security
    1. Cultural Mapping of all IP Communities
    2. Survey and Delineation of Ancestral Domains
    3. Issuance of CADT/CALT
  2. Establishing Model IP Communities through Development and Peace
    1. Development of Ancestral Domains through the Ancestral Domain Sustainable Development Protection Plan (ADSDPP)
    2. Development of People and Communities through:
      1. Delivery of basic services, especially livelihood support, educational assistance, health care, shelter and quick response to address critical situations
      2. Securing Government Inter-Agency Services
      3. International Agencies Support Services
    3. Protection and Enhancement of the Cultural Heritage of the Indigenous Peoples
  3. Enforcement and Enhancement of the Human Rights of IPs
    1. Adjudication of conflicts thru custom laws and tradition and NCIP adjudicatory processes
    2. Procedures for the Free and Prior Informed Consent of IPs where needed
    3. Legal assistance

Cultures

The upland tribal groups were a blend in ethnic origin like other lowland Filipinos, although they did not have contact with the outside world. They displayed a variety of social organization, cultural expression, and artistic skills. They showed a high degree of creativity, usually employed to embellish utilitarian objects, such as bowls, baskets, clothing, weapons, and spoons. These groups ranged from various Igorot tribes, a group that includes the Bontoc, Ibaloi, Ifugao, Isneg, Kalinga, and Kankana-ey, who built the Rice Terraces. They also covered a wide spectrum in terms of their integration, and acculturation with lowland Christian, and Muslim Filipinos. Native groups such as the Bukidnon in Mindanao, had intermarried with lowlanders for almost a century. Other groups such as the Kalinga in Luzon have remained isolated from lowland influence.

There were several indigenous groups living in the Cordillera Central of Luzon in 1990. At one time it was employed by lowland Filipinos in a pejorative sense, but in recent years it came to be used with pride by native groups in the mountain region as a positive expression of their ethnic identity. The Ifugaos of Ifugao Province, the Bontocs, Kalinga, Tinguian, the Kankana-ey, and Ibaloi were all farmers who constructed the rice terraces for many centuries.

Other mountain peoples of Luzon are the Isnegs of northern Kalinga-Apayao Province, the Gaddangs of the border between Kalinga-Apayao, and Isabela provinces, and the Ilongots of Nueva Vizcaya Province, and Caraballo Mountains all developed hunting and gathering, farming cultivation, and headhunting. Other indigenous people such as the Negritos formerly dominated the highlands throughout the islands for thousands of years, but have been reduced to a small population, living in widely scattered locations, primarily along the eastern ranges of the mountains.

In the southern Philippines, upland and lowland tribal groups were concentrated on Mindanao, and western Visayas, although there are several indigenous groups such as the Mangyan living in Mindoro. Among the most important groups found on Mindanao include the Moro, Manobo, Bukidnon of Bukidnon Province, Bagobo, Lumad, Mandaya, and Mansaka, who inhabited the mountains bordering the Davao Gulf; the Subanon of upland areas in the Zamboanga; the Mamanua in the Agusan-Surigao border region; and the Bila-an, Tiruray, and Tboli in the region of the Cotabato province. The tribal groups of the Philippines are known for their carved wooden figures, baskets, weaving, pottery, and weapons.

Reservation

Kampilan are weapons used by Rajahs, and Datus.

The Philippine government succeeded in establishing a number of protected reservations for tribal groups. Indigenous people were expected to speak their native language, dress in their traditional tribal clothing, live in houses constructed of natural materials using traditional architectural designs, and celebrate their traditional ceremonies of propitiation of spirits believed to be inhabiting their environment. They are also encouraged to re-establish their traditional authority structure in which, as in indigenous society were governed by chieftains known as Rajah, and Datu.

Contact between primitive, and modern ethnic groups usually resulted in weakening or destroying tribal culture without assimilating the indigenous groups into modern society. It seemed doubtful that the shift of the Philippine government policy from assimilation to cultural pluralism could reverse the process. Several Filipino tribes tends to lead to the abandonment of traditional culture because land security makes it easier for tribal members to adopt the economic process of the larger society, and facilitates marriage with outsiders. In the past, the Philippine government bureaus could not preserve tribes as social museum exhibits, but with the aid of various nationwide organizations, they hoped to help the tribes adapt to modern society without completely losing their ethnic identity.

History

Since the beginning of the History of the Philippines, the different Indigenous Peoples have been displaced by newer and more sophisticated groups that came to the Philippines. Today, both the two constrasting theories of Populating the Philippines shows that newer tribes displaced the older tribes.

==

Hispanic Era

The arrival of the Spaniard made a little help, if at all, to the lives of the Indigenous Peoples. Since one of the main goals of the Spanish Empire was the promotion of Christianity, the missionaries not only supressed the practice of indigenous cultures, they even actively tried to erradicate all traces of it. They even went to the extreme of burning all the anitos (idols).

Indigenous Peoples were even declared not only pagans but also savages [3]. Their cultures were tagged as works of the devil and thereby abominable to the eyes of the Christian World.

American Era

During the American Era [4], these particular groups of Filipinos were reffered to as non-Christian tribes and the colonial government sought their integration into the main body of politics. A special body known as the Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes was created for the purpose. This was afterwards replaced by the Office of the Commissioner for Mindanao and Sulu when the Commonwealth government was established.

Post-Philippine Independence

Contribution to the World

Though not generally written in many of the textbooks used in schools, the Indigenous Peoples of the Philippines has given the world some important contributions.

The Cariño Doctrine

The worldwide clamour for the recognition on the rights of the Indigenous Peoples started in the Philippines as early as the American Era [5] . In 1909, the US Supreme Court decided in favour of an Ibaloy named Mateo Cariño, thus giving him the rights to a piece of land which he claims to the land of his ancestors since time immemorial.

During these time, the American Colonisers grabbed many lands in Baguio City in order to make it a bustling city. As a result, many of the Indigenous Peoples in the area were displaced from their ancestral domain. With the courage of Mateo Cariño, the natives filed a case which reached the highest court.

Today, this Cariño Doctrine has been used in cases filed by indigenous communities in other countries, notably the Maori of New Zealand, native Americans in the United States and “First Peoples” in Canada [5]. It also became the basis of the United Nations' Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and the ILO Convention 169.

The Republic Act 8371 (Indigenous Peoples' Rights Act or IPRA)

After the ratification of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples by the Senate, the Philippines started to drasft its own Indigenous Peoples Rights Act which was later signed by President Fidel V. Ramos in 29 October 1997.

Hailing it as a Landmark Legislation, this served as a beackon light to the Indigenous Poeples of other countries to continue their quest for cultural recognition. The Act was authored by the then Senator Juan M. Flavier. According to its very wordings, the Indigenous Peoples' Rigths Act or IPRA shall embody the rights and aspirations of the Indigenous Peoples, which are:

  1. Right to Ancestral Domain - to cover the rights of ownership and possession of the Indigenous Cultural Communitis and the Indigenous Peoples to their ancestral domains which are to be protected.
  2. Right to Self-Governance - to recognise the inherent rights of the Indigenous Cultural Communitis and the Indigenous Peoples to self-governance and self-determination and to respect the integrity of their values, practices and institutions.
  3. Social Justice & Human Rights - to ensure that the employment of any form of coercion against Indigenous Cultural Communitis and the Indigenous Peoples shall be dealt with by law.
  4. Cultural Integrity - to include respect, recognition and protection of the rights of the Indigenous Cultural Communitis and the Indigenous Peoples to preserve and protect their cultures, traditions and institutions. This also means that these rights shall be needed to be taken into consideration in the formulation and application of national plans and policies.

Famous Indigenous Peoples from the Philippines

Demograpics

Region Population[6]
National Capital Region no official tally
CAR 1, 470, 977
Region 1 1, 206, 798
Region 2 1, 030, 179
Region 3 236, 487
CALABARZON & MIMAROPA 936, 745
Region 5 213, 311
Region 6 & Region 7 203, 912
Region 8 no official tally
Region 9 1, 203, 598
Region 10 1, 802, 266
Region 11 2, 289, 268
Region 12 1, 856, 300
Caraga 1, 004, 750
Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao 730, 054

List of Tribal Groups

Below is a list of all the Indigenous peoples [7] in the Philippines:

Cordillera and Ilocos Region

Template:Multicol

Template:Multicol-break

Template:Multicol-break

Template:Multicol-end

Cagayan Valley & the Caraballo Mountain Range

Template:Multicol

Template:Multicol-break

Template:Multicol-break

Template:Multicol-break

Template:Multicol-break

Template:Multicol-break

Template:Multicol-end

Central Luzon, CALABARZON Bicol and the Sierra Madre

Template:Multicol

Template:Multicol-break

Template:Multicol-break

Template:Multicol-end

Palawan, the Central Philippines Islands & the Visayas

Template:Multicol

Template:Multicol-break

Template:Multicol-break

Template:Multicol-break

Template:Multicol-break

Template:Multicol-end

Northern & Western Mindanao

Template:Multicol

Template:Multicol-break

Template:Multicol-break

Template:Multicol-break

Template:Multicol-break

Template:Multicol-end

Central Mindanao

Template:Multicol

Template:Multicol-break

Template:Multicol-break

Template:Multicol-end

Southern & Eastern Mindanao

Template:Multicol

Template:Multicol-break

Template:Multicol-break

Template:Multicol-break

Template:Multicol-break

Template:Multicol-end

See also

References

  1. ^ Section 3 of Republic Act 8371 or the Indigenous Peoples Rights Act.
  2. ^ National Commission on Indigenous Peoples 2009 Annual Report
  3. ^ Threathened by the Government, by Maria C. Lourie Victor, World Mission Magazine; Vol XX, No. 225; August 2009
  4. ^ The National Commission on the Indigenous Peoples Primer
  5. ^ a b The Northern Dispatct, Women's Front:Cariño Doctrine by INNABUYOG-GABRIELA, 31 May 2009
  6. ^ National Commission on the Indigenous Peoples 2009 Info Kit
  7. ^ Cite error: The named reference ReferenceA was invoked but never defined (see the help page).


Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Philippines&oldid=311536908"