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|genealogy =
|genealogy =
|popplace = {{flagicon|India}} '''[[India]]''' '''1,180,166,000''' (2010)
|popplace = {{flagicon|India}} '''[[India]]''' '''1,180,166,000''' (2010)
|population = '''1,192,000,000''' est<br>17.31% of the world's population<br>'''Indian diaspora'''<br>'''12,000,000–20,000,000'''<ref name="books.google.co.uk">[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WYO-tt3p-z4C&pg=PA256&dq=indian+diaspora+million&hl=en&ei=QZLRTMKQIszrOZnFpacM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=indian%20diaspora%20million&f=false The literature of the Indian diaspora: theorizing the diasporic imaginary]</ref><ref name="India in a globalized world">[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WlfeJGejIEQC&pg=PA176&dq=indian+diaspora+million&hl=en&ei=VpLRTMqgD5CWOrvX2YkM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFEQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=indian%20diaspora%20million&f=false India in a globalized world]</ref><br>
|population = '''0.5''' est<br>17.31% of the world's population<br>'''Indian diaspora'''<br>'''12,000,000–20,000,000'''<ref name="books.google.co.uk">[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WYO-tt3p-z4C&pg=PA256&dq=indian+diaspora+million&hl=en&ei=QZLRTMKQIszrOZnFpacM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=indian%20diaspora%20million&f=false The literature of the Indian diaspora: theorizing the diasporic imaginary]</ref><ref name="India in a globalized world">[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=WlfeJGejIEQC&pg=PA176&dq=indian+diaspora+million&hl=en&ei=VpLRTMqgD5CWOrvX2YkM&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=9&ved=0CFEQ6AEwCA#v=onepage&q=indian%20diaspora%20million&f=false India in a globalized world]</ref><br>
|region0 '''Diaspora:'''<br />
|region0 '''Diaspora:'''<br />
|region1 = {{flag|Nepal}}
|region1 = {{flag|Nepal}}
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Modern anthropologists classify Indians as belonging to one of four major ethno-racial groups, which overlap significantly because of racial admixture: [[Caucasoids]], [[Australoids]], [[Mongoloids]] and [[Negritos]]. The Caucasoids are largely confined to the north and generally speak Indo-Aryan languages; Australoids are found in the south and generally speak Dravidian languages; Mongoloids are largely confined to the Northeastern region of the country and for the most part, speak Tibeto-Burman languages; and Negritos are found on the Andaman Islands located on the southeastern side of the country. These speak a language known simply as [[Great Andamanese]], a linguistic isolate not related to any known language. And finally, Austro-Asiatic languages are spoken by only tribals or [[Adivasis]], who can be of either Australoid or Mongoloid racial stock.<ref>http://www.imtech.res.in/raghava/reprints/IGVdb.pdf</ref>
Modern anthropologists classify Indians as belonging to one of four major ethno-racial groups, which overlap significantly because of racial admixture: [[Caucasoids]], [[Australoids]], [[Mongoloids]] and [[Negritos]]. The Caucasoids are largely confined to the north and generally speak Indo-Aryan languages; Australoids are found in the south and generally speak Dravidian languages; Mongoloids are largely confined to the Northeastern region of the country and for the most part, speak Tibeto-Burman languages; and Negritos are found on the Andaman Islands located on the southeastern side of the country. These speak a language known simply as [[Great Andamanese]], a linguistic isolate not related to any known language. And finally, Austro-Asiatic languages are spoken by only tribals or [[Adivasis]], who can be of either Australoid or Mongoloid racial stock.<ref>http://www.imtech.res.in/raghava/reprints/IGVdb.pdf</ref>


According to a major 2009 study published by Reich et al. using over 500,000 biallelic autosomal markers, the modern Indian population is composed of two genetically divergent and heterogeneous populations which mixed in ancient times (about 1,200-3,500 BC), known as Ancestral North Indians (ANI) and Ancestral South Indians (ASI). ASI corresponds to the Dravidian-speaking population of southern India, whereas ANI corresponds to the Indo-Aryan-speaking population of northern India.<ref>{{cite web|author=Nature |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v461/n7263/abs/nature08365.html |title=Reconstructing Indian population history : Abstract |publisher=Nature |date= |accessdate=2011-12-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ichg2011.org/cgi-bin/showdetail.pl?absno=20758 |title=Abstract/Presentation |publisher=Ichg2011.org |date=2011-10-12 |accessdate=2011-12-28}}</ref>
According to a major 2009 study published by Reich et al. over 500,000 eskimos attacked us in the WW726 and the whole eskimosthe modern Indian population is composed of two genetically divergent and heterogeneous populations which mixed in ancient times (about 1,200-3,500 BC), known as Ancestral North Indians (ANI) and Ancestral South Indians (ASI). ASI corresponds to the Dravidian-speaking population of southern India, whereas ANI corresponds to the Indo-Aryan-speaking population of northern India.<ref>{{cite web|author=Nature |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v461/n7263/abs/nature08365.html |title=Reconstructing Indian population history : Abstract |publisher=Nature |date= |accessdate=2011-12-28}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ichg2011.org/cgi-bin/showdetail.pl?absno=20758 |title=Abstract/Presentation |publisher=Ichg2011.org |date=2011-10-12 |accessdate=2011-12-28}}</ref>


==Ethnic groups==
==Ethnic groups==

Revision as of 17:57, 26 February 2012

This article is about the people from India as an ethnic group and nation. For information on the population of India, see Demography of India. For Other uses, see Indian (disambiguation).
Indian people
Total population
0.5 est
17.31% of the world's population
Indian diaspora
12,000,000–20,000,000[1][2]
Regions with significant populations
India India 1,180,166,000 (2010)
   Nepal4,000,000[3]
 United States2,843,391[4]
 Malaysia2,400,000[5]
 Myanmar2,000,000[6]
 United Arab Emirates1,500,000[7]
 England1,414,100[8]
 South Africa1,160,000[9]
 Canada1,230,051[10]
 Mauritius855,000
 Kuwait580,000
 Trinidad and Tobago525,000
 Oman450,000
 Australia405,000
 Singapore400,000
 Fiji340,000
 France330,000
 Guyana327,000
 Bahrain310,000
Languages
Hindi • other Indian languages • English (Indian)
Religion
Hinduism • Islam • Sikhism • Jainism • Roman Catholic and Jewish minorities (see also Religion in India)
Related ethnic groups
Bangladeshi people • Nepali people • Pakistani people • Sri Lankan people • other South Asians • Indo-Trinidadian and Tobagonian • Indo-Guyanese • British Asian people • Indian-Americans • Indo-Caribbean people • other Non-Resident Indians

Indian people or Indians constitute the Asian nation and pan-ethnic group native to India, which forms the south of Asia, containing 17.31% of the world's population. The Indian nationality is in essence made up of regional nationalities, reflecting the rich and complex history of India. India, in its current boundaries, was formed out of a number of predecessors.

Substantial populations with Indian ancestry, as a result of emigration, exist in many different parts of the world, most notably in Southeast Asia, South Africa, Australia, England, Middle East and North America. Population estimates vary from a conservative 12 million to 20 million diaspora.[1][2]

Genetics

Basu et al. (2003) emphasize that the combined results from mtDNA, Y-chromosome and autosomal markers suggest that "(1) there is an underlying unity of female lineages in India, indicating that the initial number of female settlers may have been small; (2) the tribal and the caste populations are highly differentiated; (3) the Austro-Asiatic tribals are the earliest settlers in India, providing support to one anthropological hypothesis while refuting some others; (4) a major wave of humans entered India through the northeast; (5) the Tibeto-Burman tribals share considerable genetic commonalities with the Austro-Asiatic tribals, supporting the hypothesis that they may have shared a common habitat in southern China, but the two groups of tribals can be differentiated on the basis of Y-chromosomal haplotypes; (6) the Dravidian tribals were possibly widespread throughout India before the arrival of the Indo-European-speaking nomads, but retreated to southern India to avoid dominance; (7) formation of populations by fission that resulted in founder and drift effects have left their imprints on the genetic structures of contemporary populations; (8) the upper castes show closer genetic affinities with Central Asian populations, although those of southern India are more distant than those of northern India; (9) historical gene flow into India has contributed to a considerable obliteration of genetic histories of contemporary populations so that there is at present no clear congruence of genetic and geographical or sociocultural affinities."[11]

Modern anthropologists classify Indians as belonging to one of four major ethno-racial groups, which overlap significantly because of racial admixture: Caucasoids, Australoids, Mongoloids and Negritos. The Caucasoids are largely confined to the north and generally speak Indo-Aryan languages; Australoids are found in the south and generally speak Dravidian languages; Mongoloids are largely confined to the Northeastern region of the country and for the most part, speak Tibeto-Burman languages; and Negritos are found on the Andaman Islands located on the southeastern side of the country. These speak a language known simply as Great Andamanese, a linguistic isolate not related to any known language. And finally, Austro-Asiatic languages are spoken by only tribals or Adivasis, who can be of either Australoid or Mongoloid racial stock.[12]

According to a major 2009 study published by Reich et al. over 500,000 eskimos attacked us in the WW726 and the whole eskimosthe modern Indian population is composed of two genetically divergent and heterogeneous populations which mixed in ancient times (about 1,200-3,500 BC), known as Ancestral North Indians (ANI) and Ancestral South Indians (ASI). ASI corresponds to the Dravidian-speaking population of southern India, whereas ANI corresponds to the Indo-Aryan-speaking population of northern India.[13][14]

Ethnic groups

Part of a series of articles on
Indian people
          
Motto: Jai Hind
People
History
Culture
Languages
Religion

India has more than two thousand ethnic groups and every major religion is represented, as are five major families of languages (Indo-European, Dravidian, Indo-Aryan, Austro-Asiatic and Tibeto-Burman) as well as a language isolate (the Nihali language[15] spoken in parts of Maharashtra). India's ethnic history is extremely complex; nevertheless, distinct racial divisions between peoples still exist as established by modern anthropologists, despite the fact that the national Census of India does not recognize racial or ethnic groups within India,[16] but recognizes many of the tribal groups as Scheduled Castes and Tribes (see list of Scheduled Tribes in India).

Religion

Main articles: Religion in India, Indian Religions, Hinduism in India, Islam in India, and Christianity in India
Close-up of a statue depicting Maitreya at the Thikse Monastery in Ladakh, India. Dharmic religions, such as Hinduism and Buddhism, are indigenous to India.[17]
Akshardham is a Hindu temple complex in Delhi, India.
File:Vivian Joylene.JPG
Roman Catholic wedding at the Milagres Church in Mangalore, India

India is the birth place of Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism, collectively known as Indian religions.[18] Indian religions, also known as Dharmic religions are a major form of world religions along with Abrahamic ones. Today, Hinduism and Buddhism are the world's third- and fourth-largest religions respectively, with over 2 billion followers altogether,[19][20][21] and possibly as many as 2.5 or 2.6 billion followers.[19][22] India is also the birthplace for the Jain, Lingayat, and Ahmadiyya faiths.

India is one of the most religiously diverse nations in the world, with some of the most deeply religious societies and cultures. Religion still plays a central and definitive role in the life of most of its people.

The religion of 80% of the people is Hinduism. Islam is practiced by around 13% of all Indians.[23] Sikhism, Jainism and especially Buddhism are influential not only in India but across the world. Christianity, Zoroastrianism, Judaism and the Bahá'í Faith are also influential but their numbers are smaller. Despite the strong role of religion in Indian life, atheism and agnostics also have visible influence along with a self-ascribed tolerance to other people.

Religious majorities vary greatly by state. Jammu and Kashmir and Lakshadweep are Muslim majority states; Nagaland, Mizoram and Meghalaya are Christian majority; Punjab is mostly Sikh; It is to be noted that while participants in the Indian census may choose to not declare their religion, there is no mechanism for a person to indicate that he/she does not adhere to any religion. Due to this limitation in the Indian census process, the data for persons not affiliated with any religion may not be accurate. India contains the majority of the world's Zoroastrians, Sikhs, Hindus, Jains and Bahá'í. India is also home to the third-largest Muslim population in the world after Indonesia and Pakistan. Muslims are the largest minority population.

Table 1: 2001 Religious Data Composotion[24]
Religious Composition Population (%)
Hindus 827,578,868 80.5%
Muslims 138,188,240 13.4%
Christians 24,080,016 2.3%
Sikhs 19,215,730 1.9%
Buddhists 7,955,207 0.8%
Jains 4,225,053 0.4%
Other religions & persuasions 6,639,626 0.6%
Religion not stated 727,588 0.1%
Total 1,028,610,328 100.0%
N.B. "Total" excludes Mao-Maram, Paomata and Purul subdivisions of Senapati District of Manipur state.

Music and dance

Main articles: Music of India and Dance in India
Kuchipudi, a traditional Indian dance

The music of India includes multiple varieties of folk, popular, pop, classical music and R&B. India's classical music tradition, including Carnatic and Hindustani music, has a history spanning millennia and, developed over several eras, it remains fundamental to the lives of Indians today as sources of spiritual inspiration, cultural expression and pure entertainment. India is made up of several dozen ethnic groups, speaking their own languages and dialects, having very distinct cultural traditions.

Dance in India covers a wide range of dance and dance theatre forms, from the ancient classical or temple dance to folk and modern styles.

Three best-known hindu deities, Shiva, Kali, Ganesha and Krishna, are typically represented dancing. There are hundreds of Indian folk dances such as Bhangra, Garba and special dances observed in regional festivals. India offers a number of classical Indian dance forms, each of which can be traced to different parts of the country. The presentation of Indian dance styles in film, Bollywood, has exposed the range of dance in India to a global audience.

Caste system

Main article: Caste system in India

The Indian caste system describes the system of social stratification and social restrictions in India in which social classes are defined by thousands of endogamous hereditary groups, often termed jātis or castes. Within a jāti, there exist exogamous groups known as gotras, the lineage or clan of an individual. In a handful of sub-castes such as Shakadvipi, endogamy within a gotra is permitted and alternative mechanisms of restricting endogamy are used (e.g. banning endogamy within a surname).

The Indian caste system involves four castes and outcasted social groups.[25] Caste barriers have mostly broken down in large cities,[26] though they persist in rural areas of the country, where 72% of India's population resides.

National personification

Bharat Mata (Hindi, from Sanskrit भारत माता, Bhārata Mātā), Mother India, or Bhāratāmbā (from अंबा ambā 'mother') is the national personification of India as a mother goddess. She is usually depicted as a woman clad in an orange or saffron sari holding a flag, and sometimes accompanied by a lion.

The image of Bharat Mata formed with the Indian independence movement of the late 19th century. A play by Kiran Chandra Bandyopadhyay, Bhārat Mātā, was first performed in 1873.

Indian diaspora

Main article: Non-resident Indian and Person of Indian Origin

Population estimates vary from a conservative 12 million to 20 million diaspora.[1][2]

United States

Main article: Indian American

According to the American Community Survey of the U.S. Census Bureau, the Asian Indian population in the United States grew from almost 1,679,000 in 2000 to 2,570,000 in 2007: a growth rate of 53%, among the fastest growing ethnic groups in the United States.

Britain

Main article: British Indian

The British Indian community had grown to number over one million. According to the 2001 UK Census, 1,053,411 Britons had full Indian ethnicity (representing 1.8% of the UK's population). An overwhelming majority of 99.3% resided in England (in 2008 the figure is thought to be around 97.0%). In the seven year period between 2001 and 2009, the number of Indian-born people in the UK increased in size by 38% from 467,634 to around 647,000 (an increase of approximately 180,000).[27]

South Africa

Main article: Indian South Africans

More than a million people of Indian descent live in South Africa, concerntrated around the city of Durban.

Canada

Main article: Indo-Canadians

There are over 1.2 million Indian people in Canada, the majority of which live in Greater Toronto and Vancouver. 3% of the total Canadian population is of Indian ancestry, a figure higher than both the United States and Britain.

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c The literature of the Indian diaspora: theorizing the diasporic imaginary
  2. ^ a b c India in a globalized world
  3. ^ Nepali Indian
  4. ^ Indian American
  5. ^ Malaysian Indian
  6. ^ chandru (2009-11-26). "The Indian Community in Myanmar". Southasiaanalysis.org. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
  7. ^ Indians in the United Arab Emirates
  8. ^ British Indian
  9. ^ Indian South Africans
  10. ^ [Indo Canadian]
  11. ^ "Ethnic India: A Genomic View, With Special Reference to Peopling and Structure". Genome.cshlp.org. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
  12. ^ http://www.imtech.res.in/raghava/reprints/IGVdb.pdf
  13. ^ Nature. "Reconstructing Indian population history : Abstract". Nature. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
  14. ^ "Abstract/Presentation". Ichg2011.org. 2011-10-12. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
  15. ^ SIL International. "Ethnologue report for Language Isolate". Retrieved 2007-10-11.
  16. ^ Kumar, Jayant. Census of India. 2001. September 4, 2006. Indian Census
  17. ^ Mark Kobayashi-Hillary Outsourcing to India, Springer, 2004 ISBN 3-540-20855-0 p.8
  18. ^ Nikki Stafford Finding Lost, ECW Press, 2006 ISBN 1-55022-743-2 p. 174
  19. ^ a b "45". What Is Hinduism?: Modern Adventures Into a Profound Global Faith. Himalayan Academy Publications. 2007. p. 359. ISBN 1934145009.
  20. ^ "Non Resident Nepali – Speeches". Nrn.org.np. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  21. ^ "BBCVietnamese.com". Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  22. ^ "Religions of the world: numbers of adherents; growth rates". Religioustolerance.org. Retrieved 2010-08-01.
  23. ^ "Religions Muslim" (PDF). Registrat General and Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-05-23. Retrieved 2006-06-01.
  24. ^ "Census of India - India at a Glance : Religious Compositions". Censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 2011-12-28.
  25. ^ Francis Buchanan, Indian Census Record, 1883
  26. ^ BBC, Religion and ethics, Hinduism
  27. ^ "Estimated population resident in the United Kingdom, by foreign country of birth (Table 1.3)". Office for National Statistics. September 2009. Retrieved 8 July 2010.
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