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2019 Indian general election in Tamil Nadu

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Indian general election in Tamil Nadu, 2019
← 2014 18 April 2019 (38 Seats)
5 August 2019 (1 Seat)		 2024 →
All 39 seats of Lok Sabha
Turnout72.44%(Decrease1.22%)
  First party Second party
 
Hon_CM_Photo.jpg
Palanisamy.jpg
Leader M. K. Stalin Edappadi K. Palaniswami
Party DMK AIADMK
Alliance SPA+UPA NDA+AIADMK+
Last election 0 37
Seats won 38 1
Seat change Increase 38 Decrease 36
Percentage 53.15% 30.56%
Swing Increase 27.4% Decrease 14.36%

The 2019 elections for Tamil Nadu's 39 seats in the 17th Lok Sabha were held on 18 April, in the second phase of the 2019 Indian general elections. The alliance led by the Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam, won a landslide victory, taking 38 of the 39 seats.

ECI has announced that the by-election (2019 Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly by-elections) for 18 assembly constituencies together with the general elections (18 constituencies polling date – 18 April 2019 and 4 Constituencies – 19 May 2019). The counting of votes was held on 23 May and results were published on the same day.

There are 39 Lok Sabha constituencies in Tamil Nadu, with an average of 1.51 million voters in each one.

Seat allotments

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United Progressive Alliance

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Party Flag Symbol Leader Contesting Seats
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam M. K. Stalin 20
Indian National Congress K. S. Alagiri 9
Communist Party of India (Marxist)
K. Balakrishnan 2
Communist Party of India R. Mutharasan 2
Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi Thol. Thirumavalavan 2
Indian Union Muslim League K. M. Kader Mohideen 1
Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Vaiko 1
Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi E. R. Eswaran 1
Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi T. R. Paarivendhar 1

AIADMK-led Alliance

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Party/Alliance Flag Election symbol Leader Photo Contesting seats
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam O. Panneerselvam and
Edappadi K. Palaniswami
20
Pattali Makkal Katchi S. Ramadoss 7
Bharatiya Janata Party Tamilisai Soundararajan 5
Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam Vijayakant 4
Puthiya Needhi Katchi A. C. Shanmugam 1
Puthiya Tamilagam K. Krishnasamy 1
Tamil Maanila Congress (Moopanar) G. K. Vasan 1

AMMK – SDPI Front

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Party Flag Symbol Leader Contesting Seats
Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazhagam T. T. V. Dhinakaran 38
Social Democratic Party of India 1

Non-aligned parties

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Party Flag Symbol Leader Contesting Seats
Naam Tamilar Katchi NTK Seeman 39
Makkal Needhi Maiam MNM Kamal Haasan 36

Opinion polls

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Date published Polling agency Others Lead
SPA NDA
April 2019 Times Now-VMR 53.12% 39.61% 7.27% 13.51%
Date published Polling agency AMMK Lead
SPA NDA
October 2018 Spick Media 25 6 7 19
March 2019 Times Now-VMR 34 5 0 29
March 2019 News Nation 24 15 NA 9
March 2019 India TV-CNX 22 15 2 7
April 2019 People studies-Loyola College 33 3–5 1–2 28
April 2019 Thanthi TV 23–31 9–17 0 14
April 2019 Republic TV 18–19 20–21 0 2
6 April 2019 IndiaTV-CNX 21 13 5 8
8 April 2019 Times Now-VMR 33 6 0 27
8 April 2019 PuthiyaThalaimurai TV 31–33 6–8 0 27

Exit polls

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Polling Agency SPA NDA AMMK MNM NTK
Thanthi TV 23 14 0 0 0
India Today 34–38 0–4 0 0 0
Times Now 29 9 0 0 0
People Political Predictions 25 4 9 0 0

Voter turnout

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Date State/UT No. of. Seats Turnout (%)[1]
18 April 2019 Tamil Nadu 39 72.44

Highest turnout in Dharmapuri constituency of 82.41% and the lowest is in Chennai South constituency of 57.07%.[1]

Results

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Coalition wise result

[edit]
Alliance/Party Seats Popular vote
Contested Won +/− Votes % ±pp[2]
Secular Progressive Alliance Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 24 24 Increase24 14,363,332 33.52% Increase9.61%
Indian National Congress[3] 9 8 Increase8 5,405,674 12.72% Increase8.35%
Communist Party of India[4] 2 2 Increase2 1,031,617 2.41% Increase1.86%
Communist Party of India (Marxist)[5] 2 2 Increase2 1,018,225 2.38% Increase1.83%
Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi[4] 1 1 Increase1 500,229 1.17% Decrease0.34%
Indian Union Muslim League[4] 1 1 Increase1 469,943 1.09% Increase0.58%
Indhiya Jananayaga Katchi[4] 1 1 Increase1
Kongunadu Makkal Desia Katchi[6] 1 1 Increase1
Marumalarchi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam[7] 1 1 Increase1
Total 39 38 Increase38 2,27,89,020 53.29% Increase 7.55%
National Democratic Alliance All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam[8] 20 1 Decrease36 8,307,345 19.39% Decrease25.53%
Pattali Makkal Katchi[9] 7 0 Decrease1 2,297,431 5.36% Increase0.85%
Bharatiya Janata Party[8] 5 0 Decrease1 1,551,924 3.62% Decrease1.94%
Desiya Murpokku Dravida Kazhagam[9] 4 0 Steady 929,590 2.17% Decrease3.02%
Tamil Maanila Congress[8] 1 0 Steady 220,849 0.51%
Total 38 1 Decrease38 1,33,07,139 31.05%
AMMK–SDPI alliance Amma Makkal Munnettra Kazagam 38 0 Steady
Social Democratic Party of India 1 0 Steady 23,741 0.05%
- - Naam Tamilar Katchi 37 0 Steady 1,672,217 3.90%
MNM Alliance Makkal Needhi Maiam 36 0 Steady 1,575,640 3.67% New
  • VCK, IJK, MDMK and KMDK contested one seat in DMK's Rising Sun party symbol, therefore they will be considered as DMK party candidates officially by ECI affidavit and will represent as DMK in Parliament

Detailed results

[edit]

Constituency-wise results:[10][11][12]

Constituency Candidates
SPA NDA AMMK MNM NTK Winning candidate Winning party Margin
Arakkonam   DMK S. Jagathrakshakan   PMK – A. K. Moorthy N. G. Parthiban   N.Rajendran   Y.R.Pavendhan S. Jagathrakshakan DMK 328956
Arani   INC Dr. M. K. Vishnu Prasad   AIADMK – Senji V. Ezhumalai G. Senthamizhan   V.Shaji   A.Thamilarasi Dr. M. K. Vishnu Prasad INC 230806
Chennai (Central)   DMK Dayanidhi Maran   PMK – S.R.Sam Paul SDPI – Dehlan Baqavi   Kameela Nassar   R.Karthikeyan Dayanidhi Maran DMK 301520
Chennai (North)   DMK Kalanidhi Veeraswamy   DMDK – R. Mohanraj P.Santhana Krishnan   A.G. Mourya   P.Kaliyammaal Kalanidhi Veeraswamy DMK 461518
Chennai (South)   DMK Thamizhachi Thangapandian   AIADMK – J. Jayavardhan E. Subaya   R. Rangarajan   A.J.Sherine Sumathy (A) Thamizachi Thangapandian DMK 262223
Chidambaram (SC)   VCK Thol. Thirumavalavan[13]   AIADMK – P. Chandrasekar A. Elavarasan   T.Ravi   M.Siva Jothi Thol. Thirumavalavan VCK[13] 3219
Coimbatore   CPI(M) P.R. Natarajan   BJP – C. P. Radhakrishnan N. R. Appadurai   R.Mahendran   S.Kalyana Sundharam P.R. Natarajan CPI(M) 176918
Cuddalore   DMK T.R.V.S. Ramesh   PMK – R. Govindasamy K.Thangavel   V.Annamalai   R.Sithra T.R.V.S. Ramesh DMK 143983
Dharmapuri   DMK S. Senthilkumar   PMK – Anbumani Ramadoss P. Palaniappan   D.Rajashekar   R.Rukmini Devi S. Senthil Kumar DMK 70753
Dindigul   DMK P. Veluchamy   PMK -K.Jothimuthu P.Jothi Murugan   S.Sudhakaran   Mansoor Ali Khan P. Veluchamy DMK 538972
Erode   MDMK A. Ganesha Murthi[14] (DMK[15][N 1])   AIADMK – G. Manimaran K. C. Senthilkumar   A.Saravanakumar   M.C.Seetha Laxmi A. Ganesha Murthi[14] DMK[15][N 1] 210618
Kallakurichi   DMK Pon.Gautham Sigamani   DMDK – L.K. Sudhish M.Komugi Manian   H.Ganesh   S.Sharfudeen Pon.Gautham Sigamani DMK 399919
Kancheepuram (SC)   DMK G. Selvam   AIADMK – K. Maragatham A. Munusamy   ---   D.Sivaranjani G. Selvam DMK 286632
Kanniyakumari   INC H. Vasanthakumar   BJP – Pon Radhakrishnan E.Lekshmanan   J.Ebenezer   V.Jainteen H. Vasanthakumar INC 259933
Karur   INC S.Jothimani   AIADMK – M. Thambidurai P.S.N.Thangavel   R.Hariharan   R.Karupriya S.Jothimani INC 420546
Krishnagiri   INC A. Chellakumar   AIADMK – K. P. Munusamy S. Ganesa kumar   Srikarunya Subramanyam   N.Madhusoodhanan A. Chellakumar INC 156765
Madurai   CPI(M) S. Venkatesan   AIADMK – V.V.R. Raj Satyen K. David Annadurai   P.Alagar   J.Pandiyammal S. Venkatesan CPI(M) 139395
Mayiladuthurai   DMK S. Ramalingam   AIADMK – S. Aasaimani S. Senthamizhan   M.Refayudeen   K.Shubashini S. Ramalingam DMK 261314
Nagapattinam (SC)   CPI M.Selvaraj   AIADMK – M. Saravanan T. Sengodi   K.Guruviah   P.Malathi M.Selvaraj CPI 209349
Namakkal   KDMK A.K.P. Chinnaraj (DMK[16][N 1])   AIADMK -P. Kaliappan P. P. Saminathan   R.Thangavelu   B.Bhaskar A.K.P. Chinnaraj DMK[16][N 1] 265151
Nilgiris (SC)   DMK A Raja   AIADMK – M.Thyagarajan M. Ramaswamy   N.Rajendran   --- A Raja DMK 205823[17]
Perambalur   IJK T.R.Paarivendhar (DMK[18][N 1])   AIADMK – N. R. Sivapathy M. Rajasekaran   ---   K.Santhi T.R.Paarivendhar DMK[18][N 1] 403518
Pollachi   DMK K. Shamugasundaram   AIADMK – C. Mahendran S. Muthukumar   R.Mookambikai   A.Sanuja K. Shamugasundaram DMK 173359
Ramanathapuram   IUML Navaskani   BJP – Nainar Nagendran V. T. N. Anandh   Vijaya Baskar   T.Bhuvaneshwari Navaskani IUML 126237
Salem   DMK S. R. Parthiban   AIADMK – K. R. S. Saravanan S. K. Selvam   M.Prabu Manikandan   A.Rasa S. R. Parthiban DMK 146926
Sivaganga   INC Karti P Chidambaram   BJP – H. Raja V. Pandi   Kavingnar Snehan   V.Sakthi Priya Karti P Chidambaram INC 332244
Sriperumbudur   DMK T R Baalu   PMK – A. Vaithilingam G. Tambaram Narayanan   M.Srithar   R.Mahendran T R Baalu DMK 484732
Tenkasi (SC)   DMK Dhanush M Kumar   Puthiya Tamizhagam – K. Krishnasamy S.Ponnuthai   K.Muneshwaran   S.S.Madhivanan Dhanush M Kumar DMK 120286
Thanjavur   DMK S S Palanimanickam   TMC- N. R. Nadarajan P. Murugesan   R.S. Sampath Ramadoss   N.Krishnakumar S S Palanimanickam DMK 368129
Theni   INC EVKS Elangovan   AIADMK – P. Ravindhranath Thanga Tamil Selvan   S. Radhakrishnan   Sagul Hameed P. Ravindhranath AIADMK 76672
Thiruvallur (SC)   INC K.Jayakumar   AIADMK – P. Venugopal Pon. Raja   M.Logarangan   M.Vetri Selvi K.Jayakumar INC 356955
Thoothukkudi   DMK Kanimozhi Karunanidhi   BJP – Tamilisai Soundararajan M. Bhuvaneswaran   T.P.S. Pon Kumaran   Christatine S. Rajasekar Kanimozhi Karunanidhi DMK 347209
Tiruchirappalli   INC Su. Thirunavukkarasar   DMDK – V. Ilangovan Sarubala R. Thondaiman   V.Anandha Raja   V.Vinoth Su. Thirunavukkarasar INC 459286
Tirunelveli   DMK S. Gnanathiraviam   AIADMK – P. H. Paul Manoj Pandian S. Michael Rayappan   M.Vennimalai   B.Sathya S. Gnanathiraviam DMK 185457
Tiruppur   CPI K. Subbarayan   AIADMK – M. S. M. Anandan S. R. Selvam   V.S.Chandrakumar   P.Jaganathan K. Subbarayan CPI 93368
Tiruvannamalai   DMK C. N. Annadurai   AIADMK – Agri S.S. Krishnamoorthy A.Gnanasekar   R.Arul   R.Ramesh Babu C. N. Annadurai DMK 304187
Vellore   DMK D. M. Kathir Anand   Puthiya Neethi Katchi – A.C. Shanmugham ---   ---   S.Deepalakshmi D. M. Kathir Anand DMK 8141
Villupuram (SC)   VCK D. Ravikumar (DMK[13][N 1])   PMK – S. Vadivel Raavanan N. Ganapathy (Vanur MLA)   S. Anbil Poyyamozhi   D.Pragalatha D. Ravikumar DMK[13][N 1] 128068
Virudhunagar   INC Manickam Tagore   DMDK – R. Azhagarsamy Paramasiva Iyyappan   V.Muniyasamy   K.Arunmozhi Thevan Manickam Tagore INC 154554
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h VCK, IJK, MDMK and KMDK contested one seat in DMK's Rising Sun party symbol, therefore they will be considered as DMK party candidates officially by ECI affidavit and will represent as DMK in Parliament

Constituency-wise turnout and quick results

[edit]
# Constituency Turnout[1] Winner Party Margin
1 Thiruvallur (SC) 72.33 Decrease Dr. Jeyakumar Indian National Congress 356,955
2 Chennai North 64.26 Increase Kalanidhi Veeraswamy Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 461,518
3 Chennai South 57.07 Decrease Thamizhachi Thangapandian 262,223
4 Chennai Central 58.98 Decrease Dayanidhi Maran 301,520
5 Sriperumbudur 62.44 Decrease T R Baalu 484,732
6 Kancheepuram (SC) 75.31 Decrease G. Selvam 286,632
7 Arakkonam 78.65 Increase S. Jagathrakshakan 328,956
8 Vellore 71.46 Decrease D. M. Kathir Anand[a] 8,141
9 Krishnagiri 75.95 Decrease A. Chellakumar Indian National Congress 156,765
10 Dharmapuri 82.41 Increase Dr. S. Senthil Kumar Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 70,753
11 Tiruvannamalai 78.15 Decrease Annadurai C N 304,187
12 Arani 79.01 Decrease Dr. M. K. Vishnu Prasad Indian National Congress 230,806
13 Villupuram (SC) 78.66 Increase D. Ravikumar Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 128,068
14 Kallakurichi 78.81 Increase Pon. Gautham Sigamani 399,919
15 Salem 77.91 Increase S. R. Parthiban 146,926
16 Namakkal 80.22 Increase A. K. P. Chinraj 265,151
17 Erode 73.11 Decrease A. Ganesha Murthi 210,618
18 Tiruppur 73.21 Decrease K. Subbarayan Communist Party of India 93,368
19 Nilgiris (SC) 74.01 Increase A Raja Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 205,823
20 Coimbatore 63.86 Decrease P.R. Natarajan Communist Party of India (Marxist) 176,918
21 Pollachi 71.15 Decrease K. Shamugasundaram Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 173,359
22 Dindigul 75.29 Decrease P. Veluchamy 538,972
23 Karur 79.55 Decrease S.Jothimani Indian National Congress 420,546
24 Tiruchirappalli 69.50 Decrease Su. Thirunavukkarasar 459,286
25 Perambalur 79.26 Decrease T. R. Paarivendhar Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 403,518
26 Cuddalore 76.49 Decrease T.R.V.S. Ramesh 143,983
27 Chidambaram (SC) 77.98 Decrease Thol. Thirumavalavan Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi 3,219
28 Mayiladuthurai 73.93 Decrease S. Ramalingam Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 261,314
29 Nagapattinam (SC) 76.93 Decrease M. Selvarasu Communist Party of India 209,349
30 Thanjavur 72.55 Decrease S S Palanimanickam Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 368,129
31 Sivaganga 69.90 Decrease Karti P Chidambaram Indian National Congress 332,244
32 Madurai 66.09 Decrease S. Venkatesan Communist Party of India (Marxist) 139,395
33 Theni 75.27 Increase P. Ravindhranath All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 76,672
34 Virudhunagar 72.49 Decrease Manickam Tagore Indian National Congress 154,554
35 Ramanathapuram 68.40 Decrease Navaskani Indian Union Muslim League 126,237
36 Thoothukkudi 69.48 Decrease Kanimozhi Karunanidhi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 347,209
37 Tenkasi (SC) 71.43 Decrease Dhanush M Kumar 120,286
38 Tirunelveli 67.22 Decrease S. Gnanathiraviam 185,457
39 Kanniyakumari 69.83 Increase H. Vasanthakumar Indian National Congress 259,933

Direction Tamil Nadu result

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Northern Tamil Nadu

[edit]
Sr.no Seats Won
1. Thiruvallur (SC) K. Jeyakumar Indian National Congress
2. Chennai North Kalanidhi Veeraswamy Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
3. Chennai South Thamizhachi Thangapandian
4. Chennai Central Dayanidhi Maran
5. Sriperumbudur T R Baalu
6. Kancheepuram (SC) G. Selvam
7. Arakkonam S. Jagathrakshakan
8. Vellore D. M. Kathir Anand
9. Tiruvannamalai Annadurai C N
10. Kallakurichi Pon. Gautham Sigamani
11. Villupuram (SC) D. Ravikumar Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi
12 Arani Dr. M. K. Vishnu Prasad Indian National Congress

Western Tamil Nadu

[edit]
Sr.no Seats Won
1. Krishnagiri A. Chellakumar Indian National Congress
2. Dharmapuri Dr. S. Senthil Kumar Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
3. Salem S. R. Parthiban
4. Namakkal A. K. P. Chinraj
5. Erode A. Ganesha Murthi
6. Tiruppur K. Subbarayan Communist Party of India
7. Coimbatore P.R. Natarajan Communist Party of India (Marxist)
8. Nilgiris (SC) A Raja Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
9. Karur S.Jothimani Indian National Congress
10. Dindigul P. Veluchamy Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
11. Pollachi K. Shamugasundaram

Southern Tamil Nadu

[edit]
Sr.no Seats Won
1. Madurai S. Venkatesan Communist Party of India (Marxist)
2. Sivaganga Karti P Chidambaram Indian National Congress
3. Virudhunagar Manickam Tagore
4. Theni P. Ravindhranath All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
5. Ramanathapuram Navaskani Indian Union Muslim League
6. Thoothukkudi Kanimozhi Karunanidhi Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
7. Tenkasi (SC) Dhanush M Kumar
8. Tirunelveli S. Gnanathiraviam
9. Kanniyakumari H. Vasanthakumar Indian National Congress

Central Tamil Nadu

[edit]
Sr.no Seats Won
1. Tiruchirappalli Su. Thirunavukkarasar Indian National Congress
2. Perambalur T. R. Paarivendhar Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
3. Cuddalore T.R.V.S. Ramesh
4. Chidambaram (SC) Thol. Thirumavalavan Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi
5. Mayiladuthurai S. Ramalingam Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
6. Thanjavur S S Palanimanickam
7. Nagapattinam (SC) M. Selvarasu Communist Party of India

Assembly segments-wise lead of parties

[edit]

Party Assembly segments Position in Assembly (as of 2021 election)
Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 138 133
Indian National Congress 49 18
All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam 12 66
Communist Party of India 12 2
Communist Party of India (Marxist) 12 2
Indian Union Muslim League 5 0
Pattali Makkal Katchi 3 5
Viduthalai Chiruthaigal Katchi 2 4
Bharatiya Janata Party 1 4
Total 234

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Elections in Vellore constituency were held later in August 2019 and won by DMK.[19]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c "Final Voter turnout of Phase 1 to Phase 5 of the Lok Sabha Elections 2019". Election Commission of India. Retrieved 21 May 2019.
  2. ^ "17. State Wise Seat Won & Valid Votes Polled by Political Parties". Election Commission of India. 18 June 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2022.
  3. ^ "Congress, DMK Announce Alliance For 2019 General Elections". NDTV. 20 February 2019.
  4. ^ a b c d "DMK signs seat-sharing pacts with three allies". The Hindu. 5 March 2019.
  5. ^ "Lok Sabha elections: DMK allocates two seats to CPM". The Times of India. 5 March 2019.
  6. ^ Sivakumar, B (26 February 2019). "DMK gives one Lok Sabha seat to KMDK". The Times of India. Retrieved 1 July 2020.
  7. ^ "DMK completes seat sharing with alliance partners for Lok Sabha polls 2019". India Today. 5 March 2019.
  8. ^ a b c "AIADMK gives a seat to TMC for LS polls". The Hindu. 14 March 2019.
  9. ^ a b ""Will Sweep Elections": BJP, AIADMK Join Hands For Lok Sabha Polls". NDTV.com. Retrieved 19 February 2019.
  10. ^ "திமுக கூட்டணிக் கட்சிகளுக்கு கேட்ட தொகுதிகள் கிடைத்ததா?- ஒரு பார்வை". The Indian Express. 15 March 2019. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  11. ^ "அதிமுக கூட்டணி கட்சியினர் போட்டியிடும் தொகுதிகள் அறிவிப்பு". Dinamalar. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  12. ^ "விசிக வேட்பாளர் பட்டியல் வெளியீடு". Dinamalar. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  13. ^ a b c d "In T.N., VCK adopts 'split' symbol policy". The Hindu. 17 March 2019. Retrieved 18 March 2019.
  14. ^ a b "ஈரோடு தொகுதியில் போட்டியிடும் மதிமுக வேட்பாளர் அறிவிப்பு". இந்து தமிழ் திசை. Retrieved 21 March 2019.
  15. ^ a b S.P.Saravanan (23 May 2019). "DMK front registers thumping victory in Erode". The Hindu. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  16. ^ a b "KMDK candidate to contest on 'Rising Sun'". The Hindu. 19 March 2019. Retrieved 19 March 2019.
  17. ^ "General Election 2019 – Election Commission of India". results.eci.gov.in. Archived from the original on 22 June 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  18. ^ a b "Stalin Steers DMK To Success in Lok Sabha Polls". The Hindu. 23 May 2019. Retrieved 23 May 2019.
  19. ^ "DMK's Kathir Anand wins Vellore Lok Sabha seat by margin of over 8,000 votes". India Today. 9 August 2019. Retrieved 12 August 2019.

Further reading

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