Jump to content

Organised crime in India

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from India Mafia)

Organised crime in India
Founding locationIndia
EthnicityIndians
Criminal activitiesRacketeering, smuggling, extortion, loan sharking, human trafficking, money laundering, robbery, arms trafficking, drug trafficking, illegal gambling, illegal mining, bribery, skimming, murder, contract killing, kidnapping, forgery, assault.

Organised crime in India refers to organised crime elements originating in India and active in many parts of the world. The purpose of organised crime in India, as elsewhere in the world, is monetary gain. Its virulent form in modern times is due to several socio-economic and political factors and advances in science and technology. There is no firm data to indicate the number of organised criminal gangs operating in the country, their membership, their modus operandi, and the areas of their operations. Their structure and leadership patterns may not strictly fall in line with the classical Italian mafia.[1]

Mumbai underworld

[edit]
"Mumbai mafia" redirects here. For the 2023 Indian documentary film, see Mumbai Mafia: Police vs Underworld.

Mumbai is the financial capital of India. Over a period of time, the Mumbai underworld has been dominated by several different groups and mobsters.

1940s–1980s

[edit]

The powerful trio of Haji Mastan, Varadarajan Mudaliar, and Karim Lala enjoyed backing from their communities.

Haji Mastan, originally known as Mastan Haider Mirza, was a Bombay-based Tamil mobster who became the first celebrity gangster in the city of Bombay (now Mumbai).[2] Born in 1926 in a Tamil family in Pannaikulam, near Ramanathapuram, Tamil Nadu.[2] At age 8, he moved to Bombay with his father. The father-son duo ran a small cycle repair shop in Crawford market. 10 years later, in 1944, Mastan joined the Bombay docks as a porter and from there entered organised crime. He worked in association with Karim Lala and by the 1960s became a rich man. He amassed millions from smuggling gold, silver, and electronic goods and expanded his clout in the film industry by investing his money with directors and studios in Bollywood film production.[3] As Mastan's influence in Bollywood grew, he began to produce films himself and was a well-known producer.[2]

Varadarajan Mudaliar, popularly known as Vardha Bhai, was a Bombay-based ethnic Tamil Hindu mobster. He came to be known as Vardhabhai, operated from the early 1960s to 1980, and was accorded equal clout to Haji Mastan and Karim Lala. Starting off as a porter, he had his first brush with the crime world when he began selling illicit liquor.[citation needed] He commanded much respect within the Tamil community and ran a parallel justice system where his verdict was the final law of the land and binding in areas such as Dharavi and Matunga, which are believed to have a large presence of Tamils.[citation needed] Mudaliar, in tandem with Haji Mastan, ventured into stealing dock cargo. He later diversified into contract killings and the narcotics trade. He enjoyed a successful stint in the 1970s controlling the criminal operations in the east and north-central Bombay. Karim Lala commanded south and central Bombay, and the majority of smuggling and illegal construction financing was Haji Mastan's domain.[3]

Karim Lala and his family members' groups operated in the Bombay docks. They were often called "Afghan mafia" or "Pathan mafia", terms coined by Bombay law enforcement because the majority of this crime syndicate's members were ethnic Pashtuns from Afghanistan's Kunar province. They were especially involved in hashish trafficking, protection rackets, extortion, illegal gambling, gold smuggling, and contract killings and held a firm stranglehold over parts of Mumbai's underworld.[4] Lala controlled bootlegging and gambling in the city in 1940, and was the undisputed king of the trade until 1985.

1980s–present

[edit]

D-Company is the organised crime group controlled by Dawood Ibrahim which originated in Mumbai. It has been argued that the D-Company is not a stereotypical organised crime cartel in the strict sense of the word, but rather a collusion of criminal terrorist groups based around Ibrahim's personal control and leadership.[5][6] Ibrahim is currently on Interpol's wanted list for cheating, criminal conspiracy, and running an organised crime syndicate,[7] and in 2008 he was number two on Forbes' list of The World's 10 Most Wanted.[8] He is accused of heading an illegal empire against India and Indians. After the 1993 Bombay bombings, which Ibrahim allegedly organised and financed with Tiger Memon,[9] both men became part of India's most wanted.[10][11] According to the United States Department of the Treasury, Ibrahim may have had ties with Osama bin Laden.[12][13] Consequently, the United States declared Ibrahim a "Specially Designated Global Terrorist" in 2003 and pursued the matter before the United Nations in an attempt to freeze his assets around the world and crack down on his operations.[14] Indian and Russian intelligence agencies have pointed out Ibrahim's possible involvement in several other terror attacks, including the 2008 Mumbai attacks[15][16][7][17][18][19] Ever since he went into hiding, Ibrahim's location has been frequently traced to Karachi, Pakistan, a claim which Pakistani authorities have denied.[20]

Chotta Rajan is the boss of a major crime syndicate based in Mumbai. He was a former key aide and lieutenant of Dawood Ibrahim. Starting as a petty thief and bootlegger working for Rajan Nair, also known as Bada Rajan (Big Rajan), Chota Rajan took the reins of Bada Rajan's gang after Bada Rajan's murder. Later, he was affiliated with and operated at the behest of Dawood in Mumbai and eventually fled India to Dubai in 1988. He is wanted for many criminal cases that include extortion, murder, smuggling, drug trafficking, and film finance. His brother is said to produce films financed by Rajan. He is wanted in 17 murder cases and several more attempted murders. Chhota Rajan was arrested in Bali by Indonesian police on 25 October 2015.[21] He was extradited to India on 6 November after 27 years on the run and is currently awaiting trial in CBI custody.[22]

Arun Gawli's gang is based at Dagdi Chawl in Byculla, Mumbai. Gawali started his criminal activities there and used the rooms there for keeping kidnapped persons, torturing them, extorting money from them, and murdering them. The police raided the premises several times and finally broke his operations. He has been arrested several times for criminal activities and detained for long periods during a trial. However, he could not be convicted in most of the cases as witnesses would not depose against him for fear. He was finally convicted for the murder of Shiv Sena politician Kamalakar Jamsandekar by a court in August 2012. Gawli and eleven others were found guilty of Jamsandekar's murder.[23]

Dacoity

[edit]
Main article: Dacoity

Dacoity is a term used for "banditry" in the Indian subcontinent. The spelling is the anglicised version of the Hindustani word daaku, "dacoit" /dəˈkɔɪt/ is a colloquial Indian English word with this meaning, it appears in the Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases (1903).[24] Banditry is criminal activity involving robbery by groups of armed bandits. The East India Company established the Thuggee and Dacoity Department in 1830, and the Thuggee and Dacoity Suppression Acts, 1836–1848 were enacted in British India under East India Company rule. Areas with ravines or forests, such as Chambal and Chilapata Forests, were once known for dacoits.

Thuggee

[edit]
Thugs strangling a traveller.

Thuggee were crimes carried out by organized gangs of robbers and murderers which operated in the northern and eastern parts of the Indian subcontinent.[25] Thugs were gangs of highway robbers, who tricked and strangled their victims with a handkerchief or noose.[26] They would then rob and bury their victims. Sometimes they mutilated the corpses of their victims to avoid detection.[27] The leader of a gang was called a 'jemadar'. The usage of military ranks like 'jemadar', 'subedar' and 'private' suggests that these gangs had military links.[27] Although strangulation was their main method of murder, they also used blades and poison.[28] The thugs comprised some who had inherited thuggee as a family vocation, and others who were forced to turn to it out of necessity.[28] The leadership of many of the groups tended to be hereditary with family members sometimes serving together in the same band. Such Thugs were known as aseel.[29] Not all thugs were trained by their family but rather by experienced thugs called 'guru'.[30] While they usually kept their acts a secret, female thugs also existed and were called baronee in Ramasee, while an important male Thug was called baroo.[31]

Thugs considered themselves to be the children of Kali, having been created from her sweat.[32] However, many of the Thugs who were captured and convicted by the British were Muslims.[33]

Andhra Pradesh factionalism

[edit]
See also: Rayalaseema § Factionalism

There are families with blood feuds with each other in the Rayalaseema region of Andhra Pradesh and parts of eastern Karnataka in India, and associated with alleged Mafia Raj. It is locally referred to as "factionalism" and involves various crimes. Activities like illegal mining are common and one of the major social and environmental issues in the region. It also persists due to illiteracy and lack of environmental awareness in the region and public inactivity, having led to severe deforestation and desertification in the region. The vendetta between the groups originated historically during the Vijayanagara Empire. This often co-exists with mafia states. Much of the mining and real estate mafia in the region is run by such families, and to avoid punishment, they are often involved in corruption and local politics. There have been numerous murders committed by rival families, including the murders of noteworthy politicians. Factionalism is one of the main reasons for which vendetta politics is widely practiced in Andhra Pradesh, and is also a major cause of rioting and domestic terrorism in the region.

Organised crime in Goa

[edit]

Several local Indian, Russian, Israeli and Nigerian criminal groups are reported to be heavily involved in the organised drug trade in Goa, one of the smallest states of India. Sources reveal that there are also individual players who are British, French, Italian, Portuguese, and of other European nationalities. Some have been visiting the state for over two decades and have their fixed international and local clientele.[34] Goa has, in recent days, become a principal hub of the international drug trade apart from being a key point of consumption. According to estimates, drugs flowing out of different foreign locations lands on the comparatively unguarded Goan coastline as Mumbai and its hinterland are no longer considered an easy route for trafficking since checks by the Coastguard, Navy, Customs, and other government bodies began.[35]

Organised crime in Punjab

[edit]

There has been a spurt in the formation and activities of such criminal gangs in Punjab over the last decade even though some gangs, have been operational in the state since the end of militancy in Punjab.[36] Post militancy, the gangs took to contract killings. The real estate and industrial sector boom of the early 2000s saw several criminals surfacing with the primary objective of controlling unions. The flourishing of the banking sector, especially finance companies, spurred the demand for bouncers who ensured recovery of bad loans and helped in taking disputed properties. Cricket bookies also use the services of these bouncers. Around five years back when the boom in real estate ended, these gangs then turned to extortion and protection money as their source of income.[citation needed] Most of these are inter-state gangs as well as the ones specializing in arms smuggling, narcotics and abduction. Kidnappings for ransom in Punjab, are something which rarely happen.[37]

Chaddi Baniyan Gangs

[edit]
Main article: Chaddi Baniyan Gang

The Chaddi Baniyan Gangs (also known as the Kachcha Baniyan Gangs) are criminal groups operating in parts of India.[38] Gang members perform attacks while wearing only their underwear, which is the source of their name (in the local languages, chaddi, or kachcha are underpants and baniyan is undershirts). In addition to wearing undergarments, members wear face masks and cover themselves in oil or mud to protect their identities.[39]

The gangs tend to move in groups of 5-10 people,[40] and wear a kurta and lungi. During the day, they gather at transport hubs or disused urban spaces. They conceal themselves as beggars or common labourers to identify potential houses to rob. Before moving on to a different town, the gangs attempt to steal from multiple homes.[40]

Gang members tie up family members, during robberies, and murder anyone who resists. They often arm themselves with rods, axes, knives, and firearms. When they rob a house, they sometimes eat and leave their excrements. The gang members often rent cars to get around,[41] and are suspected of robbing temples.[42]

Kala Kachcha Gangs

[edit]
Main article: Kala Kachcha gang

Kala Kachcha Gangs (also known as Kale-Kachchewale or Kale Kachche Gangs) refers to certain organized criminal gangs in Punjab, India. The Kala Kachcha gang members are robbers and dacoits, who don police uniform or 'Kale Kachche' (black underpants)[43] to evade detection. They put grease on their body as lubricant.

There are many such gangs suspected to be active in Punjab. They usually target families living at isolated places in the countryside and always thrash their victims before robbing them.

Activities

[edit]

India is a major transit point for heroin from the Golden Triangle and Golden Crescent en route to Europe. India is also the world's largest legal grower of opium; experts estimate that 5–10% of the legal opium is converted into illegal heroin, and 8–10% is consumed in high quantities as concentrated liquid. The pharmaceutical industry is also responsible for much illegal production of mandrax, much of which is smuggled into South Africa. Diamond smuggling via South Africa is also a major criminal activity, and diamonds are sometimes used to disguise shipments of heroin. Finally, there is much money laundering in the country, mostly through the use of the traditional hawala system, although India criminalised money laundering in 2003.[44] [45]

[edit]

In the cinema of India, particularly Bollywood, crime films and gangster films inspired by organised crime in India have been produced since 1940. Indian cinema has several genres of such crime films.

Dacoit films

[edit]
Main article: Dacoit film

The dacoit film was a genre of Indian cinema that began with Mehboob Khan's Aurat (1940) and gained popularity with its remake Mother India (1957) as well as Dilip Kumar's Gunga Jumna (1961). A subgenre is the Dacoit Western, popularized by Sholay (1975). These films are usually set in rural India, and often inspired by real dacoits.

Examples of the genre:

Thuggee films

[edit]

Mumbai underworld films

[edit]

In the early 1970s, a new genre of Indian crime films and gangster films arose, set in urban India: Bombay underworld films, later called Mumbai underworld films. These films are often inspired by real Mumbai underworld gangsters, such as Haji Mastan, Dawood Ibrahim and D-Company. These films are often set around Mumbai slums such as Dharavi or Juhu, and gangsters in these films often speak with a Tapori or Bombay Hindi street dialect.

The genre was pioneered by screenwriter duo Salim–Javed. They began the genre of gritty, violent, Bombay underworld crime films in the early 1970s, with films such as Zanjeer (1973) and Deewaar (1975).[46][47] They reinterpreted the rural themes of Mehboob Khan's Mother India (1957) and Nitin Bose's Gunga Jumna (1961) in a contemporary urban context reflecting the socio-economic and socio-political climate of 1970s India,[48][49] channeling the growing discontent and disillusionment among the masses,[48] and unprecedented growth of slums,[50] and dealing with themes involving urban poverty, corruption, and crime,[51] as well as anti-establishment themes.[52] This resulted in their creation of the "angry young man", personified by Amitabh Bachchan,[52] who reinterpreted Dilip Kumar's performance in Gunga Jumna in a contemporary urban context.[48][49]

By the mid-1970s, gritty, violent crime films and action films about gangsters (Bombay underworld) as well as bandits (dacoits) had become popular. The writing of Salim-Javed and acting of Amitabh Bachchan popularized the trend, with films such as Zanjeer and particularly Deewaar, a crime film inspired by Gunga Jumna[46] that pitted "a policeman against his brother, a gang leader based on real-life smuggler Haji Mastan" portrayed by Bachchan; Deewaar was described as being "absolutely key to Indian cinema" by Danny Boyle.[53] Along with Bachchan, other actors that rode the crest of this trend include Feroz Khan.[54]

The crime films written by Salim-Javed and starring Amitabh Bachchan reflected the socio-economic and socio-political realities of 1970s India, channeling the growing discontent and disillusionment among the masses, and the failure of the state in ensuring their welfare and well-being, in a time when prices were rapidly rising, commodities were becoming scarce, public institutions were losing legitimacy, smugglers and gangsters were gathering political clout,[48] and there was an unprecedented growth of slums.[50] The cinema of Salim-Javed and Amitabh Bachchan dealt with themes relevant to Indian society at the time, such as urban poverty in slums, corruption in society, and the Bombay underworld crime scene,[51] and was perceived by audiences as anti-establishment, often represented by an "angry young man" protagonist, presented as a vigilante or anti-hero,[52] with his suppressed rage giving a voice to the angst of the urban poor.[50]

Later films in the genre include Ram Gopal Verma's Satya (1998) and Company (2002), based on the D-Company, which both offered "slick, often mesmerising portrayals of the Mumbai underworld" and displayed realistic "brutality and urban violence." Another notable film in the genre was Black Friday (2004), adapted from Hussein Zaidi's book of the same name about the 1993 Bombay bombings.[53][55][56][57]

The genre later inspired the film Slumdog Millionaire (2009), which drew inspiration from Mumbai underworld films. Its influences included Deewaar,[58][59] Satya, Company, and Black Friday.[53][55][56][57] 1970s Bollywood crime films such as Deewaar and Amar Akbar Anthony (1977) also have similarities to the heroic bloodshed crime genre of 1980s Hong Kong action cinema.[60] Deewaar had a Hong Kong remake, The Brothers (1979),[61] which went on to inspire John Woo's internationally acclaimed breakthrough A Better Tomorrow (1986),[62][61] which set the template for the heroic bloodshed genre in Hong Kong cinema.[63][64]

Examples of the Mumbai underworld film genre:

Mafia Raj films

[edit]

Andhra Pradesh factionalism films

[edit]

Chaddi Baniyan Gang

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "'Baap of Gandhinagar' arrested". The Times of India. 24 February 2012.
  2. ^ a b c "When Tamil dons ruled Bombay". Times of India. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
  3. ^ a b "Three underworld dons who rode Bombay from the 60s to early 80s - Latest News & Updates". Daily News & Analysis. 5 May 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
  4. ^ Hussain Zaidi, S. (10 August 2012). Dongri to Dubai. Roli Books Private Limited. ISBN 9788174368188. Retrieved 6 May 2015.
  5. ^ "U.S. slaps sanctions against Chhota Shakeel, Tiger Memon". The Hindu. Chennai, India. 2012-05-16.
  6. ^ "Untitled Page". Archived from the original on 8 November 2014. Retrieved 26 December 2014.
  7. ^ a b "Shaikh, Dawood Hasan". Interpol. Archived from the original on 12 December 2012. Retrieved 30 December 2012.
  8. ^ "Dawood 4th 'most wanted' criminal on Forbes list". The Times of India. 28 April 2008. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
  9. ^ "The ones who got away". The Times of India. 4 August 2007.
  10. ^ "Profile: India's fugitive gangster". BBC News. 12 September 2006.
  11. ^ "I am happy Yakub Memon has been caught". India Today.
  12. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Treasury.gov. Archived from the original on January 19, 2009. Retrieved January 19, 2009.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) CS1 maint: unfit URL (link). treasury.gov
  13. ^ "isi-shifts-underworld-don-dawood-ibrahim-to-pakistan-afghanistan-border". The Economic Times.
  14. ^ "Bush administration imposes sanctions on India's most wanted criminals Dawood Ibrahim and sai bansod". IndiaDaily. 2 June 2006. Archived from the original on 12 February 2007.
  15. ^ "Dawood behind Mumbai attacks: ATS sources" Archived October 19, 2013, at the Wayback Machine. Ibnlive. Retrieved 16 April 2012.
  16. ^ "Dawood directly involved in Mumbai attack: Russia intelligence". The Times of India. 18 December 2008. Archived from the original on 14 October 2013.
  17. ^ "Dawood Ibrahim is a global terrorist: US". Rediff.com. 2003-10-17. Retrieved 2015-08-10.
  18. ^ "Intelligence agencies". IBNLive. 2015-05-19. Retrieved 2015-08-10.
  19. ^ "Dawood is a terrorist, has 'strategic alliance' with ISI, says US - The Times of India". Timesofindia.indiatimes.com. 2010-01-07. Retrieved 2015-08-10.
  20. ^ William C. Banks; Renée de Nevers; Mitchel B. Wallerstein (1 October 2007). Combating Terrorism: Strategies and Approaches. SAGE Publications. p. 113. ISBN 978-1-4833-7092-7.
  21. ^ "Chhota Rajan arrested in Indonesia after decades on the run". DNA. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 26 October 2015.
  22. ^ m.firstpost.com/india/chhota-rajan-finally-brought-to-india-after-27-years-on-the-run-2497094.html
  23. ^ "Arun Gawli convicted in murder case". The Hindu. Chennai, India. August 24, 2012. Retrieved 24 August 2012.
  24. ^ Here, "Anglo-Indian" refers to the language, or linguistic usage. See Yule, Henry and Burnell, Arthur Coke (1886) Hobson-Jobson: A Glossary of Colloquial Anglo-Indian Words and Phrases, and of Kindred Terms, Etymological, Historical, Geographical and Discursive J. Murry, London; reprinted 1903; see page page 290 Archived 2014-06-28 at the Wayback Machine of the 1903 edition for "dacoit".
  25. ^ "Thugs". www.1902encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
  26. ^ Kastan, David Scott (2006-03-03). The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature: 5-Volume Set. Oxford University Press, USA. ISBN 978-0-19-516921-8.
  27. ^ a b Dash, Mike (2011-02-03). Thug: The True Story Of India's Murderous Cult. Granta Publications. ISBN 978-1-84708-473-6.
  28. ^ a b Wagner, K. (2007-07-12). Thuggee: Banditry and the British in Early Nineteenth-Century India. Springer. ISBN 978-0-230-59020-5.
  29. ^ Dash, Mike (2011-02-03). Thug: The True Story Of India's Murderous Cult. Granta Publications. ISBN 978-1-84708-473-6.
  30. ^ Dash, Mike (3 February 2011). Thug: The True Story of India's Murderous Cult. Granta Publications. ISBN 9781847084736.
  31. ^ Wœrkens, Martine van (November 2002). The Strangled Traveler: Colonial Imaginings and the Thugs of India. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-85085-6.
  32. ^ Luchesi, Brigitte; Stuckrad, Kocku von (2004). Religion im kulturellen Diskurs: Festschrift für Hans G. Kippenberg zu seinem 65. Geburtstag. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-3-11-017790-9.
  33. ^ Peers, Douglas M. (2013-11-05). India under Colonial Rule: 1700-1885. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-317-88286-2.
  34. ^ "Goa's drug pie sliced up between foreign, local gangs - Times of India". The Times of India. 22 April 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
  35. ^ "Goa: Sex & mafia on cocaine coast". 29 October 2010. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
  36. ^ "How bloodthirsty Facebook posts from prison, gang wars fuel Punjab's hellhole". www.dailyo.in. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
  37. ^ "Rocky & Gang, this time in Punjab - Gurvinder Kaur - Tehelka - Investigations, Latest News, Politics, Analysis, Blogs, Culture, Photos, Videos, Podcasts". www.tehelka.com. Archived from the original on 29 September 2017. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
  38. ^ "Chaddi-Baniyan gang returns to haunt city". The Times of India. 2009-07-26. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
  39. ^ "Welcome to DainikKausar.com - Daily News Paper, Bhopal, Delhi". 2014-05-08. Archived from the original on 2014-05-08. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
  40. ^ a b "कच्छा-बनियान गिरोह की दिल्ली में दस्तक, दो जगह लूट - IBN Khabar". 2014-12-15. Archived from the original on 2014-12-15. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
  41. ^ "Four ' chaddi- banian' burglars caught; confess to 36 house- breaks - Free Press Journal". 2014-05-12. Archived from the original on 2014-05-12. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
  42. ^ "Refworld | India: Kacha Banian (Kucha Banyan) or Underwear-Undershirt Wearing Group or Shorts-Underwear Clad Group; its members; their activities; their targets; whether they are active throughout the country or just in Uttar Pradesh; whether the group targets Sikhs in particular; and their interests regarding Sikhs". Refworld. Retrieved 2023-10-19.
  43. ^ https://www.tribuneindia.com/2000/20000325/punjab.htm#14 [bare URL]
  44. ^ "Nations Hospitable to Organised Crime and Terrorism" (PDF). Library of Congress report. U.S. Library of Congress. Retrieved 16 October 2017.
  45. ^ "Final film in Indian Gangster Trilogy a Must See". Cinema Strikes Back. 2005-08-24. Archived from the original on 2011-07-17. Retrieved 2011-07-07.
  46. ^ a b Ganti, Tejaswini (2004). Bollywood: A Guidebook to Popular Hindi Cinema. Psychology Press. p. 153. ISBN 9780415288545.
  47. ^ Chaudhuri, Diptakirti (2015). Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters. Penguin Books. p. 72. ISBN 9789352140084.
  48. ^ a b c d Raj, Ashok (2009). Hero Vol.2. Hay House. p. 21. ISBN 9789381398036.
  49. ^ a b Kumar, Surendra (2003). Legends of Indian cinema: pen portraits. Har-Anand Publications. p. 51. ISBN 9788124108727.
  50. ^ a b c Mazumdar, Ranjani (2007). Bombay Cinema: An Archive of the City. University of Minnesota Press. p. 14. ISBN 9781452913025.
  51. ^ a b Chaudhuri, Diptakirti (2015). Written by Salim-Javed: The Story of Hindi Cinema's Greatest Screenwriters. Penguin Group. p. 74. ISBN 9789352140084.
  52. ^ a b c "Deewaar was the perfect script: Amitabh Bachchan on 42 years of the cult film". Hindustan Times. 29 January 2017.
  53. ^ a b c Amitava Kumar (23 December 2008). "Slumdog Millionaire's Bollywood Ancestors". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 4 January 2008.
  54. ^ Stadtman, Todd (2015). Funky Bollywood: The Wild World of 1970s Indian Action Cinema. FAB Press. ISBN 9781903254776.
  55. ^ a b "All you need to know about Slumdog Millionaire". The Independent. London. 21 January 2009. Archived from the original on 2022-05-24. Retrieved 21 January 2009.
  56. ^ a b Lisa Tsering (29 January 2009). "'Slumdog' Director Boyle Has 'Fingers Crossed' for Oscars". IndiaWest. Archived from the original on 2 March 2009. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  57. ^ a b Anthony Kaufman (29 January 2009). "DGA nominees borrow from the masters: Directors cite specific influences for their films". Variety. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  58. ^ Runna Ashish Bhutda; Ashwini Deshmukh; Kunal M Shah; Vickey Lalwani; Parag Maniar; Subhash K Jha (13 January 2009). "The Slumdog Millionaire File". Mumbai Mirror. Archived from the original on 8 May 2009. Retrieved 30 January 2009.
  59. ^ "'Slumdog Millionaire' has an Indian co-director". The Hindu. 11 January 2009. Archived from the original on 25 March 2009. Retrieved 23 January 2009.
  60. ^ Banker, Ashok (2002). Bollywood. Penguin Group. p. 83. ISBN 9780143028352.
  61. ^ a b Mondal, Sayantan. "Amitabh Bachchan starrer 'Deewar' was remade in Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam – and Cantonese". Scroll.in. Archived from the original on 30 January 2017. Retrieved 30 January 2017.
  62. ^ "The Brothers". Hong Kong Cinemagic. Retrieved 21 November 2017.
  63. ^ Morton, Lisa (2001). The Cinema of Tsui Hark. McFarland. ISBN 0-7864-0990-8.
  64. ^ Volodzko, David (13 June 2015). "30 Years Later, This Chinese Film Still Echoes in Hollywood". The Diplomat.
Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=Organised_crime_in_India&oldid=1259949062"