Ikshvaku
| Ikshvaku | |
|---|---|
| Venerated in | Hinduism |
| Affiliation | Ancestor of Rama |
| Successor | Prince Vikukshi |
| Texts | Ramayana, Versions of Ramayana (including Ramcharitmanas), Puranas |
| Gender | Male |
| Genealogy | |
| Parents | Vaivasvata Manu (father) Shraddha (mother) |
| Children | • 100 sons (including: Vikukshi and Nimi) according to Hinduism
• 100 sons (including: Bahubali, Bharata, and Nami) according to Jainism • 2 daughters: Brahmi and Sundari (Hinduism and Jainism) |
| Dynasty | Suryavaṃśa (Ikshvaku dynasty) |
| Part of a series on |
| Hinduism |
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Ikshvaku (Sanskrit Ikṣvāku; Pāli: Okkāka) is a legendary king in Indian religions, particularly Hindu and Jain mythologies. In Hinduism, he is described to be the first king of the Kosala Kingdom, and was one of the ten sons of Shraddhadeva Manu, the first man on the earth. He was the founder and first king of the Ikshvaku dynasty, also known as the Suryavamsha, in the kingdom of Kosala, which also historically existed in ancient India.[1] He had a hundred sons,[2] among whom the eldest was Vikukshi. Another son of Ikshvaku's, named Nimi, founded the Kingdom of the Videhas.[3] Rama, Mahavira, and the Buddha are also stated to have belonged to the Suryavamsha or Ikshvaku dynasty.[4]
Origin
[edit]From Kashyapa, through Aditi, Vivasvan was generated, and from him came Shraddhadeva Manu, who was born from the womb of Sanjna. Shraddhadeva's wife, Shraddha, gave birth to ten sons, including Ikshvaku and Nriga.
The Atharvaveda and Brahmanas associate the Ikshvakus with non-Aryan people, distinct from the Aryans who composed the hymns of the four Vedas.[5][6] F. E. Pargiter has equated the Ikshvakus with the Dravidians.[7] According to Franciscus Kuiper, Manfred Mayrhofer and Levman, the Iskvaku is derived from a Munda name:[8][a]
The founder of the Sakya clan, King Ikṣvāku (Pali: Okkāka) has a Munda name, suggesting that the Sakyas were at least bilingual. Many of the Sakya village names are believed to be non-IA in origin, and the very word for town or city (nagara; cf. the Sakya village Nagakara, the locus of the Cūḷasuññata Sutta) is of Dravidian stock. [pp. 148–149] [...]
The Sakya clan derive their ancestry from King Ikṣvāku, whose name is of Austro-Asiatic Munda origin. [pp. 156–157]
— Levman (2014)
However, there are those who contend with Pargiter. Ghurye holds that the Ikshvakus were Aryan horsemen and must have arrived in the subcontinent before the Aryans who composed the Rigveda. The Brahmana texts do also state that the Ikshvakus were a line of princes descended from the Purus. The Rigveda mentions that the Purus are one of the Aryan tribes. Mandhatri, an Ikshvaku ruler, is described in the Rigveda to have annihilated the Dasyus, and seeks the help of the Ashvin twins, the divine physicians of the Vedic religion.[10]
Literature
[edit]Vedic
[edit]In Rig Veda the name Ikshvaku is mentioned only once as follows:
Him in whose service flourishes Iksvaku, rich and dazzling-bright.
As the Five Tribes that are in heaven.— Rig Veda (RV), Mandala 10, hymn 60, Verse 4
Epic
[edit]Agastya explains the origin of Ikshvaku to Rama in the Ramayana:[11]
... [Agastya] that foremost of ascetics began to speak thus:
"In ancient times in the golden age, O Rama, the Lord Manu was the ruler of the earth. His son was Ikshvaku, the enhancer of the felicity of his race. Having placed his eldest son, the invincible Ikshvaku on the throne, Manu said:—
'Become the founder of royal dynasties in the world!'
"O Rama, Ikshvaku promised to follow his injunctions and Manu, greatly delighted, added:—
'I am pleased with you, O Noble One, undoubtedly you shalt found a dynasty but, whilst ruling your subjects with firmness, never punish any who is without fault! A punishment meted out to the guilty according to the law is instrumental in conducting a monarch to heaven, therefore, O Long-armed Hero, O Dear Child, exercise extreme care in wielding the sceptre, this is your supreme duty on earth.'
"Having counselled his son repeatedly in this wise, Manu joyfully repaired to the eternal abode of Brahma."
— Valmiki Ramayana, Book VII: Uttara Kanda: Ch. 79, p. 590
The Vishnu Purana states that Ikshvaku emerged from the nostril of Manu when he happened to sneeze. He had a hundred sons, of whom the three most distinguished were Vikukshi, Nimi, and Danda. Fifty of his sons were the kings of the northern nations, while forty-eight of them were princes of the south. During an occasion known as Ashtaka, Ikshvaku wished to perform an ancestral rite, and ordered Vikukshi to bring him flesh suitable for the offering. The prince shot many deer in the forest, and other game, for the rite. Growing exhausted, he ate a hare among his catch and carried the other beasts to his father. Vashistha, the family priest of the dynasty of Ikshvaku, was requested to consecrate the offering. He declared that it was impure, since Vikukshi had eaten a hare among it, making his meal a residue. Vikukshi was abandoned by his father, offended by this act. But after the demise of Ikshvaku, the rule of Bhuloka passed on to Vikukshi, who was succeeded by his son, Puranjaya.[12]
Jainism
[edit]In Jain texts, it is mentioned that Rishabhanatha is the same as king Ikshvaku.
Except for Munisuvrata and Neminatha, the remaining Tirthankaras are believed to have been royals of the Ikshvaku lineage.[13]
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ In the excerpt from pp. 148–149 quoted, Levman (2014)[9] cites:
- Kuiper, F. B. J. (1991). Aryans in the Rigveda. Amsterdam-Atlanta: Rodopi. p. 7.
- Mayrhofer, Manfred (1963). Kurzgefasstes etymologisches Wörterbuch des Altindischen [A Concise Etymological Sanskrit Dictionary] (in German). Vol. 1 and 2 (Bände 1 und 2). Heidelberg: Carl Winter – Universitätsverlag. vol. 1, p. 185; vol. 2, p. 125.
- Thomas, Edward J. (1960) [First published 1927]. The life of Buddha as legend and history (1949 3rd rev. ed.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 23.
References
[edit]Citations
[edit]- ^ Thapar 2013, pp. 308–309.
- ^ John Garrett (1975). A Classical Dictionary of India. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers & Distri. p. 259. GGKEY:YTLNG1DG7JN. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
- ^ Subodh Kapoor (2004). A Dictionary of Hinduism: Including Its Mythology, Religion, History, Literature, and Pantheon. New Delhi: Cosmo Publications. p. 171. ISBN 978-81-7755-874-6. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
- ^ Peter Scharf. Ramopakhyana – The Story of Rama in the Mahabharata: A Sanskrit Independent-Study Reader. Routledge, 2014. p. 559.
- ^ Indian History Congress. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Parts 1-2. pp. 32–33.
- ^ Ram Chandra Jain 1970, p. 18.
- ^ Ram Chandra Jain 1970, p. 21.
- ^ Levman 2014, pp. 148–149, 156–157.
- ^ Levman 2014, pp. 148–149.
- ^ Pillai 1997, p. 54.
- ^ Valmiki 1959, pp. 589–591.
- ^ Gita 2005.
- ^ Jain 1991, p. 2.
Sources
[edit]- Bhagavata Purana. Gita Press. 2005.
- Book 9, Discourse 6. "The posterity of Ikswaku: The stories of Mandhata and the sage Saubhari". Bhagavata Purana – Book Nine. Gita Press. 2005. pp. 22–28.
- Jain, Kailash Chand (1991). Lord Mahāvīra and his times (Rev. ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 9788120808058. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
- Ram Chandra Jain (1970). Ethnology of Ancient Bhārata. Chowkhamba Sanskrit Series Office.
- Levman, Bryan Geoffrey (2014). "Cultural Remnants of the Indigenous Peoples in the Buddhist Scriptures". Buddhist Studies Review. 30 (2): 145–180. doi:10.1558/bsrv.v30i2.145. eISSN 1747-9681. Retrieved 1 January 2014 – via Equinoxpub.
- Pillai, S. Devadas (1997). Indian Sociology Through Ghurye, a Dictionary. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-81-7154-807-1.
- Thapar, Romila (2013), The Past Before Us, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-72651-2
- The Ramayana of Valmiki – Book VII: Uttara Kanda. Vol. III. Translated by Shastri, Hari Prasad. London: Shanti Sadan. 1959.
- Chapter 79. "The Hundred Sons of Ikshvaku". Book VII: Uttara Kanda. Vol. III. Translated by Hari Prasad Shastri. London: Shanti Sadan. 1959.
Further reading
[edit]- Vishńu Puráńa – Book IV. Chapters 1, 2, 3. pp. 348–377. Translated by Horace Hayman Wilson. London: John Murray. 1840. Digitised by John Bruno Hare (February 2006).
- "Birth of Ikshvaku and narration of Kakutstha [Chapter II]". Vishnu Purana. 30 August 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2022 – via wisdomlib.org.
- "Canto LXX. The Maidens sought". The Rámáyan of Válmíki, translated into English verse. Book I. Translated by Ralph T. H. Griffith (Project Gutenberg, 2008 ed.). London; Benares: Trübner & Co.; E. J. Lazarus and Co. 1874. p. 82. 1:70, verse 3:
From him Vivasvat sprang: from him Manu whose fame shall ne'er be dim. Manu, who life to mortals gave, Begot Ikshváku good and brave. First of Ayodhyá's kings was he, Pride of her famous dynasty.
- Canto 70 – via IIT Madras