Palmanova
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Palmanova
Palme (Friulian) | |
|---|---|
| Città di Palmanova | |
 | |
 Flag  Coat of arms | |
Location of Palmanova  | |
  Palmanova Location of Palmanova in Italy  Palmanova Palmanova (Friuli-Venezia Giulia) | |
| Coordinates: 45°54′N 13°19′E / 45.900°N 13.317°E | |
| Country | Italy |
| Region | Friuli-Venezia Giulia |
| Province | Udine (UD) |
| Frazioni | Jalmicco, Sottoselva, San Marco |
| Government | |
| • Mayor | Giuseppe Tellini, since 04.10.2021 |
| Area | |
• Total | 13.32 km2 (5.14 sq mi) |
| Elevation | 27 m (89 ft) |
| Population (31 December 2017)[2] | |
• Total | 5,419 |
| • Density | 410/km2 (1,100/sq mi) |
| Demonym | Palmarini |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Postal code | 33057 |
| Dialing code | 0432 |
| ISTAT code | 030070 |
| Patron saint | Justina of Padua |
| Saint day | October 7 |
| Website | Official website |
| Fortified Town of Palmanova | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Location | Palmanova, Province of Udine, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Italy |
| Type | Cultural |
| Criteria | iii, iv |
| Designated | 2017 (41 Session) |
| Part of | Venetian Works of Defence between the 16th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – western Stato da Mar |
| Reference no. | 1533 |
| Region | Europe and North America |
Palmanova (Friulian: Palme) is a town and comune (municipality) in the Regional decentralization entity of Udine in Friuli-Venezia Giulia, northeast Italy. The town is an example of a star fort of the late Renaissance, built up by the Venetian Republic in 1593.
The fortifications were included in UNESCO's World Heritage Site list as part of Venetian Works of Defence between the 16th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – western Stato da Mar in 2017.[3] Palmanova is one of I Borghi più belli d'Italia ("The most beautiful villages of Italy").[4]
Geography
[edit]Found in the southeast part of the autonomous region Friuli-Venezia Giulia, it is 20 kilometres (12 mi) from Udine, 28 kilometres (17 mi) from Gorizia and 55 kilometres (34 mi) from Trieste, near the junction of the motorways A23 and A4.
History
[edit]On 7 October 1593, the Venetian Republic founded a revolutionary new kind of settlement: Palmanova. The city’s founding date commemorated the victory of the Christian forces (supplied primarily by the Italian states and the Spanish kingdom) over the Ottoman Turks in the Battle of Lepanto in 1571, during the War of Cyprus. Also honored on 7 October was Saint Justina, chosen as the city's patron saint. Using all the latest military innovations of the 16th century, this small town was a fortress in the shape of a nine-pointed star, designed by Vincenzo Scamozzi. Between the points of the star, ramparts protruded so that the points could defend each other. A moat surrounded the town, and three large, guarded gates allowed entry. The construction of the first circle, with a total circumference of 7 kilometres (4 mi), took 30 years. Marcantonio Barbaro headed a group of Venetian noblemen in charge of building the town, Marcantonio Martinego was in charge of construction, and Giulio Savorgnan acted as an adviser.[5] The second phase of construction took place between 1658 and 1690, and the outer line of fortifications was completed between 1806 and 1813 under the Napoleonic domination. The final fortress consists of: nine ravelins, nine bastions, nine lunettes, and eighteen cavaliers.
In 1815 the city came under Austrian rule until 1866, when it was annexed to Italy together with Veneto and the western Friuli. Until 1918, it was the one of easternmost towns along the Italian-Austro Hungarian border and during the First World War the city worked as a military zone hosting even a hospital for the royal army. In 1960 Palmanova was declared a national monument.[6]
American professor Edward Wallace Muir Jr. said of Palmanova, "The humanist theorists of the ideal city designed numerous planned cities that look intriguing on paper but were not especially successful as livable spaces. Along the northeastern frontier of their mainland empire, the Venetians began to build in 1593 the best example of a Renaissance planned town: Palmanova, a fortress city designed to defend against attacks from the Ottomans in Bosnia. Built ex nihilo according to humanist and military specifications, Palmanova was supposed to be inhabited by self-sustaining merchants, craftsmen, and farmers. However, despite the pristine conditions and elegant layout of the new city, no one chose to move there, and by 1622 Venice was forced to pardon criminals and offer them free building lots and materials if they would agree to settle the town."[7]
Ideal city of the Renaissance
[edit]
Palmanova was built following the ideals of a utopia. It is a concentric city with the form of a star, with three nine-sided ring roads intersecting in the main military radiating streets. It was built at the end of the 16th century by the Venetian Republic which was, at the time, a major center of trade.[8] It is actually considered to be a fort, or citadel, because the military architect Giulio Savorgnan designed it to be a Venetian military station on the eastern frontier as protection from the Ottoman Empire.
During the renaissance many ideas of a utopia, both as a society and as a city, surfaced. Utopia was considered to be a place where there was perfection in the whole of its society. This idea was started by Sir Thomas More, when he wrote the book Utopia. The book described the physical features of a city as well as the life of the people who lived in it. His book sparked a flame in literary circles. A great many other books of similar nature were written in short order. They all followed a major theme: equality. Everyone had the same amount of wealth, respect, and life experiences. Society had a calculated elimination of variety and a monotonous environment. The city where they lived was always geometric in shape and was surrounded by a wall. These walls provided military strength but also protected the city by preserving and passing on man’s knowledge. The knowledge, learning, and science gave form to the daily life of the people living inside the walls. The knowledge of each person was shared by the entire society, and there was no way to let any information either in or out. As Thomas More said in his book, "He that knows one knows them all, they are so alike one another."
Alberti, followed by Filarete, were the first to develop the ideas of Utopia into the plan of a city. Filarete designed a concentric city, with peaks and radiating streets, which he called Sforzinda. His geometry was the imitation of a schema representing the work. It is believed to have derived from two overlaying squares. Sforzinda later became the most influential plan in the design of Palmanova. Since Palmanova was built during the renaissance, it imposed geometrical harmony and followed the idea that beauty reinforces the wellness of a society. Each road and move was carefully calibrated and each part of the plan had a reason for being. Each person would have the same amount of responsibility and land, and each person had to serve a specific purpose. The concentric shape was the most prominent design move and had many reasons for being.
The circular shape of Palmanova was greatly influenced by the fact that it needed to be a fort. At the time of its construction, many other urban theoreticians found the checkerboard was more useful, but it could not provide the protection that military architects desired. The walls of a practical fort are run at angles so that enemy soldiers could not approach it easily because the angles made it possible to establish overlapping fields of fire.
Main sights
[edit]Duomo
[edit]The Duomo is located in front of the town hall of Palmanova (formerly the Palace of Provveditore). Commissioned in 1603, the construction started later that year under Inspector Girolamo Cappello and was completed in 1636. The identities of any architects are uncertain, but may have been Vincenzo Scamozzi and Baldassare Longhena. The Duomo was not consecrated until 1777 after the town had been included into the Archbishopric of Udine.[citation needed]
The bell tower of the Duomo, erected in 1776, was deliberately made short because enemies attacking the city should not be able to see the Duomo from outside the city walls.[citation needed]
The niches in the façade contain statues representing the saints Justina of Padua, one of Padua's patron saints, and Mark, as well as a statue of Christ, the Redeemer. The façade itself is made of stone from Istria, and was restored in 2000.[citation needed]
Other
[edit]- The three monumental gates Porta Udine, Porta Cividale and Porta Aquileia.
- The Piazza Grande, to which all the main edifices of the city open, built in Istrian stone.
- The singer Sting gave an outdoor concert in Palmanova's main piazza on 5 July 2001[9]
Transport
[edit]Palmanova can be reached from the nearby motorways, A23 (Udine-Tarvisio) and A4 (Turin-Trieste) and by the railway between Udine and Cervignano[10][11] There are also bus connections.
Gallery
[edit]-
Monumental gate Aquileia -
Monumental gate Aquileia (back) -
Monumental gate Cividale -
Piazza Grande with the Duomo -
Fortress around Palmanova -
Arches on the edge of Palmanova
Twin towns
[edit]Palmanova is twinned with:
- Terezín, Czech Republic
- Nové Zámky, Slovakia
See also
[edit]References
[edit]- ^ "Superficie di Comuni Province e Regioni italiane al 9 ottobre 2011". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
- ^ "Popolazione Residente al 1° Gennaio 2018". Italian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
- ^ Centre, UNESCO World Heritage. "Venetian Works of Defence between 15th and 17th centuries: Stato da Terra – western Stato da Mar". whc.unesco.org. Retrieved 11 July 2017.
- ^ "Friuli Venezia Giulia" (in Italian). Retrieved 31 July 2023.
- ^ "Renaissance war studies", John Rigby Hale, London Hambledon Press, 1983, pg. 185 [1] ISBN 0-907628-02-8
- ^ "The fortress town of Palmanova". Times of India Travel. Retrieved 2022-08-28.
- ^ Muir, Edward (2007). The culture wars of the late Renaissance : skeptics, libertines, and opera. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. xiii, 175 p. : ill., 22 cm. ISBN 978-0-674-02481-6. LCCN 2006050843.
- ^ de la Croix, Horst (1966). ""PALMANOVA : A STUDY IN SIXTEENTH CENTURY URBANISM."". Saggi e Memorie di Storia dell'arte. 5: 23–179. JSTOR 43139898.
- ^ Show Date: July 05, 2001 / Location: Palmanova / Venue: Piazza Grande / Tour: Brand New Day 1999/01, exclusives.tours, Sting.com. Archived August 15, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ it: Ferrovia Udine-Cervignano
- ^ Sito Ufficiale del Comune di Palmanova: Comune di Palmanova
Sources
[edit]- Hale, J R. "Palmanova: analisio di una citta fortalezza”. Burlington Magazine, 1984, 447. Vol. 126 No. 9762
- Rowe, Collin. The Mathematics of the Ideal Villa and Other Essays. The MIT Press, 1982. pg 206–211
- Rowe, Collin. The Mathematics of the Ideal Villa and Other Essays. 206–211
- Bierman, Judah. PMLA. Science and Society in the New Atlantis and Other Renaissance Utopias. Vol. 78, MLA, 1963. pg. 492–500
- Lang, S. “Sforzinda, Filarete, and Filelfo”. Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 35, (1972): 391–397. Warburg Institute
- de la Croix, Horst. “Military Architecture and the Radial City Plan in Sixteenth-Century Italy”. The Art Bulletin 42, no. 4 (1960): 263–290. College Art Association
- Lang, S. “Sforzinda, Filarete, and Filelfo”. 391–397
- Rowe, Collin. The Mathematics of the Ideal Villa and Other Essays. 206–211
- Rowe, Collin. The Mathematics of the Ideal Villa and Other Essays. 206–211
External links
[edit]
- Official website
- "Palmanova, Italy". NASA Earth Observatory newsroom. Archived from the original on 2006-10-01. Retrieved 2004-04-28.
- "Palmanova, Italy". Google Maps. Retrieved 2006-10-05.
- Palmanova medieval festival (photo)
