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Vaghri language

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(Redirected from ISO 639:vgr)

Vaghri
Native toPakistan
RegionSindh
EthnicityVagri
Native speakers
4,800 (2018)[1]
Language codes
ISO 639-3vgr
Glottologvagh1246

Vaghri (Bavri) is an Indo Aryan language of Pakistan spoken by the Vagri. It is closely related to Gujarati.

Phonology

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Consonants[2]
Bilabial Dental Retroflex Palatal Velar Pharyngeal
Plosive Unvoiced /p/ /ph/ /t/ /th/ /ʈ/ h/ /c/ /ch/ /k/ /kh/
Voiced /b/ /bh/ /d/ /dh/ /ɖ/ h/ /ɟ/ h/ (j) /g/ /gh/
Fricative /s/ /h/
Nasal /m/ /n/ /ɳ/ /ŋ/
Tap /r/ /ɽ/
Lateral /l/
Semivowel /w/ /j/

/ŋ/, /ɽ/, and /ɳ/ do not occur word-initially.

Vowels
Front Near-front Central Back
Unrounded Rounded
Close /i/ /ɯ/ /u/
Close-mid /e/ /ɪ/ (I) /ə/
Open-mid /ɛ/ /ʌ/ /ɔ/ (o)
Open /ɑ/ (a) /ɒ/

All vowels except /e/ and /ɔ/ can be nasalized. There are four 'true' dipthongs, these being /ɔɑ/, /ɑi/, /ɑu/, and /ɑɯ/.

The majority of monosyllabic words are CVC. ɛvery word has at least one accented syllable.

Morphology

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Vaghri distinguishes two noun classes: Masculine and feminine. Neuter Indo-Aryan nouns are mostly classed masculine. Nouns ending in /-ɒ/ generally belong to the masculine class. Nouns ending in /-i/ are generally feminine.

Nouns in Vaghri are inflected for two numbers: singular and plural.

Plural inflection
Masculine Feminine Plural
/-ɒ/ /-i/ /-ũ/
/-C/ /-Cũ/
/-a/ /-aũ/ (optional)

Masculine nouns can be inflected for additional cases:

Case endings for masculine nouns ending in -ɒ
Case Singular Plural
Nominative /-ɒ/ /-ē/
Direct Object /-ɒ/ /-ɛ/
Oblique /-ɛ/ /-̃ɛ̃/
Vocative /-ɒ̄/ /-ɒ̄/ or /-ɒū/
All other nouns
Case Singular Plural
Nominative /-∅/ /-ũ/
Direct Object
Oblique
Vocative /-∅/ /-ɛ̃/

Adjectives are inflected for noun class. There is no comparative affix, but the word wadhu can be used to indicate the comparative.

Vaghri pronouns inflect for case and number.

Personal pronouns
Person Case Singular Plural
1st person Nom. ā̃ũ asĩ
Obj. asā̃
Obl. asā̃
2nd person Nom. ā̃i
Obj. to ā̃i
Obl. to āi
3rd person Nom. u u
Obj. un uni
Obl. un uni

Vaghri verbs, like other Indo-Aryan verbs, consist of three parts: A root, an affix, and a personal suffix. Passive voice is formed by adding -ā to the stem.

Vocabulary

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Cardinal numerals[2]
Number Gloss Vaghri Gujarati
1 one hekɽɒ ek
2 two be
3 three trɛ tran̩
4 four cār cār
5 five penjn pānc
6 six chɒ cha
7 seven satt sāt
8 eight aʈʈh ˈɑʈʰ
9 nine nav
10 ten ɖɒ das
11 eleven agiyārɒ əɡijɑɾ
20 twenty wih vīs
30 thirty trih trīs
40 forty chāri cāḷīs
50 fifty panjha pacās
60 sixty satʈh sāʈha
70 seventy santɛr sittēra
80 eighty ɛsi ɛ̃si
90 ninety nevũ nevu
100 one hundred

ɒrdinal numerals are as follows:

Number Gloss Vaghri masc. Gujarati masc. Vaghri fem. Gujarati fem.
1st first pɛhrɒ pahelo pɛhri pahli
2nd second byo bijo bai baji
3rd third tryo trijo trai triji
4th fourth cotho cotho cothi cothi
5th fifth panjh pānomũ panjhmi pānemi
6th sixth chaʈʈho chaʈʈho chaʈʈhi chaʈʈhi
7th seventh sattmũ sātmɒ sattmi sātmi
8th eighth aʈʈh āʈʈh aʈʈhmi āʈʈhmi
9th ninth numũ navmɒ nũmi navmi
10th tenth ɖɒmũ dasmɒ dɒmi dasmi

Footnotes

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  1. ^ Vaghri at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022) Closed access icon
  2. ^ a b Shankerlal, Vyas Gajendra (30 April 1966). The dialect of the vaghers of okhamandal: descriptive grammar (PhD thesis). Gujarat University. Retrieved 13 September 2024.

References

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