Turi language
Appearance
(Redirected from ISO 639:trd)
Turi | |
---|---|
तुरी | |
Native to | India |
Region | Jharkhand |
Ethnicity | Turi |
Native speakers | 2,000 (2007)[1] |
Austroasiatic
| |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | trd |
Glottolog | turi1246 |
ELP | Turi |
![]() Turi is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger[2] |
Turi is an endangered Austroasiatic language of India that belongs to the Kherwarian Munda group.[3] Grierson (1906) described that Turi is similar to both Mundari and Santali. It is spoken by only half a percent of ethnic Turi, the rest having shifted to Sadri in Jharkhand, Mundari in West Bengal, and Odia in Odisha. The Turi are classified as a Scheduled Caste in Jharkhand.[4]
Distribution
[edit]Osada (1991) lists the following locations where Turi is spoken.[5]
- Jharkhand (pop. 133,137 as of 1981; then part of Bihar)
- Chhattisgarh
- West Bengal (pop. 26,443 as of 1981)
- Odisha (pop. 7,374 as of 1981)
Morphology
[edit]Verbal agreement
[edit]Like all Kherwarian languages, double- and triple markings are possible in Turi.
singular | dual | plural | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
1st person | exclusive | =ɛŋ/=ɲ(iɲ) | =liɲ | =lɛ |
inclusive | =laŋ | =pu | ||
2nd person | =m | =bin | =pɛ | |
3rd person | =i (object)/ =ɛ (subject) | =kin | =ku |
Tense, mood, aspect/aktionsart
[edit]Middle | Active | |
---|---|---|
Present | -tan | -ɛtan |
Future | -ɔʔ/-ɔ/-ʔ/-Ø | -Ø |
Past | -ɛn/-kɛn/-ɔn/-ɔʔ-ɛn | -ɛkɛn – Past imperfective -tad – Simple past |
Present perfect | -akan | (-akad) |
Past perfect | -lɛn | -lɛʔ/-laʔ |
References
[edit]- ^ Turi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- ^ Moseley, Christopher; Nicolas, Alexander, eds. (2010). Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (PDF) (3rd ed.). Paris: UNESCO. pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-92-3-104096-2. Archived from the original on 23 July 2022.
- ^ Peterson, John M.; Minz, Abhay Sagar; Linda, Prabhat; Khan, Aribay; Kachhap, Francis Xavier; Gari, Manish (2024). "A Brief Introduction to the Turi Language of Eastern India". Bhasha. 3 (2): 263–304. doi:10.30687/bhasha/2785-5953/2024/02/005.
- ^ "Census of India". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
- ^ Ramu, G.N. (1 January 1991). "Changing Family Structure and Fertility Patterns: An Indian Case". Journal of Asian and African Studies. 26 (3–4): 189–206. doi:10.1177/002190969102600302. ISSN 0021-9096. S2CID 220926406.
- Konow, Sten. 1906. Tūrī. In Grierson, George A. (ed.), Muṇḍā and Dravidian Languages, 128–134. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing.
- Osada, Toshiki. 1991. Father Ponette's Field Note on Turi with a Comparative Vocabulary. Journal of Asian and African Studies 42. 175–189.