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Turi language

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Turi
तुरी
Native toIndia
RegionJharkhand
EthnicityTuri
Native speakers
2,000 (2007)[1]
Austroasiatic
  • Munda
    • North
      • Kherwarian
        • Mundaric
          • Turi
Language codes
ISO 639-3trd
Glottologturi1246
ELPTuri
Turi is classified as Definitely Endangered by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger[2]

Turi is an endangered Austroasiatic language of India that belongs to the Kherwarian Munda group.[3] Grierson (1906) described that Turi is similar to both Mundari and Santali. It is spoken by only half a percent of ethnic Turi, the rest having shifted to Sadri in Jharkhand, Mundari in West Bengal, and Odia in Odisha. The Turi are classified as a Scheduled Caste in Jharkhand.[4]

Distribution

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Osada (1991) lists the following locations where Turi is spoken.[5]

Morphology

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Verbal agreement

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Like all Kherwarian languages, double- and triple markings are possible in Turi.

singular dual plural
1st person exclusive =ɛŋ/=ɲ(iɲ) =liɲ =lɛ
inclusive =laŋ =pu
2nd person =m =bin =pɛ
3rd person =i (object)/ (subject) =kin =ku

Tense, mood, aspect/aktionsart

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Middle Active
Present -tan -ɛtan
Future -ɔʔ/-ɔ/-ʔ/-Ø
Past -ɛn/-kɛn/-ɔn/-ɔʔ-ɛn -ɛkɛn – Past imperfective
-tad – Simple past
Present perfect -akan (-akad)
Past perfect -lɛn -lɛʔ/-laʔ

References

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  1. ^ Turi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. ^ Moseley, Christopher; Nicolas, Alexander, eds. (2010). Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (PDF) (3rd ed.). Paris: UNESCO. pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-92-3-104096-2. Archived from the original on 23 July 2022.
  3. ^ Peterson, John M.; Minz, Abhay Sagar; Linda, Prabhat; Khan, Aribay; Kachhap, Francis Xavier; Gari, Manish (2024). "A Brief Introduction to the Turi Language of Eastern India". Bhasha. 3 (2): 263–304. doi:10.30687/bhasha/2785-5953/2024/02/005.
  4. ^ "Census of India". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  5. ^ Ramu, G.N. (1 January 1991). "Changing Family Structure and Fertility Patterns: An Indian Case". Journal of Asian and African Studies. 26 (3–4): 189–206. doi:10.1177/002190969102600302. ISSN 0021-9096. S2CID 220926406.
  • Konow, Sten. 1906. Tūrī. In Grierson, George A. (ed.), Muṇḍā and Dravidian Languages, 128–134. Calcutta: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing.
  • Osada, Toshiki. 1991. Father Ponette's Field Note on Turi with a Comparative Vocabulary. Journal of Asian and African Studies 42. 175–189.