Balkan Romani
| Balkan Roma | |
|---|---|
| Balkaniko Romanes | |
| Native to | Bulgaria, Romania, Greece, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Russia, Slovenia, Serbia, Croatia, Turkey, Bosnia and Herzegovina |
| Ethnicity | Roma, Jerlídes (North Macedonia, southern Serbia). |
| Speakers | L1: 600,000 (2013)[1] L2: 200,000[1] |
| Dialects | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | rmn |
| Glottolog | balk1252 |
| ELP | Balkan Romani |
 | |
Balkan Roma, Balkaniko Romanes, or Balkan Gypsy is a specific non-Vlax dialect of the Romani language, spoken by groups within the Balkans, which include countries such as Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, Kosovo, North Macedonia, Serbia, Slovenia, Turkey etc. The Balkan Romani language is typically an oral language.
History
[edit]Most of the people who speak Balkan Romani are Roma themselves. Another meaning of the prefix rom is someone belonging to the Roma ethnicity.[2] The Roma are ultimately of Indian origin.[3] Speakers of the Balkan Romani language have constantly migrated throughout the years into all parts of Europe. Since these speakers have migrated to different parts of Europe, new dialects have formed. Although the Roma originated in India, they are now widespread throughout all of Europe.[4]
Dialects
[edit]Balkan dialects, also known as Balkan I, are spoken in Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Iran, North Macedonia, Moldova, Romania, Serbia, Turkey and Ukraine. This group includes inter alia Arli Romani (Greece, North Macedonia), Sepečides Romani (Greece, Turkey), Ursari Romani (Moldavia, Romania) and Crimean Romani (Ukraine).
Zis dialects, also called Balkan II, are a distinct subdivision within the Balkan group. Bugurdži, Drindari and Kalajdži Romani are spoken in North Macedonia, Kosovo, Serbia and in northern and central Bulgaria.
Elšík uses this classification and dialect examples (geographical information from Matras):
Geographical distribution
[edit]| Sub-group | Dialect | Place |
|---|---|---|
| Southern Balkan | Prizren | Kosovo |
| Arli | Greece, Albania, North Macedonia, Serbia | |
| Prilep | North Macedonia | |
| Kyrymitika | Ukraine [5] | |
| Sofia Erli | Sofia | |
| Zargari | Iran | |
| Sepeči | northern Greece, west Thrace, east Thrace Turkey | |
| Rumelian | European part of today's Turkey, historically called Rumelia [6] | |
| Northern Balkan | Bugurdži | North Macedonia, Serbia [7] |
| Razgrad Drindari | northeastern Bulgaria | |
| Pazardžik Kalajdži | Bulgaria and immigrants in North Macedonia and Serbia |
Phonology
[edit]Balkan Romani retains the aspirated consonants /pʰ, tʰ, tʃʰ, kʰ/ of other Indic languages. These are distinctive in the majority of Romani varieties.
Orthography
[edit]Balkan Romani does not have a written standard. There has been an attempt at standardization, at a 1992 conference in North Macedonia, based on the Arli dialect and using the Latin script. /x/ and /h/ are distinctive in some dialects, but not in the Arli dialect and so are not distinguished in writing. the two rhotics are also not distinguished. Schwa is rare in Arli; where it does occur, it is substituted with the vowel of Džambaz or some other dialect, e.g. vërdon → vurdon 'wagon'. Aspiration in a root is always written, e.g. jakh 'eye'. Final devoicing is not written, e.g. dad 'father'. Palatalization is not written, e.g. buti 'work' (not buči etc.), kerdo 'done' (not ćerdo etc.), pani 'water' (not pai etc.).[8]
The proposed alphabet is as follows:[8]
- a b c č čh d dž e f g h i j k kh l m n o p ph r s š t th u v ž
Vocabulary
[edit]Turkish lexical influence is a defining and extremely important part of the Romani dialect in the Balkans. Most of the words however, originate from Persian. Loans from Persian, Armenian, and Byzantine Greek make up the pre-European lexicon. Ultimately, it is hard to trace the definite origin of all the words because the words of Balkan Romani originate from many sources and the sources of those languages creates a complex puzzle.[9]
| Romani (Bugurdži, Macedonia) | Romani (Arli, Macedonia) | English |
|---|---|---|
| Lačho [to] saba[h]i. | Lačho [o] sabalje. | Good morning. |
| Lačho [to] zi[e]s. | Lačho [o] dive. | Good day. |
| Lačhi [ti] rat. | Lačhi [i] rat. | Good night. |
| Sar isi to anav? | Sar si tiro anav? | What's your name? |
| Mo anav isi Elvis. | Mo anav si Elvis. | My name is Elvis. |
| Isinom lošalo kaj avdom tut! | Šukar te dikhav tut! | Pleased to meet you! |
| Isinan prandime? | Sijan li romnjakoro? | Are you married? |
| Va, me isinom prandime. | Va, me sijum romnjakoro. | Yes, I'm married. |
| Na, me isinom biprandime. | Na, me sijum biromnjakoro. | No, I'm unmarried. |
| Me isi man raklija. | Me si ma raklija. | I have a girlfriend. |
| Number | Romani | Literal Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| 1 | jekh | 1 |
| 2 | duj | 2 |
| 3 | trin | 3 |
| 4 | štar | 4 |
| 5 | panc | 5 |
| 6 | šov | 6 |
| 7 | eftá | 7 |
| 8 | oxtó | 8 |
| 9 | enjá | 9 |
| 10 | deš | 10 |
| 11 | dešujekh | 10 + 1 |
| 12 | dešuduj | 10 + 2 |
| 13 | dešutrín | 10 + 3 |
| 14 | dešuštár | 10 + 4 |
| 15 | dešupánc | 10 + 5 |
| 16 | dešušóv | 10 + 6 |
| 17 | dešueftá | 10 + 7 |
| 18 | dešuoxtó | 10 + 8 |
| 19 | dešuenjá | 10 + 9 |
| 20 | biš | 20 |
| 21 | biš-te-jekh | 20 + 1 |
| 22 | biš-te-duj | 20 + 2 |
| 23 | biš-te-trin | 20 + 3 |
| 24 | biš-te-štar | 20 + 4 |
| 25 | biš-te-panc | 20 + 5 |
Grammar
[edit]Turkish grammar plays a large role in Balkan Romani. The use of Turkish conjugations is widely embedded within Balkan Romani and oftentimes, it is difficult to tell the difference between the grammar of the two languages depending on geography. Balkan Romani has compartmentalized grammar[10] originating from Turkish verbal paradigms along with some Greek influence.[11] Much of the morphology of the language has Greek and Turkish origins, which is why the language is viewed by many professionals as a "mixed" language and thus it is hard to see where one language ends and the other begins. All Romani dialects use Greek derived nominal endings, masculine nouns and loan nouns.[12]
Morphology
[edit]The morphology of the Balkan Romani language is again heavily influenced by both the Turkish and Greek languages. Many people view this language as a sort of melting pot because there are so many different influences on it. Turkish and Greek might be the most influential languages on Balkan Romani but other languages, such as Armenian, have also influenced it. Part of the substrate of Balkan Romani appears to be derived from medieval northern Indian languages.[13]
References
[edit]- ^ a b Balkan Roma at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ Silverman, Carol (14 February 2012). Romani Routes: Cultural Politics and Balkan Music in Diaspora. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780199910229. Retrieved 15 December 2017 – via Google Books.
- ^ Brian D. Joseph (2003). W. Frawley (ed.). "THE BALKAN LANGUAGES" (PDF). Oxford International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. 1. The Ohio State University: Oxford University Press: 153–155.
- ^ Matras, Yaron (1 June 1995). Romani in Contact: The history, structure and sociology of a language. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 9789027276483. Retrieved 15 December 2017 – via Google Books.
- ^ Ventcel’, Tat’jana V. & Lev N. Čerenkov. 1976. “Dialekty cyganskogo jazyka”. Jazyki Azii i Afriki I, 283-332. Moskva: Nauka.
- ^ "Rumelia - historical area, Europe". Britannica.com. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
- ^ "Romani Dialects". ROMLEX. Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz.Romani.uni-graz.at
- ^ a b Victor Friedman (1995) 'Romani standardization and status in the Republic of Macedonia', in Matras ed. Romani in Contact
- ^ "100 Years of Gypsy Studies" (PDF). Mahimahi.uchicago.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 May 2012. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
- ^ Friedman, Victor A. (6 June 2013). "Compartmentalized grammar: The variable (non)-integration of Turkish verbal conjugation in Romani dialects". Romani Studies. 23 (1): 107–120. doi:10.3828/rs.2013.5. S2CID 143457957. Retrieved 15 December 2017 – via Project MUSE.
- ^ "The Banff Papers" (PDF). Mahimahi.uchicago.edu. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 March 2016. Retrieved 15 December 2017.
- ^ Gardani, Francesco; Arkadiev, Peter; Amiridze, Nino (11 December 2014). Borrowed Morphology. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. ISBN 9781614513209. Retrieved 15 December 2017 – via Google Books.
- ^ Matras, Yaron; Bakker, Peter; Ki?u?chukov, Khristo (1 January 1997). The Typology and Dialectology of Romani. John Benjamins Publishing. ISBN 9027236615. Retrieved 15 December 2017 – via Google Books.
External links
[edit]
- "Romani language in Macedonia in the Third Millennium: Progress and Problems" Archived 2013-05-10 at the Wayback Machine, Victor Friedman.
- "The Romani Language in the Republic of Macedonia: Status, Usage and Sociolinguistic Perspectives, Victor Friedman.
- The Future of a Language
- Good News ROMANI, BALKAN: Ursari People/Language Movie Trailer
- Romani language - Lesson 1. Basic Conversation (part 1)
- Romani language - Lesson 1. Basic Conversation (part 2)