Gourmanché
| Gourmanchéma | |
|---|---|
| Gulimancema | |
| Migulimancema | |
| Native to | Burkina Faso, Togo, Benin, Niger, Ghana, Nigeria |
| Ethnicity | Gurma people |
Native speakers | 1.5 million (2012–2021)[1] |
| Latin | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | gux |
| Glottolog | gour1243 |
| People | Bigulimanceba |
|---|---|
| Language | Migulimancema |
Gourmanché (Goulmacema, Gourma, Gourmantche, Gulimancema, Gulmancema, Gurma, Gourmanchéma) is the language of the Gurma people. It is the largest by number of speakers of the Gurma subgroup of the Oti–Volta languages, which includes among others the Moba language and the Konkomba language. It is the major language of the easternmost parts of Burkina Faso, around the traditional Gurma capital Fada N'gourma; it is also spoken in neighbouring parts of northern Togo, Benin, Niger, Ghana and Nigeria.
Phonology
[edit]Consonants
[edit]| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Labio- velar |
Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ŋ͡m | ||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | c | k | k͡p | |
| voiced | b | d | ɟ | ɡ | ɡ͡b | ||
| Fricative | f | s | (h) | ||||
| Lateral | l | ||||||
| Approximant | j | w | |||||
- /h/ only occurs marginally.[2]
Vowels
[edit]| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Near-close | ɪ | ʊ | |
| Close-mid | e | ə | o |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Open | a |
Writing system
[edit]| Gourmanché alphabet[3] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| a | b | c | d | e | f | g | gb | h | i | j | k | kp | ||||||||||||||
| l | m | n | ŋ | ŋm | ñ | o | p | s | t | u | y | |||||||||||||||
Grammar
[edit]Like all its close relations and neighbours, Gourmanché is a tone language; it distinguishes high, mid, and low tones. In the standard orthography the symbols c j represent palatal stops; they sound somewhat similar to English "ch" and "j" respectively.[citation needed]
Gourmanché preserves most of the noun-class based grammatical gender system characteristic of the Niger-Congo family, with eight classes and regular agreement of pronouns, adjectives and numerals. As with other Gur languages, the noun classes are marked by suffixes (not prefixes, as in Bantu); the suffixes come in singular/plural pairs for count nouns, e.g. tibu "tree", tiidi "trees" and are unpaired for mass nouns, e.g. ñima "water", soama "blood", gulimancema "Gourmanché language."[citation needed]
Gourmanché has sometimes been said to have noun prefixes as well as suffixes, agreeing in class. However, these "prefixes" are in fact proclitic particles with an article-like function. They are written as separate words in the standard orthography: bu tibu "a/the tree", i tiidi "(the) trees", mi ñima "(the) water", and they are omitted, for example, when the noun is preceded by a possessor or followed by kuli "each"; thus u nuu, "hand", ki biga "child", o joa "man" but e.g o joa muubi o biga nuu "the man holds his child's hand"; o nilo "a person" but nilo kuli "each person."[citation needed]
Gourmanché verbs do not agree with subjects or inflect for tense but as with almost all Oti-Volta languages, they inflect for aspect (perfective vs imperfective.) The system is complex and unpredictable, with imperfective forms differing from perfective by the addition or dropping of several different suffixes, and/or tone changes.[citation needed]
The language is SVO. Possessors precede their heads. Gourmanché shares with other Oti-Volta languages the characteristic that adjectives regularly compound with their head nouns; the noun precedes as a bare stem, followed by the adjective, which carries the noun class suffix appropriate to the gender and number of the head: yankpaalo "shepherd", yankpaaŋamo "good shepherd."[citation needed]
Lexicography
[edit]There is a fairly full Gourmanché-French dictionary[4] but no readily accessible complete grammar.
Literature
[edit]There is a complete Bible translation.[5]
Animal names
[edit]Gulmancéma frog names and their Mooré and English equivalents (nearly all of the frogs species are consumed as food):[6]
| Gulmancéma | Mooré | Scientific name | English |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tiarli moanga | Poond youga | Afrixalus vittiger | Spiny Reed Frog |
| Pouang piéga | Poond youga | Afrixalus weidholzi | Weidholz's Banana Frog |
| Pouand boani | Poond sablga | Amietophrynus maculatus | Hallowell's Toad |
| Pouand koulougou | Poond sablga | Amietophrynus regularis | Egyptian Toad |
| Pouand gnouali | Poond miougou | Amietophrynus xeros | Desert Toad |
| Gnissolopouandi | Kossoilhg poondré | Bufo pentoni | Shaata Gardens Toad |
| Pouandi napoualé | Yoondé | Hemisus marmoratus | Shovel-nosed frog |
| Tiarlo | Souansga | Hildebrandtia ornata | Budgett's Burrowing Frog |
| Louandi moali | Louanga | Hoplobatrachus occipitalis | African tiger frog |
| Tiarli pieno | Boulwéoogo | Hylarana galamensis | Yellow-striped Frog |
| Pouand piéga | Pouand youga | Hyperolius concolor | Hallowell's Sedge Frog |
| Tiarli moanga | Pouand youga | Hyperolius nitidulus | |
| Tiarli bouanga | Poondr zembouanga | Kassina cassinoides | |
| Pouand bouanli | Poond bougdi | Kassina fusca | Pale Running Frog |
| Tiarli bouanga | Poondr zembouanga | Kassina senegalensis | Senegal Kassin's Frog |
| Pouand koulougou | Poond sablga | Leptopelis bufonides | Ground Tree Frog |
| Gnissolopoanga | Poond youga | Leptopelis viridis | Savannah Tree Frog |
| Patanpouandi | Louang sablga | Phrynobatrachus calcaratus | Boutry River Frog |
| Pouand bouanga | Louong sablga | Phrynobatrachus francisci | |
| Pouand bouanga | Boulwéoogo | Phrynobatrachus gutturosus | Guttural Puddle Frog |
| Batiarlo | Boulonboukou | Phrynobatrachus latifrons | Accra River Frog |
| Thialondo | Boulghin louanga | Phrynobatrachus natalensis | Natal River Frog |
| Pouang moanga | Poond wiilé | Phrynomantis microps | Red Rubber Frog |
| Foipoando | Mouonghin souansga | Ptychadena bibroni | Broad-banded Grass Frog |
| Tiarli Bouanga | Bouonghin souansga | Ptychadena mascareniensis | Mascarene Grassland Frog |
| Pouand pièga | Biihrin souanga | Ptychadena oxyrhynchus | Sharp-nosed Rocket Frog |
| Tiarli moanga | Poughin souansga | Ptychadena pumilio | Little Rocket Frog |
| Pouandi gnoanli | Louang sablga | Ptychadena schillukorum | Schilluk Ridged Frog |
| Tiarli gnoiarlinga | Tampou souansga | Ptychadena tellinii | Central Grassland Frog |
| Tiarli gnoanrga | Biihrin souansga | Ptychadena tournieri | Tournier's Rocket Frog |
| Pouand gourou | Boulonboukou | Ptychadena trinodis | Dakar Grassland Frog |
| Pouandi koulougou | Boulonboukou | Pyxicephalus edulis | Edible Frog |
| Pouandi bouali | Poondré | Tomopterna cryptotis | Cryptic sand frog |
| Louand boani | Louang boudi | Xenopus muelleri | Savanna Clawed Frog |
References
[edit]- ^ Gourmanchéma at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023)
- ^ Beckett, Eleanor (1974). A linguistic analysis of Gurma. University of British Columbia.
- ^ Hartell 1993.
- ^ Dictionnaire bilingue Gulmancéma-Français, Benoît Bendi Ouoba, Sous-Commission Nationale du Gulmancéma, BP 167 Fada N'Gourma.
- ^ "The Bible in Gulmancema". worldbibles.org. Retrieved 2020-09-28.
- ^ Mohneke, Meike (2011). (Un)sustainable use of frogs in West Africa and resulting consequences for the ecosystem (Ph.D. dissertation). Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin. pp. 40–41.
- Hartell, Rhonda L. (1993), Alphabets de Langues Africaines, Dakar: BREDA (UNESCO) et Summer Institute of Linguistics, OCLC 29327453 Also at Ethnologue.
- Yanogo, Bibata (2020). Les parlers gulmancema: les differences phonetiques. Université Joseph Ki Zerbo.
