Bassa language

Bassa
Bassa
Ɓǎsɔ́ɔ̀ (𖫢𖫧𖫳𖫒𖫨𖫰𖫨𖫱)
Native to	Liberia, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone
Native speakers	410,000 (2006)
Language family	Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Kru Western Bassa Bassa; ; ; ; ;
Writing system	Bassa Vah alphabet (Vah)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	bsq
Glottolog	nucl1418

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The Bassa language is a Kru language spoken by about 783,000 Bassa people in Liberia, Ivory Coast, and Sierra Leone.

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Labial- velar	Glottal
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t	t͡ʃ	k	k͡p
	voiced	b	d	d͡ʒ	ɡ	ɡ͡b
	implosive	ɓ	ɗ	ʄ
Nasal		m	n	ɲ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s			xʷ	h
Fricative	voiced	v	z			ɣʷ
Approximant						w

/ʄ/ can be heard as a glide [j] intervocalically within compound words.
/ɡ͡b/ when followed by a nasal can be heard as [ŋ͡m].
/h/ only rarely occurs.^[2]

Vowels

	Front		Central		Back
	oral	nasal	oral	nasal	oral	nasal
Close	i	ĩ			u	ũ
Close-mid	e				o
Open-mid	ɛ	ɛ̃			ɔ	ɔ̃
Open			a	ã

Bassa alphabets

It has an indigenous alphabet, Vah, first popularized by Thomas Flo Lewis, who has instigated publishing of limited materials in the language from the mid-1900s through the 1930s, with its height in the 1910s and 1920s.^[3] It has been reported that the alphabet was influenced by the Cherokee syllabary created by Sequoyah.^[4]

The Vah alphabet has been described as one which, "like the system long in use among the Vai, consists of a series of phonetic characters standing for syllables."^[5] In fact, however, Vah is alphabetic. It includes 30 consonants, seven vowels, and five tones that are indicated by dots and lines inside each vowel.

In the 1970s the United Bible Societies (UBS) published a translation of the New Testament. June Hobley, of Liberia Inland Mission, was primarily responsible for the translation. The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) was used for this translation rather than the Vah alphabet, mostly for practical reasons related to printing. Because the Bassa people had a tradition of writing, they quickly adapted to the new alphabet, and thousands learned to read.

In 2005, UBS published the entire Bible in Bassa. The translation was sponsored by the Christian Education Foundation of Liberia, Christian Reformed World Missions, and UBS. Don Slager headed a team of translators that included Seokin Payne, Robert Glaybo, and William Boen.

The IPA has largely replaced the Vah alphabet in publications. However, Vah is still highly respected and is still in use by some older men, primarily for record keeping.

Latin Bassa orthography

Letters

A - a - [a]
B - be - [b]
Ɓ - ɓe - [ɓ/ⁿb]
C - ce - [c]
D - de - [d]
Đ - ɖe - [ɖ/ɺ]
Dy - dye - [dʲ/ɲ]
Ɛ - ɛ - [ɛ]
E - e - [e]
F - ef - [f]
G - ge - [g]
Gb - gbe - [ɡ͡b/ŋ͡m]
Gm - gme - [g͡m]
H - ha - [h]
Hw - hwa - [hʷ]
I - i - [i]
J - je - [ɟ]
K - ka - [k]
Kp - kpe - [k͡p]
M - em - [m]
N - en - [n]
Ny - eny - [ŋ]
Ɔ - ɔ - [ɔ]
O - o - [o]
P - pe - [p]
S - es - [s]
T - te - [t]
U - u - [u]
V - ve - [v]
W - we - [w]
Xw - xwa - [xʷ]
Z - ze - [z]

Other letters

ã - [ã]
ẽ - [ẽ]
ĩ - [ĩ]
ɔ̃ - [ɔ̃]
ũ - [ũ]

Some Bassa speakers write nasalised vowels as an, en, in, ɔn, and un.

Tones

á - [a˥]
à - [a˨]
a - [a˧]
ǎ - [a˨˧]
â - [a˥˩]^[6]

References

^ Bassa at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
^ Bertkau, Jana S. (1975). A phonology of Bassa. Monrovia: Peace Corps.
^ "Bassa language and alphabet". www.omniglot.com. Retrieved 2020-02-27.
^ Unseth, Peter (20 December 2016). "The international impact of Sequoyah's Cherokee syllabary". Written Language & Literacy. 19 (1): 75–93. doi:10.1075/wll.19.1.03uns.
^ Starr, Frederick. Liberia: Description, history, problems. Chicago, 1913. P.246
^ "Bassa language and alphabet". Omniglot.

External links

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[e18-1] Bassa at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

[2] Bertkau, Jana S. (1975). A phonology of Bassa. Monrovia: Peace Corps.

[3] "Bassa language and alphabet". www.omniglot.com. Retrieved 2020-02-27.

[unseth-4] Unseth, Peter (20 December 2016). "The international impact of Sequoyah's Cherokee syllabary". Written Language & Literacy. 19 (1): 75–93. doi:10.1075/wll.19.1.03uns.

[5] Starr, Frederick. Liberia: Description, history, problems. Chicago, 1913. P.246

[6] "Bassa language and alphabet". Omniglot.

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