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iPad Pro
12.9" iPad Pro displaying the home page of Wikipedia on the Safari web browser
DeveloperApple Inc.
ManufacturerFoxconn (on contract)
Product familyiPad
TypeTablet computer
Release date12.9-inch 1G: November 11, 2015 (2015-11-11)
Other models
  • 9.7-inch: March 31, 2016 (2016-03-31)
  • 12.9-inch 2G, 10.5-inch: June 13, 2017 (2017-06-13)
  • 12.9-inch 3G, 11-inch 1G: November 7, 2018 (2018-11-07)
  • 12.9-inch 4G, 11-inch 2G: March 25, 2020 (2020-03-25)
  • 12.9-inch 5G, 11-inch 3G: May 21, 2021 (2021-05-21)
  • 12.9-inch 6G, 11-inch 4G: October 26, 2022 (2022-10-26)
  • 13-inch, 11-inch 5G: May 15, 2024 (2024-05-15)
Discontinued
List
  • June 5, 2017 (12.9-inch 2015 and 9.7-inch 2016)
  • October 30, 2018 (12.9 inch 2017)
  • March 18, 2019 (10.5-inch 2017)
  • March 18, 2020 (12.9-inch 2018 and 11-inch 2018)
  • April 20, 2021 (12.9 inch and 11-inch 2020)
  • October 18, 2022 (12.9 inch and 11-inch 2021)
  • May 15, 2024 (12.9 inch and 11-inch 2022)
Operating systemiOS (2015–2019)
iPadOS (2019–present)
System on a chip
Chips used
CPU
CPU
  • 12.9-inch 1G, 9.7-inch: 2.26 GHz dual-core 64-bit ARMv8-A[1]
  • 12.9-inch 2G, 10.5-inch: 2.34 GHz hexa-core 64-bit
  • 12.9-inch 3G, 11-inch 1G: 2.49 GHz octa-core 64-bit[2]
  • 12.9-inch 4G, 11-inch 2G: 2.49 GHz octa-core 64-bit
  • 12.9-inch 5G, 11-inch 3G: 3.19 GHz octa-core 64-bit
  • 12.9-inch 6G, 11-inch 4G: 3.49 GHz octa-core 64-bit
Memory
Memory
  • 12.9-inch 1G: 4 GB LPDDR4 SDRAM[1]
  • 9.7-inch: 2 GB LPDDR4 SDRAM
  • 12.9-inch 2G, 10.5-inch: 4 GB LPDDR4 SDRAM
  • 12.9-inch 3G, 11-inch 1G: 4 or 6 GB LPDDR4X SDRAM[2]
  • 12.9-inch 4G, 11-inch 2G: 6 GB LPDDR4X SDRAM[3]
  • 12.9-inch 5G, 11-inch 3G: 8 GB or 16 GB[4]
  • 12.9-inch 6G, 11-inch 4G: 8 GB or 16 GB[4]
  • 13-inch, 11-inch 5G: 8 GB or 16 GB[4]
Storage32, 64, 128, 256 or 512 GB, 1 or 2 TB[4][a] flash memory
Display12.9-inch:
2732×2048 px (264 PPI) (IPS panel) (5.5 megapixels), 12.9 in (327.8 mm) diagonal, 4:3[4]

9.7-inch:
2048×1536 px (264 PPI) (IPS panel) (3.1 megapixels), 9.7 in (246.3 mm) diagonal, 4:3[4]
10.5-inch:
2224×1668 px (264 PPI) (IPS panel), 10.5 in diagonal, 4:3[4]

11-inch:
2388×1668 px (264 PPI) (IPS panel), 11 in diagonal, ≈4:3[4]
Graphics12.9-inch 1G, 9.7-inch: 12-core PowerVR Series 7XT[5]
SoundFour speakers, adjusting sound to device orientation
InputMulti-touch screen, headset controls and ambient light sensors, 3-axis accelerometer, 3-axis gyroscope, digital compass, five microphones, Bosch Sensortec BMP280 barometer
Camera
List
  • 12.9-inch 1G: 1.2 megapixels 720p front-facing and 8 megapixels rear-facing[4]
    9.7-inch: 5 megapixels 720p front-facing and 12 megapixels 4K rear-facing[4]
    12.9-inch 2G and 10.5-inch: 7 megapixels 1080p front-facing and 12 megapixels 4K rear-facing, Optical & Digital Image Stabilization[4]
    12.9-inch 3G and 11-inch 1G: 7 megapixels 1080p front-facing TrueDepth and 12 megapixels 4K rear-facing, Digital Image Stabilization[4]
    12.9-inch 4G and 11-inch 2G: 7 megapixels 1080p front-facing TrueDepth and separate 10- and 12-megapixel 4K rear-facing, Digital Image Stabilization, LIDAR sensor[4]
    12.9-inch 5G and 11-inch 3G: 12 megapixels 1080p front-facing TrueDepth and separate 10- and 12-megapixel 4K rear-facing, Digital Image Stabilization, LIDAR sensor[4]
    12.9-inch 6G and 11-inch 4G: 12 megapixels 1080p front-facing TrueDepth and separate 10- and 12-megapixel 4K rear-facing, Digital Image Stabilization, LIDAR sensor[4]
Connectivity
List
  • Wi-Fi and Wi-Fi + Cellular:
    Wi-Fi 802.11 a/b/g/n/ac; dual channel (2.4 GHz and 5 GHz); HT80 with MIMO[4]
    Bluetooth 4.2[4]
    Wi-Fi + Cellular:
    GPS & GLONASS[4]
    GSM
    UMTS/HSDPA
    850, 900, 1700, 1900, 2100 MHz[4]
    GSM/EDGE
    850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz[4]
    CDMA
    CDMA/EV-DO Rev. A and B.
    800, 1900 MHz[4]

    12.9-inch Wi-Fi + Cellular:

    LTE
    Multiple bands
    1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 26, 28, 29 and TD-LTE 38, 39, 40, 41[4]

    9.7-inch Wi-Fi + Cellular:

    LTE Advanced
    Multiple bands
    1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30 and TD-LTE 38, 39, 40, 41[4]
Power
Built-in rechargeable
lithium-ion battery
  • 12.9-inch 1G: 3.77 V 38.8 W·h (10,307 mA·h)[6]
  • 9.7-inch: 3.82 V 27.91 W·h (7,306 mA·h)[7]
  • 12.9-inch 2G: 3.76 V 41 W·h (10,891 mA·h)[8]
  • 10.5-inch: 3.77 V 30.8 W·h (8,134 mA·h)[9]
  • 12.9-inch 3G: 3.78 V 36.71 W·h (9,720 mA·h)[10]
  • 11-inch 1G: 3.77 V 29.45 W·h (7,812 mA·h)[11]
Online servicesApp Store, Apple Music, iTunes Store, iBookstore, iCloud, Game Center
RelatedApple Pencil, Apple A9X, Apple A10X, Apple A12X Bionic, Apple A12Z Bionic, Apple M1, Apple M2, Apple M4
Websitewww.apple.com/ipad-pro/
This article is part of a series on the
iPad
List of iPad models

The iPad Pro is a series of tablet computers, positioned as a premium model line of Apple's iPad brand. It runs iPadOS, a tablet-optimized fork of the iOS operating system.

The original iPad Pro was introduced in September 2015, and ran iOS 9. It had an A9X chip, and came in two sizes: 9.7-inch and 12.9 inch; the 9.7 inch coming out in March 2016. The second-generation iPad Pro was unveiled during the June 2017 WWDC event. It came with an upgraded A10X Fusion chip and superseded the 9.7-inch model with a 10.5-inch model. The third-generation iPad Pro was announced in October 2018 with a new all screen design. As a part of the redesign, the home button was depreciated in favor of Face ID. It came in 11-inch and 12.9-inch models, the same screen sizes used by every subsequent model to date.

The fourth-generation iPad Pro, introduced in March 2020, included the A12Z chip, and was introduced alongside the Magic Keyboard for iPad. The fifth-generation iPad Pro, announced in April 2021 incorporated Apple’s desktop-class M1 processor, making it the first iPad model to not use an A-series processor. The sixth-generation iPad Pro was introduced in October 2022 alongside the 10th-generation iPad. It includes the M2 processor, Apple Pencil Hover, and ProRes video. The seventh-generation iPad Pro and current-generation iPad Pro was introduced in May 2024 alongside the 6th-generation iPad Air, launching with the M4 processor, Apple Pencil Pro, a new Magic Keyboard with function keys and is the first iPad with an OLED display.

History

[edit]

First generation

[edit]
Main article: iPad Pro (1st generation)

The first generation of iPad Pro came in two sizes: 12.9-inch and 9.7-inch. The 12.9-inch version was announced on September 9, 2015[12] and released on November 11, 2015.[13] It was larger than all previous iPad models, and was the first iPad to feature LPDDR4 RAM.[1] It originally shipped with iOS 9.1. The 9.7-inch iPad Pro was announced on March 21, 2016, and released ten days later.[14] It was based on the form factor of the iPad Air 2 and originally shipped with iOS 9.3.

Second generation

[edit]
Main article: iPad Pro (2nd generation)

On June 5, 2017, the second generation iPad Pro was announced, which features A10X Fusion processors, with storage options of 64 GB, 256 GB, and 512 GB.[a] Upgraded displays include a 10.5-inch version to replace the 9.7-inch model, while the 12.9-inch version was refreshed. Both sizes employed refresh rates up to 120 Hz, better HDR and TrueTone white balancing.[15] Following this announcement, both models of the first-generation iPad Pro were discontinued. The iPad 10.5-inch and the Gen 2 iPad 12.9-inch were the last iPad Pro models with Home Button and a USB-lightning connector.

Third generation

[edit]
Main article: iPad Pro (3rd generation)

The third generation of iPad Pro was announced on October 30, 2018, and was made available in two screen sizes: 11-inch (28 cm) and 12.9-inch (33 cm). They feature full-screen displays, with the 11-inch model replacing the 10.5-inch model of the previous generation. They also feature up to 1 TB of storage and Face ID using a sensor array on the top bezel which, unlike iPhone models featuring Face ID, can unlock the iPad in any orientation. The home button was completely removed in favor of a larger display and uniform bezel sizes on all sides.[16] These were also the first iPads to come with a USB-C connector. It was launched with a Smart Keyboard Folio (sold separately), but also supports the Magic Keyboard with a trackpad launched in early 2020.[17]

Fourth generation

[edit]
Main article: iPad Pro (4th generation)

The fourth generation of iPad Pro was announced on March 18, 2020, with the same screen sizes of the previous generation. It offers a redesigned camera module, an Apple A12Z processor, 128 GB[a] minimum storage, LiDAR Scanner, and support for the Magic Keyboard case.[17]

Fifth generation

[edit]
Main article: iPad Pro (5th generation)

The fifth generation of iPad Pro was announced on April 20, 2021, with the same design and screen sizes as the previous generation. It includes the Apple M1 processor, 5G connectivity, Thunderbolt 3/USB 4 connectivity (up to 40 Gbit/s), external display output up to 6K resolution, 8 or 16 GB of RAM, and on the 12.9" variant, a mini-LED display marketed as the "Liquid Retina XDR" display.[18][19]

Sixth generation

[edit]
Main article: iPad Pro (6th generation)

The sixth generation iPad Pro was announced on October 18, 2022, along with the iPad (10th generation). They use the same design as the previous generations (since 2018). It includes an Apple M2 processor, Apple Pencil Hover (a feature that allows the display to detect the Apple Pencil hovering up to 12mm above the display), and ProRes Video Recording (limited to 1080p for 128 GB storage and up to 4K for at models with at least 256 GB storage).

Seventh generation

[edit]
Main article: iPad Pro (7th generation)

The seventh generation iPad Pro was announced on May 7, 2024, along with the iPad Air (6th generation). This generation features a redesigned chassis that is thinner than the previous generations. It includes the Apple M4 processor, a landscape camera with a Face ID array, and a Tandem OLED display. The display, referred to by Apple as the Ultra Retina XDR display,[20] has a contrast ratio of 2,000,000:1 and can reach a full screen brightness of 1000 nits (SDR content) or 1600 nits (HDR content).[21] The base storage was increased to 256 GB, with an option to get up to 2 TB of storage.

Accessories

[edit]

There are three primary accessories made specifically for iPad Pro, all of which are sold separately:[22] an attachable keyboard, Smart Keyboard; and a form-fitted silicone case that is compatible with the Smart Keyboard.[23] Additionally, with the inclusion of a USB-C connector in the third-generation and newer iPad Pro, it is now possible to connect to other displays and devices, and to charge other devices with the iPad Pro.[24]

Smart Keyboard and Smart Cover

[edit]
Main article: Smart Keyboard

Smart Keyboard docks are specific with iPad Pro using the visible Smart Connector; a magnetic connection with three pins that provides data transfer and power. The keyboard doubles as a kickstand, and is comparable to that of the competing Microsoft Surface Pro.[25] The design of the Smart Keyboard is similar to the design of the Smart Cover accessory.[26]

Apple Pencil

[edit]
Main article: Apple Pencil

First generation

[edit]

The first-generation Apple Pencil is a precision stylus exclusive to the iPad Pro, iPad (2018), iPad (2019), iPad Air (2019) and iPad Mini (5th generation). The accessory is rechargeable via the Lightning port on iPad itself on the pre USB-C models.[27][28] iPad Pro introduces a new display with increased responsiveness and precision over previous iPad displays with Apple Pencil support added.[29][30] During the launch announcement, Apple demonstrated drawing, managing publication layout, and document annotation.[31][32][33]

Second generation

[edit]
iPad Pro and a second-generation Apple Pencil (left)

On October 30, 2018, Apple announced an updated Pencil alongside the third generation iPad Pro. The second-generation Apple Pencil functions exclusively with the 2018 and later iPad Pro models, the iPad Air 4, and the iPad mini 6.[34] It is similar in design and specifications to the first model, but without the detachable connector, and part of the stylus is flattened to inhibit rolling. It contains tap-sensitive zones on its sides that can be mapped to functions within apps. Custom laser engraving is available when purchased via the Apple Store online.[35]

USB-C accessories

[edit]

Apple created various adapters to pair with the 2018 iPad Pro models, which are the first iPad models to come with a USB-C connector replacing the proprietary Lightning connector. These adapters utilize the new USB-C connector, which allows the iPad to connect with HDMI cables, USB ports,[36] and read SD cards.[37] Using an HDMI cable, users can connect their iPad to another display, such as a computer, laptop, or television. The USB and SD card support allows user to transfer and save files to and from external memory storage devices.

Third-party developers have taken advantage of the inclusion of USB-C connection in the third-generation iPad Pros to create other adapters, which can include several adapters in one connection.[38] The USB-C port allows the iPad Pro to integrate with various USB-C accessories, ranging from USB-C docking stations, USB-C to USB-A generic adapter with a flash drive, Ethernet, and so on. It can also charge other devices; for instance, a USB-C to Lightning cable to charge a phone or AirPods. An iPad can even be charged with another one with the included USB-C to USB-C cable. There are also USB-C to USB-A adapters, and a USB-C to HDMI adapter to view the iPad display on a television or monitor; wired keyboards and mice also work.

Magic Keyboard

[edit]
Main article: Magic Keyboard for iPad

The Magic Keyboard features the first trackpad designed for an iPad, a hinge to adjust the viewing angle and includes a USB-C port for pass-through charging.[17] The Magic Keyboard is supported by all iPad Pro devices introduced since 2018. Though initially expected to launch in May 2020, orders shipped starting in late April 2020.[39]

The Magic Keyboard was met with mixed reviews. While providing many features which users wanted, there were some downsides to it. The Magic Keyboard provided a proper typing experience and supplied a good trackpad bundled with excellent build quality. On the downside, the added weight to the iPad Pro for this functionality, a missing function key row and a steep price, made the Magic Keyboard an accessory only for a niche market.[40] With the launch of the 5th generation of iPad Pro in 2021, a white color was also been added to the Apple Store.

Reception

[edit]

General reviews

[edit]

Despite Apple advertising the tablets as PC replacements,[41] most reviewers noted that it could not replace a laptop running the Microsoft Windows, macOS, or Linux desktop operating systems with its current operating system.[42][43][44]

First Generation

[edit]

Scott Stein from CNET praised the faster processor and new accessories available. However, he criticized the cost of both the unit and its accessories, while noting its slightly slower processor with less RAM compared to the larger 12.9-inch model.[45] Matt Swider from TechRadar complimented the easy handling, large 256 GB configuration and True Tone display, but was upset about the high starting price.[46] Gareth Beavis gave a positive review, commending the expansive screen and audio quality but stated that the battery life could be made longer.[47]

The iPad Pro's 9.7-inch version set a record among all currently released tablets tested in color accuracy, screen reflectance, peak brightness, contrast rating in high ambient light, and smallest color variation. However, the iPad Pro 12.9-inch version tested to having better contrast ratio in the dark.[48]

Second Generation

[edit]

Max Parker from TrustedReviews and Gareth Beavis from TechRadar both praised the 10.5-inch model's high-quality audio and performance, though both critics noted that it was expensive.[49][50]

Reviewing the 12.9 inch second-generation iPad Pro, Lauren Goode of The Verge complimented the quality camera, A10X processor and large screen size, but argued that the device could have been cheaper.[51]

Third Generation

[edit]

The third generation iPad Pro models were praised for their better displays, slimmed bezels, the addition of Face ID and general speed as well as CPU improvements. Ben Sin from Forbes noted that despite the LCD screen, the 120 Hz refresh rate makes it feel more smooth.[52] The switch to USB-C connectors received mixed reviews; external monitor support and device charging were added at the cost of extra dongles to use older cables and headphones.[53] Some reviewers noted that although the hardware updates are great steps forward, iOS's limitations, including the lack of external storage capabilities, prevents the third generation from competing against computers.[54][55] iPadOS addresses the lack of external storage on supported iPads by adding support for external storage.[56]

The body has been criticized for bending and breaking easily. Users on forum boards have reported the iPad bending after a few days of use, or after carrying it around in a backpack. YouTuber Zack Nelson then published a video on his channel JerryRigEverything showing the device cracking and snapping in half after applying just a small amount of pressure with his hands in the center of the device.[57][58][59] Users reported devices already bent right out of the box, mostly cellular models. Apple responded to these reports quickly, asserting that this is normal and a non-issue,[60] a response that has been criticized.[61][62] According to Apple, the bending is a byproduct of its new manufacturing process. Apple has added a support page relating to these issues.[63]

Fourth Generation

[edit]

The 2020 model of the iPad Pro was seen as a minor enhancement amongst technical reviewers. The LIDAR sensor which Apple added for increased AR capability was touted as a feature only a handful of customers will use. The new camera setup in the 2020 model was noted for providing good image quality. The addition in RAM and change in storage options were welcomed, but the 2020 model was sometimes seen as "overkill".[64]

Fifth Generation

[edit]

The 2021 models had a vast range of reviews feeling that the already powerful processor was made excessively powerful, stating that the processor wasn't being taken advantage of due to iPadOS still being considered too limiting and not having professional apps from macOS.[65][66] Camera placement has been criticized for video conferencing.[67] The Verge has criticized that they should have had multiuser support like the Mac but they gave positive reviews to the Mini-LED and cameras.[66]

Despite having 8 and 16 gigabytes of RAM, iPadOS only initially allowed 5 gigabytes for apps, but this was changed in iPadOS 15.[68][69]

Model comparison

[edit]

Support

[edit]
Legend:   Obsolete   Vintage   Unsupported   Discontinued   Current   Upcoming
Model Announced Release Discontinued Latest release Support lifespan
OS Date OS Date
iPad Pro (1st generation) 12.9-inch September 9, 2015 iOS 9.1 November 11, 2015 June 5, 2017 iPadOS 16.7.10 Active 9 years, 2 months
iPad Pro (1st generation) 9.7-inch March 21, 2016 iOS 9.3 March 31, 2016 June 5, 2017 iPadOS 16.7.10 Active 8 years, 7 months
iPad Pro (2nd generation) June 5, 2017 iOS 10.3.2 June 13, 2017 March 18, 2019 iPadOS 17.7.1 Active 7 years, 5 months
iPad Pro (3rd generation) October 30, 2018 iOS 12.1 November 7, 2018 March 18, 2020 iPadOS 18.1 October 28, 2024 6 years
iPad Pro (4th generation) March 18, 2020 iPadOS 13.4 March 25, 2020 April 20, 2021 iPadOS 18.1 October 28, 2024 4 years, 7 months
iPad Pro (5th generation) April 20, 2021 iPadOS 14.5 May 21, 2021 October 18, 2022 iPadOS 18.1 October 28, 2024 3 years, 6 months
iPad Pro (6th generation) October 18, 2022 iPadOS 16.1 October 26, 2022 May 7, 2024 iPadOS 18.1 October 28, 2024 2 years
iPad Pro (7th generation) May 7, 2024 iPadOS 17.5 May 15, 2024 Current iPadOS 18.1 October 28, 2024 6 months and 1 day
Models iOS version iPadOS version
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
1st 9.1 / 9.3[b] Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No No
2nd — 10.3.2 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No
3rd — — — 12.1 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
4th — — — — 13.4 Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
5th — — — — — 14.5 Yes Yes Yes Yes
6th — — — — — — — 16.1 Yes Yes
7th — — — — — — — — 17.5 Yes
Notes:
  1. ^ a b c 1 GB = 1 billion bytes, 1 TB = 1 trillion bytes
  2. ^ iOS 9.1 on iPad Pro 12.9" (2015). iOS 9.3 on iPad Pro 9.7" (2016).

Models

[edit]
Generation iPad Pro (1st generation) iPad Pro (2nd generation) iPad Pro (3rd generation) iPad Pro (4th generation) iPad Pro (5th generation) iPad Pro (6th generation) iPad Pro (7th generation)
Model iPad Pro 12.9-inch (1st generation) iPad Pro (9.7-inch) iPad Pro (12.9-inch) (2nd generation) iPad Pro (10.5-inch) iPad Pro 12.9-inch (3rd generation) iPad Pro 11-inch iPad Pro 12.9-inch (4th generation) iPad Pro 11-inch (2nd generation) iPad Pro, 12.9-inch (5th generation) iPad Pro, 11-inch (3rd generation) iPad Pro 12.9-inch (6th generation) iPad Pro 11-inch (4th generation) iPad Pro 13‑inch (M4) iPad Pro 11‑inch (M4)
Image
Initial operating system iOS 9.1 iOS 9.3 iOS 10.3.2[70] iOS 12.1 iPadOS 13.4 iPadOS 14.5 iPadOS 16 iPadOS 17.5
Model number[71][72] A1584 (Wi-Fi)

A1652 (Wi-Fi + Cellular)

A1673 (Wi-Fi)

A1674 or A1675 (Wi-Fi + Cellular)

A1670 (Wi-Fi)

A1671 (Wi-Fi + Cellular) A1821 (Wi-Fi + Cellular, China model)

A1701 (Wi-Fi)

A1709 (Wi-Fi + Cellular) A1852 (Wi-Fi + Cellular, China model)

A1876 (Wi-Fi)

A1895, A2014 (Wi-Fi + Cellular) A1983 (Wi-Fi + Cellular, China model)[73]

A1980 (Wi-Fi)

A1934, A2013 (Wi-Fi + Cellular) A1979 (Wi-Fi + Cellular, China model)[73]

A2229 (Wi-Fi)

A2069, A2232 (Wi-Fi + Cellular) A2233 (Wi-Fi + Cellular, China model)[74]

A2228 (Wi-Fi)

A2068, A2230 (Wi-Fi + Cellular) A2231 (Wi-Fi + Cellular, China model)[74]

A2378 (Wi-Fi)

A2461 (Wi-Fi + Cellular) A2379 (Wi-Fi + Cellular with mmWave) A2462 (Wi-Fi + Cellular, China model)[74]

A2377 (Wi-Fi)

A2459 (Wi-Fi + Cellular) A2301 (Wi-Fi + Cellular with mmWave) A2460 (Wi-Fi + Cellular, China model)[74]

A2436 (Wi-Fi)

A2764 (Wi-Fi + US Cellular) A2437 (Wi-Fi + Global Cellular) A2766 (Wi-Fi + China Cellular)[74]

A2759 (Wi-Fi)

A2435 (Wi-Fi + US Cellular) A2761 (Wi-Fi + Global Cellular) A2762 (Wi-Fi + China Cellular)[74]

A2925 (Wi-Fi)

A2926 (Wi-Fi + Cellular) A3007 (Wi-Fi + Cellular, China model)

A2836 (Wi-Fi)

A2837 (Wi-Fi + Cellular) A2006 (Wi-Fi + Cellular, China model)

Announcement date September 9, 2015 March 21, 2016 June 5, 2017 October 30, 2018 March 18, 2020 April 20, 2021 October 18, 2022 May 7, 2024
Release date November 11, 2015 March 31, 2016 June 13, 2017[75] November 7, 2018 March 25, 2020 May 21, 2021 October 26, 2022 May 15, 2024
Launch price Wi-Fi models
32 GB: $799
128 GB: $949
256 GB: $1,099

Wi-Fi + Cellular models
128 GB: $1,079
256 GB: $1,229

Wi-Fi models
32 GB: $599
128 GB: $749
256 GB: $899

Wi-Fi + Cellular models
32 GB: $729
128 GB: $879
256 GB: $1,029

Wi-Fi models
64 GB: $799
256 GB: $899
512 GB: $1,099

Wi-Fi + Cellular models
64 GB: $929
256 GB: $1,029
512 GB: $1,229

Wi-Fi models
64 GB: $649
256 GB: $749
512 GB: $949

Wi-Fi + Cellular models
64 GB: $779
256 GB: $879
512 GB: $1,079

Wi-Fi models
64 GB: $999
256 GB: $1,149
512 GB: $1,349
1 TB: $1,749

Wi-Fi + Cellular models
64 GB: $1,149
256 GB: $1,299
512 GB: $1,499
1 TB: $1,899

Wi-Fi models
64 GB: $799
256 GB: $949
512 GB: $1,149
1 TB $1,549

Wi-Fi + Cellular models
64 GB: $949
256 GB: $1,099
512 GB: $1,299
1 TB: $1,699

Wi-Fi models
128 GB: $999
256 GB: $1,099
512 GB: $1,299
1 TB: $1,449

Wi-Fi + Cellular models
128 GB: $1,149
256 GB: $1,249
512 GB: $1,449
1 TB: $1,649

Wi-Fi models
128 GB: $799
256 GB: $899
512 GB: $1,099
1 TB: $1,299

Wi-Fi + Cellular models
128 GB: $949
256 GB: $1,049
512 GB: $1,249
1 TB: $1,449

Wi-Fi models
128 GB: $1,099
256 GB: $1,199
512 GB: $1,399
1 TB: $1,799
2 TB: $2,199

Wi-Fi + Cellular models
128 GB: $1,299
256 GB: $1,399
512 GB: $1,599
1 TB: $1,999
2 TB: $2,399

Wi-Fi models
128 GB: $799
256 GB: $899
512 GB: $1,099
1 TB: $1,499
2 TB $1,899

Wi-Fi + Cellular models
128 GB: $999
256 GB: $1,099
512 GB: $1,299
1 TB: $1,699
2 TB: $2,099

Wi-Fi models
128 GB: $1,099
256 GB: $1,199
512 GB: $1,399
1 TB: $1,799
2 TB $2,199

Wi-Fi + Cellular models
128 GB: $1,299
256 GB: $1,399
512 GB: $1,599
1 TB: $1,999
2 TB: $2,399

Wi-Fi models
128 GB: $799
256 GB: $899
512 GB: $1,099
1 TB: $1,499
2 TB: $1,899

Wi-Fi + Cellular models
128 GB: $999
256 GB: $1,099
512 GB: $1,299
1 TB: $1,699
2 TB: $2,099

Wi-Fi models
256 GB: $1,299
512 GB: $1,499
1 TB: $1,899
2 TB: $2,299

Wi-Fi + Cellular models
256 GB: $1,499
512 GB: $1,699
1 TB: $2,099
2 TB: $2,499

Wi-Fi models
256 GB: $999
512 GB: $1,199
1 TB: $1,599
2 TB: $1,999

Wi-Fi + Cellular models
256 GB: $1,199
512 GB: $1,399
1 TB: $1,799
2 TB: $2,199

SoC Name Apple A9X Apple A10X Fusion Apple A12X Bionic Apple A12Z Bionic Apple M1 Apple M2 Apple M4
Motion coprocessor Apple M9 Apple M10
CPU 2.26 GHz 2-core Apple Twister[1] 2.26 GHz 2-core Apple Twister (underclocked to 2.16 GHz) ~2.36 GHz 6-core Apple Fusion (3× Hurricane + 3× Zephyr)[76] 7 nm, 8-core SoC; 4x Vortex performance cores + 4x Tempest efficiency cores 5 nm, 8-core SoC; 4x Firestorm performance cores + 4x Icestorm efficiency cores 5 nm, 8-core SoC; 4x Avalanche performance cores + 4x Blizzard efficiency cores 3 nm, 9- or 10-core SoC; 3x or 4x performance cores + 6x efficiency cores
GPU 12-core PowerVR Series 7XT[5] 7-core GPU 8-core GPU 10-core GPU
Memory 4 GB LPDDR4 RAM[1] 2 GB LPDDR4 RAM 4 GB LPDDR4 RAM[77] 64/256/512 GB – 4 GB LPDDR4X RAM
1 TB – 6 GB LPDDR4X RAM[78][79] 		6 GB LPDDR4X RAM[3] 128/256/512 GB – 8 GB
1/2 TB – 16 GB 		128/256/512 GB – 8 GB
1/2 TB – 16 GB 		256/512 GB GB – 8 GB
1/2 TB – 16 GB
Display 12.9 inches (330 mm) diagonal display with LED backlighting backlighting
Oleophobic coating
Fully laminated
Anti-reflective coating 		9.7 inches (250 mm) diagonal display with LED backlighting
Oleophobic coating
Wide color
True Tone
Fully laminated
Antireflective coating 		10.5 or 12.9 inches (330 mm) diagonal display with LED backlighting
Oleophobic coating
Wide color
True Tone
Fully laminated
Anti-reflective coating
ProMotion (120 Hertz refresh rate) 		12.9 inches (330 mm) or 11 inches (280 mm) diagonal Liquid Retina Display
Oleophobic coating
P3 Wide color
True Tone
Fully laminated
Anti-reflective coating
ProMotion (120 Hertz refresh rate) 		12.9 inches (330 mm) diagonal Liquid Retina XDR Display
Oleophobic coating
P3 Wide color
True Tone
Fully laminated
Anti-reflective coating
ProMotion (120 Hertz refresh rate) 		Same as previous generation Same as previous generation Same as previous generation 13 inches (330 mm) or 11 inches (280 mm) diagonal Ultra Retina XDR Display
Oleophobic coating
P3 Wide color
True Tone
Fully laminated
Anti-reflective coating
ProMotion (120 Hertz refresh rate)
2732-by-2048 pixel resolution at 264 ppi (Retina Display) 2048-by-1536 pixel resolution at 264 ppi (Retina Display) Same as previous generation 2224-by-1668 pixel resolution at 264 ppi (Retina Display) 2732-by-2048 pixel resolution at 264 ppi (Liquid Retina)
Maximum 600 nits (12.9")

2388-by-1668 pixel resolution at 264 ppi (Liquid Retina)
Maximum 600 nits (11")

In addition to previous generation:
2D backlighting system with 2596 full‑array local dimming zones
Maximum overall 1000 nits, peak 1600 nits when displaying HDR content, 1,000,000:1 contrast ratio 		Same as previous generation Same as previous generation Same as previous generation 2752-by-2064 pixel resolution at 264 ppi

In addition to previous generation:
Tandem OLED with 2,000,000:1 contrast ratio

2420-by-1668 pixel resolution at 264 ppi

In addition to previous generation:
Tandem OLED with 2,000,000:1 contrast ratio, maximum 1000 nits, peak 1600 nits (HDR content only)

Camera iSight 8 MP, ƒ/2.4 aperture, HDR for photos, Autofocus, 5-element lens, Hybrid IR filter, Backside illumination, Face Detection, Exposure control, Panorama (up to 43 MP), Burst mode, Tap to focus, Photo geotagging, Timer mode, Video Recording, 1080p video recording (30 fps), Slo-mo video support for 720p at 120 fps, Time-lapse video, Video image stabilization, 3× digital zoom, Video geotagging 12 MP, ƒ/2.2 aperture, Auto HDR for photos, 5-element lens, Hybrid IR filter, Backside illumination, Autofocus with Focus Pixels, Improved face detection, Exposure control, Panorama (up to 63 MP), Burst mode, Tap to focus, Photo geotagging, Timer mode, Video Recording, Cinematic video stabilization, 4K video recording (30 fps), 1080p HD video recording at 30 fps or 60 fps, Slo-mo video support for 1080p at 120 fps and 720p at 240 fps, Time-lapse video, 3× digital zoom, Live Photos, True Tone LED flash, Sapphire crystal lens cover, Improved local tone mapping, Improved noise reduction, Video geotagging 12 MP, ƒ/1.8 aperture, Auto HDR for photos, Autofocus with Focus Pixels, 6-element lens, Hybrid IR filter, Backside illumination, Improved face detection, Exposure control, Panorama (up to 63 MP), Burst mode, Tap to focus, Photo and video geotagging, Timer mode, Video Recording, Cinematic video stabilization, 4K video recording (30 fps), 1080p HD video recording at 30fps or 60fps, Slo-mo video support for 1080p at 120 fps and 720p at 240 fps, Time-lapse video, 3× digital zoom, True Tone LED flash, Sapphire crystal lens cover, improved local tone mapping, improved noise reduction 12-megapixel camera, ƒ/1.8 aperture, up to 5x digital zoom, 5‑element lens, 4-LED True Tone flash, panorama (up to 63 MP), backside illumination sensor, hybrid IR filter, autofocus with Focus Pixels, tap to focus with Focus Pixels, Live Photos with stabilization, wide color capture for photos and Live Photos, improved local tone mapping, exposure control, improved noise reduction, Smart HDR for photos, photo geotagging, 4K video recording at 30 fps or 60 fps, 1080p HD video recording at 30 fps or 60 fps, 720p HD video recording at 30 fps, slo‑mo video support for 1080p at 120 fps and 720p at 240 fps, time‑lapse video with stabilization, cinematic video stabilization (1080p and 720p), continuous autofocus video, playback zoom Wide: 12-megapixel camera, ƒ/1.8 aperture

Ultra Wide: 10-megapixel camera, ƒ/2.4 aperture, 125˚ field of view

All: up to 5x digital zoom, 5‑element lens, 4-LED True Tone flash, panorama (up to 63 MP), backside illumination sensor, hybrid IR filter, autofocus with Focus Pixels, tap to focus with Focus Pixels, Live Photos with stabilization, wide color capture for photos and Live Photos, improved local tone mapping, exposure control, improved noise reduction, Smart HDR for photos, photo geotagging, 4K video recording at 30 fps or 60 fps, 1080p HD video recording at 30 fps or 60 fps, 720p HD video recording at 30 fps, slo‑mo video support for 1080p at 120 fps and 720p at 240 fps, time‑lapse video with stabilization, cinematic video stabilization (1080p and 720p), continuous autofocus video, playback zoom

Wide: 12-megapixel camera, ƒ/1.8 aperture

Ultra Wide: 10-megapixel camera, ƒ/2.4 aperture, 125˚ field of view

All: up to 5x digital zoom, 5‑element lens, 4-LED True Tone flash, panorama (up to 63 MP), backside illumination sensor, hybrid IR filter, autofocus with Focus Pixels, tap to focus with Focus Pixels, Live Photos with stabilization, wide color capture for photos and Live Photos, improved local tone mapping, exposure control, improved noise reduction, Smart HDR 3 for photos, photo geotagging, 4K video recording at 30 fps or 60 fps, 1080p HD video recording at 30 fps or 60 fps, 720p HD video recording at 30 fps, slo‑mo video support for 1080p at 120 fps and 720p at 240 fps, time‑lapse video with stabilization, cinematic video stabilization (4K, 1080p and 720p), continuous autofocus video, playback zoom

Wide: 12-megapixel camera, ƒ/1.8 aperture

Ultra Wide: 10-megapixel camera, ƒ/2.4 aperture, 125˚ field of view

All: up to 5x digital zoom, 5‑element lens, 4-LED True Tone flash, panorama (up to 63 MP), backside illumination sensor, hybrid IR filter, autofocus with Focus Pixels, tap to focus with Focus Pixels, Live Photos with stabilization, wide color capture for photos and Live Photos, improved local tone mapping, exposure control, improved noise reduction, Smart HDR 4 for photos, photo geotagging, 4K video recording at 30 fps or 60 fps, 1080p HD video recording at 30 fps or 60 fps, 720p HD video recording at 30 fps, slo‑mo video support for 1080p at 120 fps and 720p at 240 fps, time‑lapse video with stabilization, cinematic video stabilization (4K, 1080p and 720p), continuous autofocus video, playback zoom, ProRes video recording up to 4K at 30 fps (1080p at 30 fps for 128GB capacity)

12-megapixel camera, ƒ/1.8 aperture, up to 5x digital zoom, 5‑element lens, 4-LED True Tone flash, panorama (up to 63 MP), backside illumination sensor, hybrid IR filter, autofocus with Focus Pixels, tap to focus with Focus Pixels, Live Photos with stabilization, wide color capture for photos and Live Photos, improved local tone mapping, exposure control, improved noise reduction, Smart HDR 4 for photos, photo geotagging, 4K video recording at 30 fps or 60 fps, 1080p HD video recording at 30 fps or 60 fps, 720p HD video recording at 30 fps, slo‑mo video support for 1080p at 120 fps and 720p at 240 fps, time‑lapse video with stabilization, cinematic video stabilization (4K, 1080p and 720p), continuous autofocus video, playback zoom, ProRes video recording up to 4K at 30 fps (1080p at 30 fps for 256GB capacity)
FaceTime 1.2 MP, ƒ/2.2 aperture, 720p HD video recording, Auto HDR for photos and videos, Backside illumination, Exposure control, Burst mode, Timer mode and Face Detection 5 MP, ƒ/2.2 aperture, 720p HD video recording, Retina Flash, Auto HDR for photos and videos, Backside illumination, Exposure control, Burst mode, Timer mode and Face Detection 7 MP ƒ/2.2 aperture, 1080p HD video recording, Auto HDR for photos and videos, Backside illumination, Exposure control, Burst mode, Timer mode and Face Detection 7 MP, Portrait mode, Portrait Lighting, Animoji and Memoji, 1080p HD video recording at 30 or 60 fps, Retina Flash, ƒ/2.2 aperture, Wide color capture for photos and Live Photos, Smart HDR, Backside illumination, Auto image stabilization, Exposure control, Burst mode, Timer mode (Face ID supported) 12 MP, Portrait mode, Portrait Lighting, Animoji and Memoji, 1080p HD video recording at 30 or 60 fps, Retina Flash, ƒ/2.4 aperture, Wide color capture for photos and Live Photos, Center Stage Smart HDR, Backside illumination, Auto image stabilization, Exposure control, Burst mode, Timer mode (Face ID supported), Center Stage
Wireless Wi-Fi Wi-Fi 5; dual channel (2.4 GHz and 5 GHz); HT80 with MIMO Wi-Fi 6; dual channel (2.4 GHz and 5 GHz); HT80 with MIMO Wi-Fi 6E; 2.4 GHz, 5 GHz and 6 GHz
Cellular
  • UMTS/HSPA/HSPA+/DC-HSDPA (850, 900, 1700/2100, 1900, 2100 MHz); GSM/EDGE (850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz), CDMA EV-DO Rev. A and Rev. B (800, 1900 MHz)
  • LTE (Bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 26, 28, 29, 38, 39, 40, 41)
  • Data only
  • Includes Apple SIM (U.S., UK, and Germany only)
  • UMTS/HSPA/HSPA+/DC‑HSDPA (850, 900, 1700/2100, 1900, 2100 MHz); GSM/EDGE (850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz), CDMA EV-DO Rev. A and Rev. B (800, 1900 MHz)
  • LTE Advanced (Bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 12, 13, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 38, 39, 40, 41)
  • Data only
  • Embedded Apple SIM
  • UMTS/HSPA/HSPA+/DC‑HSDPA (850, 900, 1700/2100, 1900, 2100 MHz); GSM/EDGE (850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz)
  • Gigabit-class LTE (Models A2013 and A2014: bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 25, 26, 29, 30, 34, 38, 39, 40, 41, 46, 66, 71)
  • Data only
  • Wi-Fi calling
  • eSIM[80]
  • UMTS/HSPA/HSPA+/DC‑HSDPA (850, 900, 1700/2100, 1900, 2100 MHz); GSM/EDGE (850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz)
  • Gigabit-class LTE (Models A2013 and A2014: bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 25, 26, 29, 30, 34, 38, 39, 40, 41, 46, 66, 71)
  • Data only
  • Wi-Fi calling
  • eSIM[80]
  • 5G NR (Bands n1, n2, n3, n5, n7, n8, n12, n20, n25, n28, n38, n40, n41, n66, n71, n77, n78, n79)
  • 5G NR mmWave (Bands n260, n261)
  • FDD-LTE (Bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 32, 66, 71)
  • TD-LTE (Bands 34, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 46, 48)
  • UMTS/HSPA/HSPA+/DC‑HSDPA (850, 900, 1700/2100, 1900, 2100 MHz); GSM/EDGE (850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz)
  • Data only
  • Wi-Fi calling
  • eSIM
  • 5G NR (Bands n1, n2, n3, n5, n7, n8, n12, n14, n20, n25, n26, n28, n29, n30, n38, n40, n41, n66, n70, n71, n77, n78, n79)
  • 5G NR mmWave (Bands n258, n260, n261)
  • FDD-LTE (Bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 32, 66, 71)
  • TD-LTE (Bands 34, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 46, 48)
  • UMTS/HSPA/HSPA+/DC‑HSDPA (850, 900, 1700/2100, 1900, 2100 MHz); GSM/EDGE (850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz)
  • Data only
  • Wi-Fi calling
  • eSIM
  • 5G NR (Bands n1, n2, n3, n5, n7, n8, n12, n14, n20, n25, n26, n28, n29, n30, n38, n40, n41, n66, n70, n71, n75, n76, n77, n78, n79)
  • FDD-LTE (Bands 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, 14, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 25, 26, 28, 29, 30, 32, 66, 71)
  • TD-LTE (Bands 34, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 48)
  • UMTS/HSPA/HSPA+/DC‑HSDPA (850, 900, 1700/2100, 1900, 2100 MHz); GSM/EDGE (850, 900, 1800, 1900 MHz)
  • Data only
  • Wi-Fi calling
  • eSIM
Bluetooth Bluetooth 4.2 Bluetooth 5.0 Bluetooth 5.0 Bluetooth 5.3
Geolocation Wi-Fi models
  • Digital compass
  • Wi-Fi
  • iBeacon microlocation[80]
Wi-Fi + cellular models

Above plus:

Above plus:

  • Assisted GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and QZSS
  • Cellular[80]
Environmental sensors
Battery 3.77 V 38.8 W·h (10307 mA·h) rechargeable lithium‐polymer battery[6] 3.82 V 27.91 W·h (7306 mA·h) rechargeable lithium‐polymer battery[81] 3.77 V 41 W·h (10875 mA·h) rechargeable lithium‐polymer battery[82] 3.77 V 30.8 W·h (8134 mA·h) rechargeable lithium‐polymer battery[77] 3.76 V 36.55 W⋅h (9720 mA·h) rechargeable li-ion battery[83] 3.77 V 29.45 W⋅h (7812 mA⋅h) rechargeable li-ion battery[84] 3.76 V 36.55 W⋅h (9720 mA·h) rechargeable li-ion battery[83] 3.77 V 29.45 W⋅h (7812 mA⋅h) rechargeable li-ion battery[84] 3.76 V 40.88 W⋅h (10872 mA·h) rechargeable li-ion battery[83] 3.77 V 28.65 W⋅h (7599 mA⋅h) rechargeable li-ion battery[84] 3.76 V 40.88 W⋅h (10872 mA·h) rechargeable li-ion battery[83] 3.77 V 28.65 W⋅h (7599 mA⋅h) rechargeable li-ion battery[84] 3.82 V 38.99 W·h (10209 mA·h) rechargeable li-ion battery 3.83 V 31.29 W·h (8160 mA·h) rechargeable li-ion battery
Dimensions Height 305.7 mm (12.04 in) 240 mm (9.4 in) 305.7 mm (12.04 in) 250.6 mm (9.87 in) 280.6 mm (11.05 in) 247.6 mm (9.75 in) 280.6 mm (11.05 in) 247.6 mm (9.75 in) 280.6 mm (11.05 in) 247.6 mm (9.75 in) 280.6 mm (11.05 in) 247.6 mm (9.75 in) 281.6 mm (11.09 in) 249.7 mm (9.83 in)
Width 220.6 mm (8.69 in) 169.5 mm (6.67 in) 220.6 mm (8.69 in) 174.1 mm (6.85 in) 214.9 mm (8.46 in) 178.5 mm (7.03 in) 214.9 mm (8.46 in) 178.5 mm (7.03 in) 214.9 mm (8.46 in) 178.5 mm (7.03 in) 214.9 mm (8.46 in) 178.5 mm (7.03 in) 215.5 mm (8.48 in) 177.5 mm (6.99 in)
Depth 6.9 mm (0.27 in) 6.1 mm (0.24 in) 6.9 mm (0.27 in) 6.1 mm (0.24 in) 5.9 mm (0.23 in) 5.9 mm (0.23 in) 5.9 mm (0.23 in) 5.9 mm (0.23 in) 6.4 mm (0.25 in) 5.9 mm (0.23 in) 6.4 mm (0.25 in) 5.9 mm (0.23 in) 5.1 mm (0.20 in) 5.3 mm (0.21 in)
Weight Wi-Fi models 710 g (1.57 lb) 677 g (1.493 lb) 437 g (0.963 lb) 469 g (1.034 lb) 468 g (1.032 lb) 631 g (1.391 lb) 641 g (1.413 lb) 471 g (1.038 lb) 682 g (1.504 lb) 466 g (1.027 lb) 682 g (1.504 lb) 466 g (1.027 lb) 579 g (1.276 lb) 444 g (0.979 lb)
Wi-Fi + Cellular models 720 g (1.59 lb) 444 g (0.979 lb) 692 g (1.526 lb) 477 g (1.052 lb) 633 g (1.396 lb) 643 g (1.418 lb) 473 g (1.043 lb) 685 g (1.510 lb) 470 g (1.04 lb) 685 g (1.510 lb) 470 g (1.04 lb) 582 g (1.283 lb) 446 g (0.983 lb)
Mechanical keys
  • Home button
  • Sleep/Wake
  • Volume control
  • Sleep/Wake
  • Volume control
Connectors
Speakers Quad stereo

Timeline

[edit]
Timeline of iPad models
iPad Pro (7th generation)iPad Pro (6th generation)iPad Pro (5th generation)iPad Pro (4th generation)iPad Pro (3rd generation)iPad Pro (2nd generation)iPad Pro (1st generation)iPad Pro (7th generation)iPad Pro (6th generation)iPad Pro (5th generation)iPad Pro (4th generation)iPad Pro (3rd generation)iPad Pro (2nd generation)iPad Pro (1st generation)iPad Air (6th generation)iPad Air (5th generation)iPad Air (4th generation)iPad Air (3rd generation)iPad Air 2iPad Mini (7th generation)iPad Mini (6th generation)iPad Mini (5th generation)iPad Mini 4iPad Mini 3iPad Mini 2iPad Mini (1st generation)iPad Air (1st generation)iPad (10th generation)iPad (4th generation)iPad (4th generation)iPad (3rd generation)iPad (9th generation)iPad (8th generation)iPad (7th generation)iPad (6th generation)iPad (5th generation)iPad 2iPad (1st generation)
See also: Timeline of Apple Inc. products

Source: Apple Newsroom Archive.[85]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]

References

[edit]
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