Close-mid front unrounded vowel
Appearance
(Redirected from IPA e)
Close-mid front unrounded vowel | |
---|---|
e | |
IPA Number | 302 |
Audio sample | |
Encoding | |
Entity (decimal) | e |
Unicode (hex) | U+0065 |
X-SAMPA | e |
Braille | ![]() |
IPA: Vowels | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Legend: unrounded • rounded |
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Spectrogram_close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel_%28IPA_e%29.png/220px-Spectrogram_close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel_%28IPA_e%29.png)
The close-mid front unrounded vowel, or high-mid front unrounded vowel,[1] is a type of vowel sound, used in some spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is ⟨e⟩.
For the close-mid front unrounded vowel that is usually transcribed with the symbol ⟨ɪ⟩ or ⟨i⟩, see near-close front unrounded vowel. If the usual symbol is ⟨e⟩, the vowel is listed here.
Features
[edit]- Its vowel height is close-mid, also known as high-mid, which means the tongue is positioned halfway between a close vowel (a high vowel) and a mid vowel.
- Its vowel backness is front, which means the tongue is positioned forward in the mouth without creating a constriction that would be classified as a consonant.
- It is unrounded, which means that the lips are not rounded.
Occurrence
[edit]Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Afrikaans | Standard[2] | bed | [bet] | 'bed' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛ⟩. The height varies between close-mid [e] and mid [ɛ̝].[2] See Afrikaans phonology |
Arabic | Standard | مَجۡر۪ىٰهَا/majreha | [mad͡ʒ.reː.haː] | See imalah | |
Azerbaijani | gecə | [ɟeˈd͡ʒæ] | 'night' | ||
Bavarian | Amstetten dialect[3] | [example needed] | |||
Breton | eget[4] | [eˈɡet] | 'than' | ||
Catalan[5] | séc | [ˈsek] | 'fold' | See Catalan phonology | |
Chinese | Shanghainese[6] | 该/kè | [ke̠ʔ˩] | 'should' | Near-front; realization of /ɛ/, which appears only in open syllables. Phonetically, it is nearly identical to /ɪ/ ([ɪ̞]), which appears only in closed syllables.[6] |
Chuvash | эрешмен/ereşmen | [erɛʃ'mɛnʲ] | 'spider' | ||
Danish | Standard[7][8] | hæl | [ˈheːˀl] | 'heel' | Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛː⟩. See Danish phonology |
Dutch | Belgian[9] | vreemd | [vreːmt] | 'strange' | In the Netherlands often diphthongized to [eɪ]. See Dutch phonology |
English | Australian[10] | bed | [bed] | 'bed' | See Australian English phonology |
New Zealand[11] | The height varies from near-close in broad varieties to mid in the Cultivated variety.[11] See New Zealand English phonology | ||||
General American[12] | may | [meː] | 'may' | Most often a closing diphthong [eɪ].[12] | |
General Indian[13] | |||||
General Pakistani[14] | Can be a diphthong [eɪ] instead, depending on speaker. | ||||
Geordie[15] | |||||
Scottish[16] | |||||
Singaporean[17] | |||||
Ulster[18] | Pronounced [ɛː~iə] in Belfast. | ||||
Some Cardiff speakers[19] | square | [skweː] | 'square' | More often open-mid [ɛː].[19] | |
Scouse[20] | May (less commonly) be less open [ɪː] or more open [ɛː] instead[21] | ||||
Scottish[16] | bit | [bë̞ʔ] | 'bit' | Near-front,[16] may be [ɪ] (also [ə]) instead for other speakers. | |
Cockney[22] | bird | [bɛ̝̈ːd] | 'bird' | Near-front; occasional realization of /ɜː/. It can be rounded [œ̝ː] or, more often, unrounded central [ɜ̝ː] instead.[22] Typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɜː⟩. | |
Estonian[23] | keha | [ˈkeɦɑ̝ˑ] | 'body' | See Estonian phonology | |
French[24][25] | beauté | [bot̪e] | 'beauty' | See French phonology | |
German | Standard[26][27] | Seele | 'soul' | See Standard German phonology | |
Many speakers[28] | Jäger | [ˈjeːɡɐ] | 'hunter' | Outcome of the /ɛː–eː/ merger found universally in Northern Germany, Eastern Germany and Eastern Austria (often even in formal speech) and in some other regions.[28] See Standard German phonology | |
Southern accents[29] | Bett | [b̥et] | 'bed' | Common realization of /ɛ/ in Southern Germany, Switzerland and Austria.[29] See Standard German phonology | |
Swabian accent[29] | Contrasts with the open-mid [ɛ].[29] See Standard German phonology | ||||
Greek | Sfakian[30] | [example needed] | Corresponds to mid [e̞] in Modern Standard Greek.[31] See Modern Greek phonology | ||
Hebrew[32] | כן/ken | [ke̞n] | 'yes' | Hebrew vowels are not shown in the script, see Niqqud and Modern Hebrew phonology | |
Hindustani | Hindi | के/ke | [keː] | 'of' | See Hindustani phonology |
Urdu | کے/ke | ||||
Hungarian[33] | hét | [heːt̪] | 'seven' | Also described as mid [e̞ː].[34] See Hungarian phonology | |
Italian | Standard[35] | stelle | [ˈs̪t̪elle] | 'stars' | See Italian phonology |
Khmer | ទុរេន / turen | [tureːn] | 'durian' | See Khmer phonology | |
Korean | 메아리 / meari | [meɐɾi] | 'echo' | See Korean phonology | |
Limburgish | Most dialects[36][37][38] | leef | [leːf] | 'dear' | The example word is from the Maastrichtian dialect. |
Lithuanian | tėtė | [t̪eːt̪eː] | 'father' | 'Tete' and 'tėtis' are more commonly used than 'tėtė.' | |
Malay | kecil | [kə.t͡ʃel] | 'small' | Allophone of /i/ in closed-final syllables. May be [ɪ] or [e̞] depending on the speaker. See Malay phonology | |
Malayalam | ചെവി/čevi | [ȶ͡ɕeʋi] | 'ear' | See Malayalam phonology | |
Marathi | एक/ek | [e:k] | 'one' | See Marathi phonology | |
Norwegian | le | [leː] | 'laugh' | The example word is from Urban East Norwegian.[39][40] See Norwegian phonology | |
Mpade[41] | faɗe | [faɗe] | 'night' | ||
Persian | سه/se | [se] | 'three' | ||
Polish[42] | dzień | 'day' | Allophone of /ɛ/ between palatal or palatalized consonants. See Polish phonology | ||
Portuguese[43] | mesa | [ˈmezɐ] | 'table' | See Portuguese phonology | |
Romanian | umple | [ˈumple] | 'to fill' | See Romanian phonology | |
Russian[44] | шея/šeja | 'neck' | Close-mid [e] before and between soft consonants, mid [e̞] after soft consonants.[44] See Russian phonology | ||
Saterland Frisian[45] | tään | [te̠ːn] | 'thin' | Near-front; typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨ɛː⟩. Phonetically, it is nearly identical to /ɪ/ ([ɪ̞]). The vowel typically transcribed in IPA with ⟨eː⟩ is actually near-close [e̝ː].[45] | |
Slovene[46] | sedem | [ˈsèːdəm] | 'seven' | See Slovene phonology | |
Sotho[47] | ho jwetsa | [hʊ̠ʒʷet͡sʼɑ̈] | 'to tell' | Contrasts close, near-close and close-mid front unrounded vowels.[47] See Sotho phonology | |
Swedish | Central Standard[48][49] | se | [s̪eː] | 'see' | Often diphthongized to [eə̯] (hear the word: ). See Swedish phonology |
Tahitian | vahine | [vahine] | 'woman' | ||
Tamil | செவி/čevi | [ȶ͡ɕeʋi] | 'ear' | See Tamil phonology | |
Ukrainian | ефі́рний efirný | [eˈfirnɪj] | 'ethereal' | See Ukrainian phonology | |
Welsh | chwech | [χweːχ] | 'six' | See Welsh phonology | |
Yoruba[50] | [example needed] |
See also
[edit]Notes
[edit]- ^ While the International Phonetic Association prefers the terms "close" and "open" for vowel height, many linguists use "high" and "low".
- ^ a b Wissing (2016), section "The unrounded mid-front vowel /ɛ/".
- ^ Traunmüller (1982), cited in Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:290)
- ^ Mikael Madeg, Traité de prononciation du breton du Nord-Ouest à l’usage des bretonnants, Emgleo Breiz, Brest, 2010
- ^ Carbonell & Llisterri (1992), p. 54.
- ^ a b Chen & Gussenhoven (2015), p. 328.
- ^ Grønnum (1998), p. 100.
- ^ Basbøll (2005), p. 45.
- ^ Verhoeven (2005), p. 245.
- ^ Harrington, Cox & Evans (1997).
- ^ a b Gordon & Maclagan (2004), p. 609.
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 487.
- ^ Wells (1982), p. 626.
- ^ Mahboob & Ahmar (2004), p. 1010.
- ^ Watt & Allen (2003), pp. 268–269.
- ^ a b c Scobbie, Gordeeva & Matthews (2006), p. 7.
- ^ Deterding (2000), p. ?.
- ^ "Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland" (PDF).
- ^ a b Collins & Mees (1990), p. 95.
- ^ Watson, Kevin (2007), "Liverpool English" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 351–360, doi:10.1017/s0025100307003180, S2CID 232345844
- ^ Watson, Kevin (2007), "Liverpool English" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (3): 358, doi:10.1017/s0025100307003180, S2CID 232345844
- ^ a b Wells (1982), p. 305.
- ^ Asu & Teras (2009), p. 368.
- ^ Fougeron & Smith (1993), p. 73.
- ^ Collins & Mees (2013), p. 225.
- ^ Kohler (1999), p. 87.
- ^ Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 34.
- ^ a b Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), pp. 64–65.
- ^ a b c d Dudenredaktion, Kleiner & Knöbl (2015), p. 64.
- ^ Trudgill (2009), pp. 83–84.
- ^ Trudgill (2009), p. 81.
- ^ Laufer (1999), p. 98.
- ^ Kráľ (1988), p. 92.
- ^ Szende (1994), p. 92.
- ^ Rogers & d'Arcangeli (2004), p. 119.
- ^ Gussenhoven & Aarts (1999), p. 159.
- ^ Peters (2006), p. 119.
- ^ Verhoeven (2007), p. 221.
- ^ Vanvik (1979), pp. 13–14.
- ^ Kvifte & Gude-Husken (2005), p. 4.
- ^ Allison (2006).
- ^ Jassem (2003), p. 106.
- ^ Cruz-Ferreira (1995), p. 91.
- ^ a b Jones & Ward (1969), pp. 41, 44.
- ^ a b Peters (2019), p. ?.
- ^ Šuštaršič, Komar & Petek (1999), p. 137.
- ^ a b Doke & Mofokeng (1974), p. ?.
- ^ Engstrand (1999), p. 140.
- ^ Rosenqvist (2007), p. 9.
- ^ Bamgboṣe (1966), p. 166.
References
[edit]- Allison, Sean (2006), Alphabet et orthographe de Kotoko de Makary (mpadɨ) (Makary Kotoko Orthography Statement), SIL
- Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009), "Estonian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x
- Bamgboṣe, Ayọ (1966), A Grammar of Yoruba, [West African Languages Survey / Institute of African Studies], Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
- Basbøll, Hans (2005), The Phonology of Danish, ISBN 0-203-97876-5
- Carbonell, Joan F.; Llisterri, Joaquim (1992), "Catalan", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 22 (1–2): 53–56, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004618, S2CID 249411809
- Chen, Yiya; Gussenhoven, Carlos (2015), "Shanghai Chinese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (3): 321–327, doi:10.1017/S0025100315000043
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (1990), "The Phonetics of Cardiff English", in Coupland, Nikolas; Thomas, Alan Richard (eds.), English in Wales: Diversity, Conflict, and Change, Multilingual Matters Ltd., pp. 87–103, ISBN 1-85359-032-0
- Collins, Beverley; Mees, Inger M. (2013) [First published 2003], Practical Phonetics and Phonology: A Resource Book for Students (3rd ed.), Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-50650-2
- Cruz-Ferreira, Madalena (1995), "European Portuguese", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 25 (2): 90–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005223, S2CID 249414876
- Deterding, David (2000), "Measurements of the /eɪ/ and /oʊ/ vowels of young English speakers in Singapore", in Brown, Adam; Deterding, David; Low, Ee Ling (eds.), The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation, Singapore: Singapore Association for Applied Linguistics, pp. 93–99
- Doke, Clement Martyn; Mofokeng, S. Machabe (1974), Textbook of Southern Sotho Grammar (3rd ed.), Cape Town: Longman Southern Africa, ISBN 0-582-61700-6
- Dudenredaktion; Kleiner, Stefan; Knöbl, Ralf (2015) [First published 1962], Das Aussprachewörterbuch (in German) (7th ed.), Berlin: Dudenverlag, ISBN 978-3-411-04067-4
- Engstrand, Olle (1999), "Swedish", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A Guide to the usage of the International Phonetic Alphabet., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 140–142, ISBN 0-521-63751-1
- Fougeron, Cecile; Smith, Caroline L (1993), "French", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 23 (2): 73–76, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, S2CID 249404451
- Gordon, Elizabeth; Maclagan, Margaret (2004), "Regional and social differences in New Zealand: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W.; Burridge, Kate; Kortmann, Bernd; Mesthrie, Rajend; Upton, Clive (eds.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1: Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 603–613, ISBN 978-3-11-017532-5
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- Harrington, Jonathan; Cox, Felicity; Evans, Zoe (1997), "An acoustic phonetic study of broad, general, and cultivated Australian English vowels", Australian Journal of Linguistics, 17 (2): 155–184, doi:10.1080/07268609708599550
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- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
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- Laufer, Asher (1999), "Hebrew", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association, pp. 96–99
- Mahboob, Ahmar; Ahmar, Nadra H. (2004), "Pakistani English: phonology", in Schneider, Edgar W. (ed.), A handbook of varieties of English, vol. 1, Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter, pp. 1003–1015
- Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
- Peters, Jörg (2019), "Saterland Frisian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 49 (2): 223–230, doi:10.1017/S0025100317000226, S2CID 232348873
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- Šuštaršič, Rastislav; Komar, Smiljana; Petek, Bojan (1999), "Slovene", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 135–139, doi:10.1017/S0025100300004874, ISBN 978-0-521-65236-0, S2CID 249404451
- Szende, Tamás (1994), "Illustrations of the IPA: Hungarian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 24 (2): 91–94, doi:10.1017/S0025100300005090, S2CID 242632087
- Ternes, Elmar (1992), "The Breton language", in MacAulay, Donald (ed.), The Celtic Languages, Cambridge University Press, pp. 371–452, ISBN 978-0-521-23127-5
- Traunmüller, Hartmut (1982), "Vokalismus in der westniederösterreichischen Mundart.", Zeitschrift für Dialektologie und Linguistik, 2: 289–333
- Trudgill, Peter (2009), "Greek Dialect Vowel Systems, Vowel Dispersion Theory, and Sociolinguistic Typology" (PDF), Journal of Greek Linguistics, 9 (1): 80–97, doi:10.1163/156658409X12500896406041
- Vanvik, Arne (1979), Norsk fonetikk, Oslo: Universitetet i Oslo, ISBN 82-990584-0-6
- Verhoeven, Jo (2005), "Belgian Standard Dutch", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 35 (2): 243–247, doi:10.1017/S0025100305002173
- Verhoeven, Jo (2007), "The Belgian Limburg dialect of Hamont", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 37 (2): 219–225, doi:10.1017/S0025100307002940
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- Wissing, Daan (2016). "Afrikaans phonology – segment inventory". Taalportaal. Archived from the original on 15 April 2017. Retrieved 16 April 2017.