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Institute of Public Affairs

Coordinates: 37°49′01″S 144°57′38″E / 37.8170°S 144.9606°E / -37.8170; 144.9606
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This article is about the Australian free-market think tank. For the Polish think tank, see Institute of Public Affairs, Poland. For the Chilean institute, see Institute of Public Affairs of the University of Chile.

Institute of Public Affairs
(IPA)
Established1943
ChairJanet Albrechtsen
Executive DirectorJohn Roskam
BudgetFYE June 2023
Income: A$11,600,000
Expenses: A$8,560,000[1]
Members8,200[1]
Location
Level 2, 410 Collins Street, Melbourne. Victoria, Australia
Coordinates37°49′01″S 144°57′38″E / 37.8170°S 144.9606°E / -37.8170; 144.9606
Websiteipa.org.au
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The Institute of Public Affairs (IPA) is a conservative non-profit free market public policy think tank,[2][3][4] which is based in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. It advocates free-market economic policies, such as privatisation,[5] deregulation of state-owned enterprises, trade liberalisation, deregulation of workplaces, abolition of the minimum wage,[6] criticism of socialism,[7] and repeal of Section 18C of the Racial Discrimination Act 1975.[8] It also rejects large parts of climate science.[9]

The IPA was founded during World War II by businessmen in response to the growing power of the Labor Party and international socialism, and has typically aligned with, and supported, the Liberal Party in politics. It has in the past funded and created advertising campaigns for anti-Labor candidates, and has had an impact on Liberal Party policies,[10][11] according to former prime minister John Howard.[12]

History

[edit]

Historian Michael Bertram, writing in 1989, identified three distinct periods for the Institute of Public Affairs:[13]

  1. the war years and "immediate post-war years" where Australia's economic future was in question, ending with the election of Robert Menzies in 1949;
  2. the "Keynesian consensus" of the 1950s and 1960s and
  3. the "sea-shift to the right" of the 1970s and 1980s.

War and immediate post-war years (1943–1949)

[edit]

The Institute of Public Affairs was founded in 1943 as the Institute of Public Affairs Victoria, with Charles Kemp as its inaugural director and George Coles as its inaugural chair. The founders were prominent businessmen,[14] and current executive director John Roskam says of the occasion: "Big business created the IPA".[15] The idea to form the Institute of Public Affairs was first floated in the Victorian Chamber of Manufactures.[16]

The IPA's formation was prompted by the collapse of Australia's main right-wing party, the United Australia Party.[17] The IPA's initial purpose was to influence Australia's post-war reconstruction, with business interests concerned that popular sentiment supported a Labor-led, collectivist post-war construction, a "prevailing clamour for a new kind of society".[14][18]

Throughout 1943, branches were set up in New South Wales (May), South Australia (June) and Queensland (August),[19] although the state branches remained administratively and ideologically distinct (the SA and Queensland branches closed in the 1950s).[20] There seems to have been a pre-existing body called the Institute of Public Affairs in Western Australia, which operated between 1941 and 1942.[21] The IPA NSW engaged in "party political activism",[18] while at the IPA Victoria's first annual meeting in 1944 chair GJ Coles said that they "did not wish to be directly involved in politics".[14]

In March 1943, the head of the Commonwealth Security Service (CSS), Brigadier William Simpson requested a report into whether the newly formed IPA had sympathies with "fascism", "counter-revolution" or the powers with which Australia was at war, but his deputy director said that the IPA’s committee and sponsors were "beyond reproach".[21][verification needed] [22][23]

The CSS was restructured in late 1943 and it again investigated the IPA's state branches.[23] The IPA Queensland's radio play The Harris Family was required to be submitted to and approved by the Chief-Inspector (Wireless).[22][21] The second review was completed in 1944. The CSS reported that nothing could be found to suggest that the IPA was subversive, and the war record of its supporters was "very fine", although two of the IPA NSW's council members were members of the Japan-Australia Society and one was associated with the Old Guard.[23][21] The National Archives of Australia preserve the CSS' reports into each branch, as well as material collected in the course of their investigation.[21]

In October 1944, the IPA printed 50,000 copies of Looking Forward, an 80-page booklet which set out the possibilities of post-war reconstruction.[14][18] Robert Menzies described Looking Forward as "the finest statement of basic political and academic problems made in Australia for many years".[18]

The IPA had no formal association with the formation of the Liberal Party of Australia by Menzies in 1945. Political scientist Marian Simms says that the IPA's role was to act as "an interim finance collector for non-Labor political interests", initiate "the unification of the non-Labor organizations in Victoria … and then [mediate] among them" and provide "much of the content of the federal platform of the LPA and propaganda for political campaigns".[20] Looking Forward was influential in the Liberal Party's inaugural platform.[18]

Norman Abjorensen credits the IPA in this period with the collapse in ALP support, saying that the IPA was "the architect of a stream of propaganda that sought, successfully, to discredit Australia's very moderate Labor Party as a socialist tiger waiting to pounce once the war had ended."[24]

Founders (IPA Victoria)[14]
G. J. Coles (chairman) Chairman of Directors, G. J. Coles & Co.
H. G. Darling Chairman of Directors, The Broken Hill Pty. Co.
Captain C. A. M. Derham President, Victorian Chamber of Manufacturers.
G. H. Grimwade Director, Drug Houses of Australia.
H. R. Harper General Manager, the Victoria Insurance Co.
W. A. Ince Lawyer and Company Director.
F. E. Lampe President, Australian Council of Retailers.
Sir Walter Massy-Greene Company Director, with a distinguished past career in Federal politics.
Sir Keith Murdoch Chairman of Directors, Herald & Weekly Times.
L. J. McConnan Chief Manager, the National Bank of Australasia
Cecil N. McKay Managing Director, H. V. McKay-Massey-Harris.
W. E. McPherson Chairman of Directors, McPherson's.
W. I. Potter Founder, Ian Potter & Co. (Sharebrokers).
A. G. Warner Managing Director, Electronic Industries.

Keynesian consensus (1949–1972)

[edit]

During the 1950s and 1960s, the IPA "came to wholeheartedly support" Keynesian economics, with director C. D. Kemp writing "we are all socialists now".[13] Over this period, the Institute argued for Australia's migration rate to be halved, which drew criticism from the Australian Industries Development Association and The Age.[13] The institute also identified inflation as a major issue, and opposed the abolition of the means test, called for lower taxes, criticised the introduction of the Trade Practices Act, advocated for fewer restraints on foreign investment and celebrated Britain joining the European Economic Community.[13]

In 1962, the IPA dropped "Victoria" from its name, an act that caused relations between it and the IPA NSW to "deteriorate further".[20]

"Sea-shift to the right" (1972–1995)

[edit]

In the 1970s, the IPA and IPA NSW cooperated to establish Enterprise Australia. This organisation had as "an immediate target … the removal of the present Labor government in Canberra", while the IPA ostensibly stayed at arm's length in an attempt to be perceived as above party politics.[20]

From its founding to the late 1970s, the IPA had been associated with anti-socialist Keynesian economics and protectionist industry.[18][25] The appointment of Rod Kemp (CD Kemp's son) as executive director in 1982, along with other administrative changes that had occurred in the late 1970s and early 1980s, marked a shift to neo-liberal ideology that continues to this day.[25]

In June 1987 the IPA was incorporated as a company limited by guarantee.[26]

In 1989, the IPA NSW – which had always been administratively and ideologically distinct – changed name to the Sydney Institute, and transitioned from neo-liberal think tank to discussion forum.[18][25] The IPA NSW had a budget of $120,000 in 1985, compared to the IPA Victoria's $300,000.[18]

Rod Kemp left his position as executive director in 1989 as he had been elected to Parliament.

In 1991, the IPA amalgamated with the Perth-based Australian Institute of Public Policy and John Hyde moved from executive director of the Australian Institute of Public Policy to executive director of the IPA.[17][18] The AIPP had been founded by Hyde in 1983 as a neo-liberal think tank, and the merger brought its annual revenue of about $300,000 or $400,000 to the IPA. Hyde described the merger as "joining forces with old friends".[25]

The IPA cooperated with the Tasman Institute on Project Victoria, which provided a blueprint for the privatisation and deregulation of the Victorian economy when Jeff Kennett became premier in 1992.[27] The research was done with the assistance of Westpac staff seconded to work on the project.[25]

Nahan and Roskam eras (1995–present)

[edit]
Former IPA Executive Director John Roskam

John Roskam replaced Mike Nahan as executive director in 2005, although he had worked at the IPA for a number of years before that.[28]

Between 2009 and 2013, the IPA's annual revenue doubled to $3.2 million a year, an increase attributed by Roskam to the IPA's campaign against parts of the Racial Discrimination Act and the Gillard government's media regulation proposals.[15]

In 2008, former executive director of the IPA Rod Kemp was appointed chair of the IPA.[29]

In 2013 the IPA celebrated its 70th anniversary, MCed by political commentator Andrew Bolt. Notable in attendance at the celebrations were:[30][31]

In August 2018, Australian Public Service Commissioner John Lloyd resigned during an investigation into correspondence he had with his former colleagues at the Institute of Public Affairs. On the day he retired, the investigation concluded that he had breached the Australian Public Service code of conduct by corresponding with the Institute of Public Affairs, but the breach did not warrant sanction.[32] Lloyd subsequently returned to work at the IPA.[33]

In 2018, the IPA held two dinners to celebrate its 75th anniversary. The first was sponsored by Visy and took place on 21 August, the night of the first 2018 Liberal Party of Australia leadership spill. Former prime minister John Howard was interviewed at the dinner by Janet Albrechtsen about the spill, but did not explicitly support either candidate. Gina Rinehart and Rupert Murdoch praised US President Donald Trump at the dinner.[34]

The second dinner was hosted by Crown Melbourne in November, and was hosted by Janet Albrechtsen, Andrew Bolt and Brendan O'Neill. Guests included chair of Liberal Party fundraiser the Cormack Foundation Charles Goode; former Cormack board members Hugh Morgan and John Calvert-Jones; Liberal minister Alan Tudge; and Liberal strategist Brian Loughnane.[35]

In 2021, in reaction to Victorian Labor government moves to ban the public display of the Nazi swastika and other hate symbols, Roskam decried the move as "the most vicious attack on free speech ever contemplated anywhere in Australia".[36]

In 2023, the IPA collaborated with free market think tanks Centre for Independent Studies, LibertyWorks, conservative lobby group Advance, and several fossil fuel companies to coordinate the No campaign during the 2023 Australian Indigenous Voice referendum.[37]

Finances and donors

[edit]

The IPA is funded by its membership, which include both private individuals and businesses.

It has been significantly funded by Hancock Prospecting, of which Gina Rinehart is the Executive Chair. Hancock Prospecting paid the IPA $2.3 million in financial year 2016 and $2.2 million in financial year 2017,[38] which represents one-third to a half of the IPA's total revenue in those years.[39] These payments were not disclosed in IPA annual reports,[40] and Rinehart's daughter Bianca Hope Heyward submitted in court that the Hancock Prospecting payments were credited to Rinehart in an individual capacity.[38] Gina Rinehart was made a life member of the IPA in November 2016.[41]

Other businesses who fund or have funded the IPA include ExxonMobil,[42] Telstra, WMC Resources, Philip Morris,[43] Murray Irrigation Limited,[44] Visy,[34] Clough Engineering, Caltex, Shell, Esso[3] and British American Tobacco (BAT).[3]

Funders are able to "earmark" their payments to support the work of particular units within the IPA.[45]

The Institute of Public Affairs has also been funded by Liberal Party associated entity the Cormack Foundation.[46]

In 2003, the Howard Government provided $50,000 to the Institute of Public Affairs to review the accountability of NGOs.[4]

[edit]

The IPA Victoria was founded during World War II by businessmen in response to the feared growing power of the Labor Party and international socialism, with founder C. D. Kemp putting the case to the Victorian Chamber of Manufactures sub-committee as such:[11]

The freedom of Australian business is today gravely threatened by forces whose unswerving and rigid purpose is the entire nationalisation of industry and the establishment of socialism as the permanent form of Australian society; this would mean the elimination of private capital and shareholding, profit, freedom of private enterprise and the transfer of the control of industry to civil servants and union leaders. These forces are centred politically in the Labor Party and industrially in the Trade Unions; they are supported by an extremely powerful and growing section of public opinion.

— Charles Denton Kemp

The IPA Victoria was founded as an apolitical organisation, and rejected the IPA NSW's strategy of "direct short term political action to defeat the Labor Party with an emphasis on propaganda". However, the IPA Victoria acted as a finance committee for non-Labor parties in its first year, and the IPA Treasurer at the time reportedly said that much of the IPA Victoria's funding was conditional on it being spent to "fight socialism at the coming election" (the 1943 Australian federal election).[47] Its Publicity and Research Bureau wrote political broadcasters, provided speakers' notes to all endorsed United Australia Party and United Country Party candidates and producing advertisements.[47]

The IPA Victoria's direct involvement in federal politics was reappraised after the 1943 election, and the organisation handed over responsibility for fundraising to the extra-parliamentary wing of the United Australia Party. The IPA Victoria remained involved in non-Labor politics, including financing by-election candidates and participating in the foundation of the Liberal Party of Australia.[47]

The IPA Victoria was less involved in the 1949 federal election than the 1943 election, but the IPA Review did publish articles arguing against socialism and with tactical advice for the Liberal Party.[47]

During Charles Kemp's time as director, the IPA Victoria focused its political engagement on the non-Labor parties, and did not "seriously attempt" to influence Labor politicians.[48] Academic and public servant Finlay Crisp described it as a "satellite" of the Liberal Party during this time, and the IPA Review had a policy of not approaching Labor figures for submissions and of muting criticism of the Liberal government.[47]

In 1978, the IPA and the Australian Council of Trade Unions prepared a booklet on partnership in industry, but the ACTU baulked at the association and its name was not on the final publication.[49] By the 1980s, the IPA had changed its policy and made space in the IPA Review for Labor politicians and "others not of the free enterprise persuasion".[47]

The institute has maintained close ideological and political affinities with the Liberal Party into the 21st century. IPA Executive Director John Roskam worked on the Liberal Party's election campaign during the 2001 federal election[50] and has run for Liberal Party preselection.[51] Tony Abbott delivered the 57th C D Kemp lecture in 2001 on the Coalition government's Work for the Dole program[52] and Prime Minister John Howard delivered the 60th C D Kemp lecture in 2004, titled Iraq: The Importance of Seeing it Through.[53] Howard has also said that its policies are influenced by the IPA, which "contributes very strongly to the intellectual debate on issues and that in turn has an impact on what attitude the Liberal Party takes".[12]

Research focus

[edit]

Following the 2013 federal election of the Abbott Coalition government, the IPA released a list of 75 policy initiatives (later adding another 25) to "transform Australia" which encapsulated the present direction of the IPA.[10][54]

The IPA is affiliated with the Atlas Network, a global umbrella organisation of free market think tanks.[37]

Economics

[edit]

The IPA Victoria's ideological position was initially "an amalgam of Keynesianism control and Hayekian regulation", with IPA President Eric Lampe in 1961 saying that the IPA considered government responsibility for full employment, social security, the speed of development, living standards and financial stability "all very necessary".[55]

This changed during the late 1970s and 1980s,[49] when the IPA adopted an economic rationalist or neo-liberal position, with the IPA saying in 1988 that:[55]

the material condition of all sections of the community is most effectively enhanced by encouraging economic growth through a private enterprise, market-oriented economic system, involving vigorous private enterprise and minimal government interference

Recent economic positions of the IPA include:

Tobacco

[edit]

In the 1990s, the IPA was funded by the tobacco industry to conduct research that "attacked the science behind passive smoking".[60] The research included a study from 1996 by John Luik that found that the impact of passive smoking on non-smokers was "trivial",[61] and that "bogus" or "corrupt" passive smoking "threatens the central democratic values of autonomy, respect and diversity".[62] In 2010, the IPA argued against the Gillard government's plans to introduce plain tobacco packaging, criticising it on the grounds that plain packaging may not affect the consumption of those products[63] and that plain packaging may infringe intellectual property rights in tobacco trademarks and logos. If so, it would represent a breach of the constitutional requirement that acquisition be on just terms.

Policy director Tim Wilson predicted that the government could be liable for $3 billion in compensation, a claim that was criticised at the time by Media Watch in part because media covering Wilson's claims did not mention that the IPA receives donations from the tobacco industry.[64] The High Court ultimately ruled that no compensation was required, in British American Tobacco Australasia Limited and Ors v. The Commonwealth of Australia.[65]

Climate change

[edit]

The IPA rejects the scientific consensus on the topic, i.e. that it is currently being mainly caused by human activities (in particular the burning of fossil fuels, leading to a build-up of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide), arguing that there is insufficient scientific evidence. It advocates that research in climate science should be more wide-ranging than overwhelmingly focused on attempting to prove that carbon dioxide is a dangerous climate-changing pollutant based on the inferences of hypothetical climate models. The IPA has financed several Australians who are contrarians or active in alternative climate change research.[66][67]

In 2008, the institute facilitated a donation of A$350,000 by G. Bryant Macfie, a climate change denier, to the University of Queensland for environmental research. The money was given to fund three environmental doctoral projects, with the IPA suggesting two of the three agreed topics.[68]

In 2010, the IPA published a compilation of essays by prominent climate change deniers titled Climate Change: The Facts and edited by John Roskam and Alan Moran.[69] An expanded version with 22 essays was published in 2015 through Stockade Books[70] and a follow-up edited by Jennifer Marohasy was published in 2017.[71] In 2019 the IPA published an essay by Clive James, Chapter 22 of the 2017 publication, on its website, which was critical of what it called "climate change alarmism in the upmarket mass media".[9]

In 2013, it was reported that several large multinational companies, including ExxonMobil, Shell and mining companies, had ceased their membership and financial contributions to the IPA, owing to its vehement campaign against climate change action.[12]

In 2017, Marohasy and IPA colleague John Abbot published a paper on climate change in the journal GeoResJ,[72] also discussing the work on the IPA website,[73] in The Spectator Australia,[74] and in Marohasy's blog.[75] The research concludes that much of recent warming could be attributable to natural variations, and that the "world was about as warm in 1980 as it was during the Middle Ages".[73] This conclusion was heavily criticised by climate scientists who pointed to methodological flaws in the research and declared it unworthy of publication.[76] Gavin Schmidt, the director of NASA's Goddard Institute for Space Studies, has pointed out that some data were shifted in time by approximately 35 years, leading to the omission of warming that has occurred since 1965.[77][78] Schmidt described the research as "worthless" and an example of "what happens when people have their conclusions fixed before they start the work".[76]

Notable people

[edit]

The following individuals are or were associated with the Institute of Public Affairs.

Rod Kemp

Senior office bearers

[edit]

When the IPA Victoria was founded in 1943, it had a chairman (Sir George Coles); a chairman of the executive committee was chosen in 1944 (G. H. Grimwade) and a director (Charles Denton Kemp) in 1948. The executive committee was also referred to as the Industrial Committee or the Executive & Editorial Committee, and the role of chairman was subsequently renamed to president. From July 1983, the roles of president and chairman of the executive committee were combined.[79]

Name Title Date appointed Date ended Term in office Comments Ref
Rod Kemp (Executive) Director;

Chairman

1982 (director);

2008 (chairman)

1989 (director);

incumbent (chairman)

6–7 years (director);

15–16 years (chairman)

Former Australian Government minister, Australian Senator representing Victoria for the Liberal Party. Kemp's father, Charles Kemp, was a co-founder of the IPA. [79][80][81]
Mike Nahan Executive director 1995 2005 9–10 years Western Australia Liberal Party Leader and Leader of the Opposition until June 2019.[82][83]
John Roskam Executive director 2004 incumbent 19–20 years Former executive director of the Menzies Research Centre; former chief of staff for Liberal Minister David Kemp [84]
John Hyde Executive director;

Emeritus fellow

1991 (executive director); 1998 (emeritus fellow) 1995 (executive director); incumbent (emeritus fellow) 3–4 years (executive director); 25–26 years (emeritus fellow) Economist; former Liberal member for Moore [85]
Charles Denton Kemp (Executive) director 1948 1976 27–28 years Economist and commentator; founder of the IPA; was also acting director between July 1979 and August 1982 when the position of director was vacant [79]
H.N. Warren (Executive) director 1977 1978 0–1 years Also served as Secretary of the IPA's Editorial Committee [79]
Roger Neave (Executive) director 1978-02 1979 0–1 years Scriptwriter; Rootes Group executive; deputy director of the IPA between 1976 and his appointment as director [79][49]
Katherine West Unofficial (executive) director 1979-12 1980-02 0–1 years [79]
G.P. Hampel (Executive) director 1981-01 1981-11 0 years [79]

Staff, fellows and board members

[edit]
Name Title Date appointed Date ended Term in office Comments Ref
Janet Albrechtsen Director incumbent Opinion writer for The Australian and a former director of the Australian Broadcasting Corporation [86][87][88]
Tony Abbott Distinguished Fellow incumbent Former prime minister of Australia (28th) and former Federal Member for Warringah (1994-2019) [89]
Chris Berg Adjunct Fellow 2004 2020 Columnist - Appointed term 2017-2020 [90]
James Bolt Digital communications manager incumbent Son of Andrew Bolt, an Australian conservative political commentator [91]
Father James Grant Adjunct Fellow incumbent Catholic Priest and founder of Chaplains Without Borders, and Catholics in Business [85]
John Lloyd Director of the Work Reform and Productivity Unit (former)

Director of Workplace Relations (current)

Unknown (Work Reform)

2018 (Workplace Relations)

2014 (Work Reform)

incumbent (Workplace Relations)

Former Australian Public Service Commissioner; former Australian Building and Construction Commissioner [92][33]
James Paterson Deputy Executive Director 2014 2016 Australian Senator representing Victoria for the Liberal Party Since 2016 [93]
David Penington Former Vice-Chancellor of University of Melbourne [85]
Jason Potts Adjunct Fellow incumbent Economist [85]
Tony Smith Research Assistant 1989 1990 0–1 years Liberal Party Member for Casey, Speaker of the House of Representatives from August 2015 to 2021 [94]
Tom Switzer Adjunct Fellow Executive Director of the Centre for Independent Studies; former Senior Adviser to then Liberal Leader Brendan Nelson (2009) [85][95]
Tim Wilson Policy Director 2007 2013 5–6 years Former Liberal member for Goldstein (2016-2022); former Australian Human Rights Commissioner [85]
Morris Williams Research Assistant 1947 1972 24–25 years Liberal member for Box Hill (1973-1976) and Doncaster (1976-1988) [96]
Ian Plimer Contributor, Climate Change: The Facts Geologist, climate change denier [97]
Ken Ring Contributor, Climate Change: The Facts Writer, "alternative weather" predictor [98][97]
Evan Mulholland Liberal member for the Victorian Legislative Council Since 2022 [96]

Donors, members and associates

[edit]
Name Relationship to IPA Comments Ref
Gina Rinehart Donor;

Lifetime Member

Chairperson of Hancock Prospecting, prominent climate change denier [85][40][99]
David Leyonhjelm Member Former Australian Senator (2014-2019), representing himself and the Liberal Democratic Party [100]
Bob Day Member Former Australian Senator representing South Australia for the Family First Party (2014-2016) [100]
Kevan Gosper Voting Member Former Vice President of the International Olympic Committee; former chair and CEO of Royal Dutch Shell in Australia [85]

Publications

[edit]

The IPA Review is published quarterly.[101]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b [1] ipa.org.au
  2. ^ About the IPA. Retrieved 22 November 2015 ipa.org.au
  3. ^ a b c Norington, Brad (12 August 2003). "Think tank secrets - National - smh.com.au". smh.com.au. Retrieved 11 April 2010.
  4. ^ a b Millar, Royce & Schneiders, Ben. Sydney Morning Herald, 25 August 2013. Free radicals
  5. ^ Cottle, Simon; Nolan, David (26 October 2007). "Global humanitarianism and the changing aid-media field: 'Everyone was dying for footage'". Journalism Studies. 8 (6): 862–878. doi:10.1080/14616700701556104. ISSN 1461-670X. S2CID 145133279.
  6. ^ "Institute of Public Affairs calls for the abolition of the minimum wage". Sydney Morning Herald. 7 April 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  7. ^ Bertram, Michael (1989). "A history of the Institute of Public Affairs".
  8. ^ "Conservative think tank the Institute of Public Affairs gives George Brandis race law ultimatum". Sydney Morning Herald. 1 May 2014. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  9. ^ a b James, Clive (27 November 2019). "Clive James' Chapter In Climate Change: The Facts 2017". IPA. Retrieved 22 August 2022.
  10. ^ a b "Institute of Liberal Party policy? What the IPA will get from Abbott". Crikey. 6 September 2013. Retrieved 14 May 2017.
  11. ^ a b Michael, Bertram (1989). A history of the Institute of Public Affairs (MA). University of Melbourne. p. 5.
  12. ^ a b c Schneiders, Ben; Millar, Royce (25 August 2013). "Big donors dump IPA on climate scepticism". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 12 August 2014.
  13. ^ a b c d Michael, Bertram (1989). "A history of the Institute of Public Affairs": i–ii, 69–105. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  14. ^ a b c d e "About the IPA" (PDF). IPA Review. 22: 33–40. April–June 1968.
  15. ^ a b "John Roskam: the man out of right field". Australian Financial Review. 28 June 2014. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  16. ^ Limb, Peter. "Monash University EPress". books.publishing.monash.edu. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  17. ^ a b Seccombe, Mike (31 May 2014). "Abbott's faceless men of the IPA". The Saturday Paper. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
  18. ^ a b c d e f g h i Hyde, John (2002). Dry (PDF). pp. 110–113.
  19. ^ "Institute of Public Affairs 1943 – 1953". National Archives of Australia. pp. 86, 127, 180. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  20. ^ a b c d Thackrah, Andrew (2012). "The world is ruled by little else": Australian neo-liberal think tanks during the Howard years (PDF). University of Western Australia. pp. 121–123.
  21. ^ a b c d e "Institute of Public Affairs 1943–1953". National Archives of Australia. pp. 127, 146, 149, 163–165, 188. Archived from the original on 26 July 2018. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  22. ^ a b Berg, Chris (March 2008). "What 'fascist mob'? Overland and the IPA" (PDF). Institute of Public Affairs.
  23. ^ a b c "This fascist mob". Overland literary journal. Retrieved 26 July 2018.
  24. ^ "The wartime origins of the culture wars | Inside Story". Inside Story. 7 March 2017. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
  25. ^ a b c d e C, Cahill, Damien (2004). The radical neo-liberal movement as a hegemonic force in Australia, 1976-1996 (Thesis). University of Wollongong.{{cite thesis}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link), p 112-118, 196-200, 301
  26. ^ "IPA Annual Report 2009" (PDF).
  27. ^ Craig, McIntosh, Peter (2010). "Crisis management: the Kennett Government and the neo-Liberalising of Victoria". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  28. ^ Schneiders, Royce Millar, Ben (24 August 2013). "Free radicals". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 19 April 2018.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  29. ^ Roskam, John. "Kemp, Charles Denton (Ref) (1911–1993)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
  30. ^ "Institute of Public Affairs 70th Anniversary Dinner". ANDEV Home. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
  31. ^ "Abbott, Bolt, Rinehart fawn in the IPA court of King Murdoch". Crikey. 5 April 2013. Retrieved 8 March 2019.
  32. ^ Dingwall, Doug (8 August 2018). "John Lloyd breached code of conduct over email to think tank, inquiry finds". Canberra Times. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  33. ^ a b Hannan, Ewin (17 December 2018). "IR warrior John Lloyd takes up cudgels at IPA". The Australian.
  34. ^ a b "Howard says a leader's first responsibility is to their party". Australian Financial Review. 21 August 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  35. ^ Loussikian, Kylar (29 November 2018). "Bush stand-off as lobbyist, Nats go head-to-head". Canberra Times. Archived from the original on 11 December 2018. Retrieved 10 December 2018.
  36. ^ "Victoria to ban swastikas as anti-vilification laws strengthened". www.abc.net.au. 2 September 2020. Retrieved 2 September 2020.
  37. ^ a b Walker, Jeremy (30 September 2023). "Silencing the Voice: the Fossil-fuelled Atlas Network's Campaign against Constitutional Recognition of Indigenous Australia". Cosmopolitan Civil Societies. 15 (2): 105–125. doi:10.5130/ccs.v15.i2.8813. Retrieved 20 February 2024.
  38. ^ a b "Rinehart v Rinehart - NSW Caselaw". www.caselaw.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  39. ^ "Billionaire Mining Magnate Gina Rinehart Revealed As Key Donor to Australian Climate Science Denial Promoter Institute of Public Affairs". DeSmogBlog. Retrieved 19 July 2018.
  40. ^ a b "Bid to involve Barnaby Joyce an attempt to embarrass former deputy PM, says magnate". Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 7 August 2018.
  41. ^ Rinehart, Gina. "Mrs. Rinehart made an Honorary Life Member of the Institute of Public Affairs (IPA)". Gina Rinehart.
  42. ^ "The global warming sceptics". theage.com.au. Melbourne. 27 November 2004. Retrieved 2 November 2009.
  43. ^ "Thinkers of Influence". The Age. Melbourne. 10 December 2005.
  44. ^ "VIC Country Hour | ABC Rural (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)". www.abc.net.au.
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