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Linda Al-Kalash, of Tamkeen for Legal Aid and Human Rights in Amman, stands with and assists trafficking victims as they seek justice and take their traffickers to court. In the organization's first 10 months, she received more than 200 complaints of forced labor in numerous sectors and, along with her small team, directly filed lawsuits or worked with prosecutors to file criminal charges in more than 20 cases. These included two ground-breaking cases involving employers who allegedly sexually assaulted, abused, detained, and withheld payments from their domestic workers. Moreover, Ms. Al-Kalash won all 20 cases involving nonpayment of wages and successfully negotiated the payment of wages, release of travel documents, and other remedies for many more migrant workers. Ms. Al-Kalash and her team have received numerous e-mail, telephone, and handwritten threats from a variety of sources. Organizations and individuals who work with Ms. Al-Kalash have also been threatened. Despite the threats, Ms. Kalash remains determined to help the most vulnerable members of society.
{{About|Husayn ibn Ali (626–680)|the modern political figure (1852–1931)|Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca}}
{{Multiple issues
| POV=September 2011
| refimprove=September 2011
}}
{{Infobox Imams
|image = [[File:Kerbela Hussein Moschee.jpg|200px]]
|caption=The [[Imam Husayn Shrine]] in Karbala, Iraq
|name = Husayn al-Shahīd
|given name = Husayn ibn ‘Alī
|rank = <small>3rd [[Twelver]]/[[Zaidiyyah]]/[[Mustaali]] <br>2nd [[Nizari]] Imamah</small>
|subtitle = *Abu ‘Abdillāh<ref name="history95">{{cite book |title=A Brief History of The Fourteen Infallibles |year=2004 |publisher=Ansariyan Publications |location=Qum |page=95}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Kitab al-Irshad |page=198}}</ref><br>Posthumous:<br>
*Abu al-Ahrār<ref name="qarashi58">{{cite book |last=al-Qarashi |first=Baqir Shareef |title=The life of Imam Husain |year=2007 |publisher=Ansariyan Publications |location=Qum |page=58}}</ref><br><small>([[Arabic language|Arabic]] for Father of Freedom)</small>
|birth = <small>3rd<ref name="history95"/> or 5th<ref name="qarashi51">{{cite book |last=al-Qarashi |first=Baqir Shareef |title=The life of Imam Husain |year=2007 |publisher=Ansariyan Publications |location=Qum |page=51}}</ref> [[Sha'aban]] [[Islamic calendar|4 AH]]<ref name="history95"/><ref name="qarashi51"/></small><br>[[Approximation|≈]] 8 Jan., 626 C.E.
|death = 10th [[Muharram]] 61 AH<ref name="history95"/><br>≈ 10 Oct., 680 C.E.
|birthplace = [[Medina]]<ref name="history95"/>
|buried = [[Imam Husayn Shrine]], [[Karbala]]
|duration = Before Imamate: 46 years <br /> (4 – 50 AH) <br /><small> – 7 years with his grandfather [[Muhammad]] <br> – 7 years with his mother [[Fatimah]] <br> – 36 years with his father [[Ali]] <br> – 46 years with his brother [[Hasan ibn Ali]]</small/><br>
Imāmate: 11 years <br> (50 – 61 AH)
|titles = *ash-Shahīd<ref name="qarashi58"/><br><small>([[Arabic language|Arabic]] for The Martyr)</small><br>
*as-Sibt<ref name="qarashi58"/><small><br>(Arabic for The Grandson)</small>
*Sayyidush Shabābi Ahlil Jannah<ref name="qarashi58"/><ref>Tirmidhi, Vol. II, p. 221 ; تاريخ الخلفاء، ص189</ref><br><small>(Arabic for Leader of the Youth of Paradise)</small>
*ar-Rashīd<ref name="qarashi58"/><small><br>(Arabic for The Rightly Guided)</small>
*at-Tābi li Mardhātillāh<ref name="qarashi58"/><small><br>(Arabic for The Follower of Gods Will)</small>
*al-Mubārak<ref name="qarashi58"/><small><br>(Arabic for The Blessed)</small>
*at-Tayyib<ref name="qarashi58"/><br><small>(Arabic for The Pure)</small>
*Sayyidush Shuhadā<ref name="history95"/><small><br>(Arabic for Master of the Martyrs)</small>
*al-Wafī<ref name="qarashi58"/><small><br>(Arabic for The Loyal)</small>
*Üçüncü Ali <br /> <small>([[Turkish language|Turkish]] for Third Ali)</small>
|spouse = *[[Shahr Banu|Shahr Bānū]],<br />
*[[Rubab bint Imra al-Qais|Umm Rubāb]],
*[[Layla bint Abi Murrah al-Thaqafi|Umm Laylā]].
|father = [[Ali]]
|mother = [[Fatimah]]
|children = *[[Ali ibn Husayn|‘Alī ibn al-Ḥussein ibn ‘Alī]] ''([[Zayn al-‘Ābidīn]]),''<br />
*[[Ali al-Akbar ibn Husayn|Ali al-Akbar]],
*[[Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn|Ali al-Asghar]],
*[[Sakinah (Fatema Kubra) bint Husayn|Fatema Kubra]],
*[[Fatema Sugra bint Husayn|Fatimah Sughra]],
*[[Sukayna bint Husayn|Sukayna]].
}}

'''Hussein ibn ‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib''' ({{lang-ar|حسين بن علي بن أﺑﻲ طالب}})‎ (3rd [[Sha'aban]] 4 [[Islamic calendar|AH]] – 10th [[Muharram]] 61 AH; 8 January 626 CE – 10 October 680 CE, also spelled '''Hussayn''') was the son of [[Ali|‘Alī ibn Abī Ṭālib]] (final ''[[Rashidun|Rashidun Caliph]]'' and first [[Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)|Shia Imam]]) and [[Fatimah|Fātimah Zahrā]] (daughter of the [[Prophets in Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]]) and the younger brother of [[Hasan ibn Ali]]. Husayn is an important figure in [[Islam]] as he is a member of the ''[[Ahl al-Bayt]]'' (the household of Muhammad) and ''[[Ahl al-Kisa]]'', as well as being a [[Shia Islam|Shia]] [[Imam]], and one of [[The Fourteen Infallibles]] of Shia [[Twelver]]s.

Husayn ibn ‘Alī is exalted by all the Shia as a martyr who fought tyranny as he refused to pledge allegiance to [[Yazid I]],<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia | title=al-Hussein ibn 'Ali | encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica Online | accessdate=2007-10-12}}</ref> the [[Umayyad Caliphate|Umayyad]] [[caliph]]. He rose up to create a regime that would reinstate a "true" Islamic polity as opposed to what he considered the unjust rule of the Umayyads.<ref name="Britannica"/> As a consequence, Husayn was killed and beheaded in the [[Battle of Karbala]] in 680 (61AH) by [[Shimr Ibn Thil-Jawshan]].<ref>Gordon, 2005, pp. 144–146</ref> The annual funeral in the memory of him, his family, his children and his As'haab (companions) is called ''[[Day of Ashura|Ashura]]'' (tenth day of Muharram) and is a [[Mourning of Muharram|day of mourning]] for Shia Muslims.

Revenge for Husayn's death was turned into a rallying cry that helped undermine the Umayyad [[Caliphate]] and gave impetus to the rise of a powerful Shia movement.<ref name="Britannica"/>


==Early life==
==Early life==
Originally Palestinian, Linda Al-Kalash was born in Egypt where she also studied history at University. She established Tamkeen in 2007 in response to the poor treatment of migrant workers in Jordan and the lack of support available for them.<ref name="EoI" />
{{See also|Ahl al-Bayt|Ahl al-Kisa}}

According to most of the reports, Husayn ibn Ali was born on 3 Sha'aban 4 AH/10 January 626 CE.<ref name="Iranica">{{cite encyclopedia|last=Madelung |first=Wilferd | authorlink=Wilferd Madelung | title=HOSAYN B. ALI | encyclopedia=Iranica | accessdate=2008-01-12|url=http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/v12f5/v12f5036b.html}}</ref>

Husayn and his brother [[Hasan ibn Ali]], were the last descendants of Muhammad living during his lifetime and remaining after his death. There are many accounts of his love for them which refer to them together but at times confuse them with each other.<ref name="Iranica"/>

Muhammad is reported to have said that whoever loves them has loved him and whoever hates them has hated him. In another [[Hadith]] said "--Syed Salman Mehdi 19:27, 3 November 2011 (UTC)Husayn from Me and I'm from Husayn" .A famous narration declares them the "Masters of the Youth of Paradise"; this has been particularly important for the Shia who have used it in support of the right of Muhammad's descendants to be the righteous ones to succeed him. Other traditions record Muhammad with his grandsons on his knees, on his shoulders and even on his back during prayer at the moment of prostrating himself during their young age.<ref name="EoI">L. Veccia Vaglieri, (al-) Ḥusayn b. ʿAlī b. Abī Ṭālib, Encyclopedia of Islam</ref>

According to [[Wilferd Madelung]], Muhammad loved them and declared them as his Ahl al-Bayt very frequently. The [[Qur'an]] has also accorded the Ahl al-Bayt an elevated position above the rest of the believers.<ref>Madelung (1997), pp. 14–16</ref> In addition to these traditions, a number of other traditions also involved the presence of [[angel]]s and [[jinn]].<ref name="EoI" />

=== The Incident of Mubahala===
{{Main|Mubahala|Hadith of Mubahala}}
A collection of ''[[Hadith]]'' tells that during the 9th – 10th year after ''[[Hijra (Islam)|Hijra]]'' an [[Arab Christians and Arabic-speaking Christians|Arab Christian]] envoy from [[Najran]] (currently in northern [[Yemen]] and partly in [[Saudi Arabia]]) came to Muhammad to argue which of the two parties erred in its doctrine concerning Jesus ([[Jesus in Islam|Isa]]).<ref>{{cite quran|3|61|style = ref}}</ref>

After likening Jesus' miraculous birth to [[Adam]]'s ([[Islamic view of Adam|Adem]]) creation,<ref>{{cite quran|3|59|style = ref}}</ref> -who was born to neither a mother nor a father- Muhammad called them to [[Mubahala]] (the cursing of the lower party) where each party should ask [[God in Islam|God]] to destroy the false party and their families. Muhammad, to prove himself to them as a prophet, brought his daughter Fatimah, son-in-law Ali ibn Abi Talib and both of his grandsons, Hasan and Husayn and came back to the Christians and said to them "This is my family, the (Ahl al-Bayt)" and covered himself and his family with a cloak.

According to this story, the Christians then agreed to a peace treaty and told Muhammad that they would not return.<ref>See:* [[Sahih Muslim]], Chapter of virtues of companions, section of virtues of Ali, 1980 Edition Pub. in Saudi Arabia, Arabic version, v4, p1871, the end of tradition No.&nbsp;32
* Sahih al-Tirmidhi, v5, p654
* Madelung, 1997, pp. 15 and 16
</ref>

==Husayn and caliphate==
According to the Shia, Hasan was supposed to be the successor to Ali after Muhammad. [[Muawiyah I|Muawiyah]] had fought with Ali during his time and after his death, as Hasan was supposed to take Ali's place in successorship, he was another threat to Muawiyah in which he prepared to fight with him again.

Muawiyah began fighting Hasan and after a few inconclusive skirmishes between the armies of Hasan and Muawiyah. Thus, to avoid the agonies of another civil war, he signed a treaty with Muawiyah and relinquished the control of what had turned into an Arabian kingdom.

=== Husayn and Rashidun ===

During Ali's caliphate Hasan, Husayn, [[Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah]] and [[Abdullah ibn Ja'far]] appear as his closest assistants within his household.<ref name="Iranica"/>

==Muawiyah's era==
{{See also|Muawiyah I|Umayyad}}
When Hasan ibn Ali agreed to make a peace treaty with Muawiyah I, the first Umayyad caliph, he left [[Kufa]] and went to Medina with his brother Husayn.<ref>Madelung (1997), p0. 324 and 325</ref>

According to the Shia belief, he lived under the most difficult outward conditions of suppression and persecution. This was due to the fact that, first of all, religious laws and regulations had lost much of their weight and credit, and the edicts of the Umayyad government had gained complete authority and power. Secondly, Muawiyah and his aides made use of every possible means to put aside past disputes and remove the Household of Muhammad and the followers of Ali and his sons, and thus obliterate the name of Ali and his family.<ref name=autogenerated1>Tabatabaei, (1979), p.196</ref>

Muawiyah I ordered for public curses of Ali and his major supporters including Hasan and Husayn.<ref name="Iranica"/>

According to the Shia, Husayn had gained the third Imam for a period of ten years after the death of his brother Hassan in 669. All of this time but the last six months coinciding with the caliphate of Muawiyah.<ref name=autogenerated1 />

==Yazid's rule==
One of the important points of the treaty made between Hasan and Muawiyah was that Muawiyah will not designate anyone as his successor after his death and the decision will be left to the ''[[Ummah]]'' (the Nation). But after the death of Hasan, he, thinking that no one will be courageous enough to object his decision as the Caliph, designated his son, Yazid I, as his successor in 680 CE, literally breaking the treaty.<ref name=autogenerated3>Halm (2004), p.13</ref>

=== Uprising ===
Husayn left Medina with his sisters, daughters, sons, brothers, and the sons of Hasan. He took a side road to [[Mecca]] to avoid being pursued, and once in Mecca Husayn stayed in the house of [[‘Abbas ibn ‘Abd al-Muttalib]] and remained there for four months.<ref name="Iranica"/>
[[Image:Hossein-salam.jpg|thumb|right|Calligraphy in Tehran subway on tiles, meaning peace to Hussein]]
Husayn opposed Yazid I and declared that Umayyad rule was not only oppressive, but also religiously misguided. In his view the integrity and survival of the Islamic community depended on the re-establishment of the correct guidance.<ref name=autogenerated2>Dakake (2007), pp.81 and 82</ref> Husayn also believed that the succession of Yazid I was an attempt to establish an illegitimate hereditary dynasty.

The religious attitudes of the Umayyad also inspired people who believed that leadership of the Muslim community rightly belonged to the descendants of Muhammed, so they urged Husayn to join them and come to Kufa to establish his caliphate<ref name="autogenerated3"/> since they had no [[imam]]. They told him that they did not attend the [[Jumu'ah|Friday prayer]] with the governor of Kufa, [[No'man ibn Bashir]], and would drive him out of the town as soon as Husayn agreed to come to them.

To convince Husayn to come they sent him seven messengers with bags of letters of support by Kufan warriors and tribal leaders. Husayn wrote the Kufans and told them that he understood from their letters that they had no imam and they wished him to come to unite them by the correct guidance. He informed them that he was sending his cousin [[Muslim ibn Aqeel]] to report to him on the situation. If he found them united as their letters indicated he would quickly join them, for it was the duty of the imam to act in accordance with the Qur'an and to uphold justice, proclaim the truth, and to dedicate himself to the cause of God. The mission of ibn Aqeel was initially successful. The Kufans visited him freely, and 18,000 men are said to have enlisted with him in support of Husayn as their saviour and Caliph. He wrote to Husayn, encouraging him to come quickly to Kufa.<ref name="Iranica"/>

Husayn was also visited by a supporter with two of his sons from Basra, where Shia sentiment was limited. He then sent identical letters to the chiefs of the five divisions into which the Basran tribes were divided. He wrote them that Muhammad's family were his family and were the rightful heirs of his position, and that others had illegitimately claimed the right which belonged exclusively to Muhammad's family. The family had initially consented to the actions of the first caliphs for the sake of the unity of the Ummah. He said that the caliphs who had seized the right of Muhammad's family had done many good things, and had sought the truth. The letter closely reflected the guidelines set by Ali, who had strongly upheld the sole right of the family of Muhammad, who were the descendants of Fatima (Prophet Muhammed's daughter), to leadership of the Muslim community. While most of the recipients of the letter kept it secret, one of them suspected that it was a ploy of the governor [[Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad]] to test their loyalty and turned it over to him. Ubayd-Allah seized and beheaded Husayn's messenger and addressed a stern warning to the people of Basra.<ref name="Iranica"/>

In Kufa the situation changed radically when Yazid replaced Noman ibn Bashir with Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad, ordering the latter to deal severely with Huseyn's cousin, Muslim ibn Aqeel. Ubayd-Allah succeeded in intimidating the tribal chiefs, and a revolt collapsed when the rebels failed to capture the governor's palace. ibn Aqeel was found and delivered to Ubayd-Allah, who had him beheaded on the top of the palace and his body thrown down to the crowd. Yazid wrote to Ubayd-Allah, commending him highly for his decisive action and ordering him to set up watches for Husayn and his supporters and to arrest them but to kill only those who would fight him.<ref name="Iranica"/>

Yazid perceived Husayn's refusal to pledge allegiance as a danger to his throne because he was Muhammad's family, so he plotted to kill the grandson of Muhammad during the [[Hajj]], in the precincts of the [[Kaaba]], thus defiling and desecrating it (killing a person in Mecca is prohibited in Islam). In order to avoid this sacrilege, Husayn took along his sisters, wives, children, the children of Hasan ibn Ali, a few friends and relatives and headed towards Kufa to fulfill the responsibility of the bearer of Imamate and to fulfill his destiny as was prophesied by his grandfather, Muhammad.

On his way, he was offered military support by the tribe of [[Banu (Arabic)|Banu]] [[Tayy]] as well as sanctuary in their hills from where he could (if he wanted to) safely lead a revolt and overthrow Yazid. But Husayn refused the offer and continued his journey with his few companions.{{Citation needed|date=July 2008}}

== Battle of Karbala ==
{{Husayn}}
{{Main|Battle of Karbala}}
{{See also|Maqtal al-Husayn}}
Husayn in his path toward Kufa encountered the army of Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad, the governor of Kufa, led by [[Hurr|Hurr ibn Yazid ''Riyahi'']], A top commander in the Umayyad army who later changed sides. It is said that when Hurr and his one thousand men army initially encountered Husayn on the day of 4th Muharram, Hurr and his army were thirsty as they had been on rounds to capture Husayn for many days. Husayn offered his storage of water to Hurr, his army, and the horses of his army. It is said that if Husayn had not offered the water to Hurr and his army, the water in Husayn's camp would have lasted until 19th day of Muharram. Hurr did not arrest Husayn, but told him to set a camp in [[Karbala]] and stop his journey to Kufa. Husayn and his family were also not allowed to set up tents close to the bank of the [[Euphrates]]. On the 7th day of Muharram, the water storage in Husayn's camp was finished. Husayn requested ibn Ziyad's army to allow him and his family members access to water, but his request was denied. Husayn sent his brother [[Al-Abbas ibn Ali]] to the river bank to bring water, but Ziyad's army fought with Abbas, cut off both his arms, and killed him. Husayn also went to ibn Ziyad's army and asked them to allow water for his six month old son, [[Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn]], but the army launched arrows toward Husayn, one of which killed Ali al-Asghar

At the Battle of Karbala it is recorded that seventy two people were killed.<ref>[http://www.al-islam.org/short/sorrows/names.htm Names of Martyrs at Karbala<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

When Husayn clashed with Yazid's army, he said<ref>الا ترون الی الحق لا یعمل به و الی الباطل لا یتناهی عنه؟ لیرغب المومن فی لقاء ربه محقا. فانی لا اری الموت الا سعادة و الحیوة مع الظالمین الا برما Lohouf, Sayyid ibn Tawoos, Tradition No.99</ref>:
{{Quote|... Don't you see that the truth is not put into action and the false is not prohibited? The believer should desire to meet his Lord while he is right. Thus I do not see death but as happiness, and living with tyrants but as sorrow.|Husayn ibn Ali}}

On 10 October 680 (Muharram 10, 61 AH), he and his small group of his followers and family members, who were between 72 or more,<ref>[http://www.porsojoo.com/en/node/70869 ]</ref><ref>[http://www.velaiat.com/shshow.asp?rsabs=43&id=kash فهرست اسامي شهداي كربلا]</ref> fought with a large army under the command of [[Umar ibn Sa'ad]], son of [[Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas]]. Husayn and all of his men were killed and beheaded. The bodies were left for forty days without burial and survivors from Husain's family were taken as prisoners to [[Greater Syria|al-Sham]] ([[Syria]] and [[Lebanon]] today) to Yazid.<ref name="Battle of Karbala">[http://www.al-islam.org/history/history/marsiyya.html Battle of Karbala]</ref>

Part of his speech on Ashura{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}}:
{{Quote|Behold; the illegitimate, son of the illegitimate [by birth], has settled between two, between unsheathing [the sword] and humiliation, and how impossible is humiliation from us! [[Allah]] refuses that for us, and his messenger, and the believers, and laps chastified and purified, and zealous noses [expression: heads that do not bow in humility], and repudiating souls [who repudiate/refuse oppression], that we desire obedience to the mean ones, than the killings of the honourable [martyrdom]. Behold that I move slowly with this family, despite the little number and deserting of helpers.}}

Today, the death of Husayn ibn Ali is commemorated during every Muharram by Shia Muslims, with the most important of these days being its tenth day, Ashura. Ashura is also commemorated by Sunni Muslims coincidentally for different reasons involving [[Moses]].

== Burial ==
{{tone|date=January 2011}}
Husayn's body is buried in Karbala, near the site of his death. His head is said to have been returned from [[Damascus]] and interred with his body.<ref>Halm (2004), pp. 15 and 16</ref> Shia/[[Fatimid Caliphate|Fatimid]] believe that Husain's head was first buried in the courtyard of yezid mahal ([[Umayyad Mosque]]) than transferred from Damascus to [[Ashkelon]] to [[Cairo|Qahera]].

Husayn's grave became the most visited place of [[Ziyarat]] for Shias. The [[Imam Husayn Shrine]] was later built over his grave. In 850 [[Abbasid Caliphate|Abbasid]] caliph, [[al-Mutawakkil]], destroyed his shrine in order to stop Shia pilgrimages. However, pilgrimages continued.<ref>Halm (2004), p. 15</ref> It is now a holy site of pilgrimage for Shia Muslims.

===The return of the head of Husayn to his body===
Several Shia and Sunni sources confirm the return of Husayn's head to his body in Karbala. According to [[Shaykh Saduq]], Husayn's son, [[Ali ibn Husayn]], took it back from Shaam and returned it to Karbala.<ref>Amali of Shaykh Sadouq, Majlis 31, p. 232</ref> Fetal Neyshabouri and [[Muhammad Baqir Majlisi|Majlesi]] have confirmed this in their books, Rouzato-Waisin and [[Bihar al-Anwar]] respectively.<ref>Rouzato-Waisin, Fetal Neyshabouri, p 192</ref><ref>[[Bihar al-Anwar]], [[Muhammad Baqir Majlisi]] vol. 45, p 140</ref> [[Sharif al-Murtaza]] also mentions this in his book Rasaael.<ref>Rasaael, [[Sharif al-Murtaza]], vol. 3, p. 130</ref> [[Ibn shahrashub]] verrifies [[Sharif al-Murtaza]] stating the same thing about head of Husayn. He also narrates [[Shaykh Tusi]] that this event, i.e. returning the head to the body, happened forty days after [[Ashura]] and it is for this reason, there are specific rituals for this day.<ref>Manaqib Al Abi-Taleb, [[Ibn shahrashub]], vol. 4, p. 85</ref> This day is recognized by Shias and is known as [[Arba'een]]. Similar statements are documented by famous Shia scholars e.g. [[Ahmad ibn Tawoos]]<ref>Lohouf, [[Ahmad ibn Tawoos]] p. 114</ref> and
[[Muhaqeq Helli]].<ref>Mathir al ahzan, Ibn Nama Helli, p. 85</ref>
Among Sunni scholors, [[Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī]] in his famous work [[The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries]] has stated that Husayn's head was returned to his body and was buried altogether on 20th of the lunar month of Safar ([[Arba'een]]).<ref>[[The Remaining Signs of Past Centuries]], [[Abū Rayḥān al-Bīrūnī]] p. 331</ref> Similar statement is mentioned by Sunni scholar [[Zakariya al-Qazwini]], in his book [[ʿAjā'ib al-makhlūqāt wa gharā'ib al-mawjūdāt]].<ref>[[ʿAjā'ib al-makhlūqāt wa gharā'ib al-mawjūdāt]], [[Zakariya al-Qazwini]] p 45</ref> [[Qurtobi]] narrates from Shias on the return of the head to the body on [[Arba'een]].<ref>Tazkerah fi omour al-mawta wa omour al-akherah, Qurtobi vo. 2 p. 668</ref>

===Transfer of the head of Husayn in Fatimid's view===
[[File:Zarih of Husain,Karbala.jpg|thumb|The Zarih of Husayn in Karbala]]
On the second day after the battle of Karbala, the forces of Yazid I raised the head of Husayn on a lance. They took it to Kufa to present it to Ubayd-Allah ibn Ziyad, the governor of Kufa, leaving behind the mutilated body of Husayn. The headless body was thus buried there by the tribe of [[Bani Assad]], who were living in the vicinity of Karbala. After the exhibition and display of the head of Husayn, ibn Ziyad dispatched it to Damascus to be presented to Yazid as a trophy.<ref>Brief History of Transfer of the Sacred Head of Hussain ibn Ali, From Damascus to Ashkelon to Qahera By:
Qazi Dr. Shaikh Abbas Borhany PhD (USA), NDI, Shahadat al A’alamiyyah (Najaf, Iraq), M.A., LLM (Shariah) Member, Ulama Council of Pakistan , Published in Daily News, Karachi, Pakistan on 3 January 2009, wikepedia encyclopedia, [http://islam.wikia.com//wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali Islam Wiki]</ref>
[[File:head husain sham.JPG|The Shrine of Husayn's head in Damascus|thumb]]
Yazid celebrated the occasion with great pomp and show by displaying the head of Husayn in his crowded and decorated court. The head was then buried in a niche of one of the internal walls of Jame-Masjid, Damascus, Syria. Afterwards, the head of Husayn remained confiscated and confined in Damascus by the order of the Umayyad monarch, [[Sulayman ibn Abd al-Malik]] (d.86/705), in this condition for about two hundred twenty years.
[[File:place of head Imam Husain Yezid mosque,Damascus.JPG|The place where head Imam Husayn kept, Umayyad mosque, Damascus|thumb]]
When the Abbasids took power from the Umayyads, in the garb of taking revenge of Ahl al-Bayt, they also confiscated the head Husayn and proved to be worse enemies than the Umayyads. It was the Abbasid emperor [[Al-Muqtadir]] (d. 295/908), an enemy of the Ahl al-Bayt He attempted many times to stop the pilgrimage to the head, but in vain. He thus tried to completely eliminate the sign of the sacred place of Ziyarat; he transferred the head of Husayn to Ashkelon (located {{convert|10|km|abbr=on}} from the [[Gaza Strip]] and {{convert|58|km|abbr=on}} south of [[Tel Aviv]], Palestine) (Palestine) in secrecy, so that the pilgrims could not find the place.

It was the 15th Fatimid/[[Ismailism|Ismaili]]/Dawoodi Bohra Imam [[Abu Mansoor Nizar al-Aziz Billah]] (d.386 AH/996) who traced the site of the head of his great-grandfather through the office of his contemporary in [[Baghdad]], in 985. In the city of Ashkelon, Palestine, it remained buried at "Baab al Faradis", for a long time (about 250 years up to 1153).

Commander of the Fatimid forces Dai Badrul’jamali (d. 487/1095) conquered [[Palestine]], during the period of 18th Fatimid Imam [[Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah]] (d. 487/1094). The Fatimid Imam assigned him to discover the head of Husayn ibn Ali. The Dai, in 448 (A.H) discovered the place of Raas al Imam al Husayn.
[[File:Cave of Patriarchs mimbar.jpg|thumb|The Mimbar at the [[Cave of the Patriarchs|Ibrahimi Mosque]]]]
[[File:Inscription on mimbar Ibrahimi mosque.JPG|thumb|An Inscription on the Mimbar placed at the [[Cave of the Patriarchs|Ibrahimi Mosque]]]]
Under the instructions of the Fatimid Imam Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah, Badrul’jamali constructed a mosque and donated several huge properties to meet the expenditure of the 'Trust', so as to maintain the affairs of the ''Mashhad'' the place of burial. He also prepared a wooden [[minbar]] (pulpit) and placed it in the mosque, where Raas al Imam al Husayn was buried. This minbar bears the historical account which is engraved in Arabi Fatemi [[Kufic]] script about the Raas al Imam al Husayn.

The following part of text is a translation of the Arabic inscriptions, which is still preserved on the Fatimid minbar:

".. among the miracles, a major glory with the wishes of Allah, is the recovery of the Head .. Imam.. Husain .. which was at the place of Ashkelon, .. hidden by the tyrants... .. Allah has promised to reveal.. wishes to hide it from the enemies..to show it to [[Wali|Awliya]] ... to relieve the heart of ‘Devotees’ of Imam Husain, as Allah knew their pure heartedness in [[Walayah|Walayat]] and [[Dīn|Deen]].

... May Allah keep for long our Moula .. Al Mustansir’billah.. .The .. Commander of the forces.. the Helper of Imam.. the leader of Do’at .. Badr al Mustansari has discovered Raas al Imam al Husain in Imam Mustansir’s period, and has taken it out from its hidden place. He specially built a Minbar for the Mashhad, at the place where this sacred Head lay buried. ..

He (..Badrul’jamali) constructed this building ..the revenue from which is to be spent only on this Mashhad ... ."

After the 21st Fatimid Imam [[At-Tayyib Abi l-Qasim]] went in to seclusion, his uncle, Abd al Majid occupied the throne of the Fatimid Empire. Fearing disrespect and the atrocities of the traitors and enemies, the Majidi-monarch, [[Al-Zafir]], ordered the transfer of the head to Qahera. The W’ali of the city of Ashkelon, Al Amir Sayf al Mamlaka Tamim along with the custodian of the Mashhad, Qazi Mohammad bin Miskin, took out the buried casket of Raas al Imam al Husayn from the Mashhad, and with due respect and great reverence, on Sunday 8 [[Jumada al-Thani]], 548 (31 August 1153) carried the head from the city of Ashkelon to Qahera, Egypt. Syedi Hasan bin Asad (Hir’az, Yemen) discussed this event in his ''Risalah'' manuscript as follows: "When the Raas (head) al Imam al Husain was taken out of the casket, in Ashkelon, drops of the fresh blood were visible on the Raas al Imam al Husain and the fragrance of Musk spread all over."
[[File:Raous-us-Husain,Cairo .jpg|The Zarih of Husayn's head in Cairo|thumb]]
Historians, [[Al-Maqrizi]], [[Ahmad al-Qalqashandi]], and Ibn Muyassar (d.1278) have mentioned that the casket reached Qahera on Tuesday 10 Jumada al-Thani (2 September 1153). Ust’ad Maknun accompanied it in one of the service boats which landed at the Kafuri (Garden). Buried there in the place known "Qubbat al Daylam" or "Turbat al Zafr’an" (currently known as "Al Mashhad al Husain", wherein lie buried underground thirteen Fatimid Imams from 9th [[Muhammad at-Taqi (Ahmed ibn Abadullah)|Muhammad at-Taqi]] to 20th [[Al-Amir bi-Ahkami l-Lah]]). This place is also known as "B’ab Makhallif’at al Rasul".

During the golden era of the Fatimid Caliphate, on the day of Ashurah, every year the people of Egypt from far and near used to gather and offer sacrifices of camels, cows, goats in the name of Allah, recite Marsiyah-elegies and pronounced ''[[Curses in Islam|L’anat]]'' (curse) loudly on Yazid, Shimr Ibn Thil-Jawshan, ibn Ziyad and other murderers of Husayn, the Ahl al Bait and the Ans’ar of Husayn. During the tenure of [[Saladin]], all ''Marasim al Az’a'' or mourning commemorations for Husayn were declared officially banned as they were considered ''[[Bid‘ah]]''.

The famous [[Mamluk]] historian of Egypt, Mohiyuddin Abd al Zahir (d. 1292) wrote: "When Salahuddin came to power he seized all the Palaces of the Aimmat Fatemiyeen and looted their properties and treasures. He destroyed the valuable and rare collection of the hundred thousands books, available in libraries, in the river [[Nile]]. When he learnt through his intelligence.. that one of the.. custodians of Raas al Imam al Husain.. was highly respected by the people of ..Qahera, he surmised that perhaps he .. be aware of ..treasures of the Aimmat Fatemiyeen. Salahuddin issued orders to present him in his court. He inquired of him ..of the Fatemi..treasures. The nobleman flatly denied ..about the treasures. Salahuddin was angered, and ordered his intelligence .. to ask him through ‘third-degree-torture’, but the nobleman bore ..torture and repeated ..statement. .. Salahuddin ordered his soldiers to put a cap containing Centipedes on the head of the nobleman. ..such type of punishment was so severe and unbearable..none could survive even for a few minutes.

Prior to putting the Cap of Centipedes on the head, his hair was shaved, to make it easy for the Centipedes to suck blood, which in turn made holes in skull. But! In spite of that punishment the noble custodian of Husain’s Head..felt no pain at all. Salahuddin ordered for more Centipedes to be put on .. but it could not kill or pain him. Finally Salahuddin Ayyubi ordered for a tight cap full of Centipedes .. to accomplish the result. Even this method could not torture or kill him. The Ayyubid brutes were greatly astounded further when they saw, on removing the cap, the Centipedes were dead. Salahuddin asked the nobleman to reveal the secret of this miracle. The nobleman revealed as follow: “When Raas al Imam al Husain was brought to Qasar, Al Moizziyat al Qahera, he had carried the casket on his head. ‘O Salahuddin! This is the secret of my safety."

The burial place is now also known as Raous (head)-us-Husain, A silver ''Zarih'' (''[[Maqsurah]]'') is made on the place by Dawoodi Bohra Dai, and the place is visited regularly by all Shia. The presentation of the Maqsurah is also unique in the history of loyalty and faithfulness. The Maqsurah of Raas al Imam al Husain was originally constructed for the [[Al Abbas Mosque]] at Karbala, Iraq. When this Maqsurah reached the mosque of Al-Abbas ibn Ali it would not fit on the place. The size of the Maqsurah and the site of the fitting place differed at the time of fitting, although every technical aspects and measurements of the site were taken into account very precisely. The engineers were astonished, as what had happened, although every minute detail was handled very professionally. The loyalty of Al-Abbas ibn Ali was also witnessed on that day too, as it had been witnessed on the day of Aashurah. There a divine guidance came to the effect by way of intuition that a sincere, faithful, loyal and devoted brother could not tolerate, that the head of Muhammad's grandson, Husayn, buried in Al Qahera, Egypt, should be without a Maqsurah, thus how could he accept this gift for himself. Hence even after Shahadat, Al-Abbas ibn Ali paid his tribute to Husayn and presented his own Maqsurah for Raas (head) al Imam al Husain. When this above-mentioned Maqsurah was brought from Karbala, Iraq to Al Moizziyat al Qahera, Egypt, it fitted upon the original position of the grave known as Mashhad of Raas al Imam al Husain in such a manner, as if it had been fabricated for Raas al Imam al Husain itself.

During the period of Saladin, and by his order, the minbar made by Dai Badr-ul Jamali was transferred from Ashkelon to the Masjid Khalil al Rahman ([[Cave of the Patriarchs|Ibrahimi Mosque]]) ([[Al Khalil]], Palestine) ([[Hebron]], Israel). Saladin did not know that this minbar contained an inscription showing the history of Husayn. The 51st al Dai al Fatemi/Dawoodi Bohra, [[Taher Saifuddin]] (d.1385/1965) got the honour to visit Masjid Khalil al Rahman, and he discovered the Fatamid minbar, one thousand years after the seclusion of the Fatamid Imams.

The Masjid of the Askelan known as "Masjid Al Mashhad al Husain" was blown up deliberately as part of a broader operation of defence force in 1950. The site in Ashkelon was leveled in 1950, but the devotees of Ahl al Bait did not forgo it.
[[File:The burial place of Husayn's head in Askelan,Israel.JPG|thumb|Believed by the Fatemids to be the burial place of Husayn's head in Askelan, Palestine]]

A few years ago, the 52nd Fatamid/Ismaili/Mustali/Dawoodi Bohra Dai [[Mohammed Burhanuddin]], built a marble platform, as per traditional Fatamid architectural design, at the site, on the ground behind the [[Barzilai Medical Center|Barzilai Hospital]], Ashkelon and since then thousands of devotees have come from across the world, year round to pay tribute to Husayn.<ref>[http://articles.latimes.com/2008/may/21/world/fg-mosque21 Sacred Surprise behind Israel Hospital], by; Batsheva Sobelmn, special Los Angeles Times</ref>

==Family==
{{Main|Family tree of Husayn ibn Ali}}
Husayn ibn Ali was the son of Ali, Muhammad's cousin, and his wife Fatimah, the daughter of Muhammad and his first wife [[Khadijah bint Khuwaylid]]. Husayn ibn Ali and his brother Hasan ibn Ali were regarded by Prophet Muhammed as his own sons due to his love for them and as they were the sons of his daughter Fatima and he regarded her children and descendants as his own children and descendants, and he said "Every mothers children are associated with their father except for the children of Fatima for I am their father and lineage" Thus only the descendants of Fatima are the descendants and progeny of the Prophet and his Ahlul Bayt. Husayn ibn Ali was married to four women, [[Rubab bint Imra al-Qais]] with whom he fathered Ali al-Asghar ibn Husayn and [[Sukayna bint Husayn]], [[Layla bint Abi Murrah al-Thaqafi]] mother of [[Ali al-Akbar ibn Husayn]], [[Umm Ishaq bint Talhah]], the widow of Hasan ibn Ali, mother of [[Fatimah bint Husayn]]. From his wife [[Shahrbanu]] he fathered [[Ali ibn Husayn]] whose descendants were the Shia Imamah. Other children include [[Sakinah bint Husayn]] and [[Fatema Sugra bint Husayn]].

==Commemoration of Husayn ibn Ali==
{{Main|Mourning of Muharram|day of Ashura}}
{{See also|Arba'een|Hussainia}}

===Shia===
The Day of Ashura is commemorated by the Shia society as a day of mourning for the death of Husayn ibn Ali, the grandson of Muhammad at the Battle of Karbala. The commemoration of Husayn ibn Ali has become a national holiday and all ethnic and religious communities participate in it.

Some say that a pilgrimage to Karbala and Husayn's shrine therein has the merit of a thousand pilgrimages to Mecca, of a thousand martyrdoms, and of a thousand days fasting.<ref>Braswell, ''Islam: Its Prophet, Peoples, Politics and Power'',1996, p.28.</ref>

== The Shia view of Husayn ==
The Shia regard Husayn as an Imam (which is considered as a divine spiritual leader appointed by God) and a [[martyr]]. He is believed to be the third of the Imams from the Ahl al-Bayt which are supposed to succeed Muhammad and that he set out on his path in order to save the religion of Islam and the Islamic nation from annihilation at the hands of Yazid.

The traditional narration "Every day is Ashura and every land is Karbala!" is used by the Shia to live their lives as Husayn did on Ashura with complete sacrifice for God and others. The saying also signifies what happened in Ashura on Karbala must always be remembered for there is suffering everywhere.

===Sayings of Muhammad about Husayn ibn Ali===
* Hasan and Husayn are the masters of the youth of Paradise and Fatimah is the master of their women.<ref>
# Sahih al-Tirmidhi, v5, p660, on the authority of Abu Sa'id and Hudhayfa
# Sunan Ibn Majah, Introduction 8
# al-Tabarani, on the authorities of: Umar, Ali, Jabir, Abu Hurayrah, Usamah Ibn Zaid, al-Baraa, Ibn 'Adi, and Ibn Masud.
# al-Kubra, by al-Nasa'i
# Musnad Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, v1, pp 62,82, v3, pp 3,64, v5, p391
# Fada'il al-Sahaba, by Ahmad Hanbal, v2, p771, Tradition #1360
# al-Mustadrak, by al-Hakim, v3, pp 166,167
# Hilyatul Awliyaa, by Abu Nu'aym, v5, p71
# Majma' al-Zawa'id, by al-Haythami, v9, p187
# Tuhfatul Ashraf, by Lumzi, v3, p31
# Ibn Habban, as mentioned in al-Mawarid, pp 551,553
# al-Sawa'iq al-Muhriqah, by Ibn Hajar Haythami, Ch. 11, section 3, p290
# Mishkat al-Masabih, by Khatib al-Tabrizi, English Version, Tradition #6154
</ref>
* Husayn is from me and I am from him.<ref>
# Musnad Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, v4, p172
# Fadha'il al-Sahaba, by Ahmad Hanbal, v2, p772, Tradition #1361
# al-Mustadrak, by al-Hakim, v3, p 177
# Amali, by Abu Nu'aym al-Isbahani, p 64
# al-Kuna wal Asmaa, by al-Dulabi, v1, p88
# al-Tabarani, v3, p21
# Adab by al-Bukhari, also al-Tirmidhi and Ibn Majah, as quoted in:
# al-Sawa'iq al-Muhriqah, by Ibn Hajar Haythami, Ch. 11, section 3, p291
# Mishkat al-Masabih, by Khatib al-Tabrizi, English ,Version, Tradition #6160
</ref>

* Muhammad looked towards Ali, Fatimah, Hasan and Husayn and said, "I am at war with those who fight you and in peace with those who please you."<ref>
# Sahih al-Tirmidhi, v5, p699
# Sunan Ibn Majah, v1, p52
# Fadha'il al-Sahaba, by Ahmad Ibn Hanbal, v2, p767, Tradition #1350
# al-Mustadrak, by al-Hakim, v3, p149
# Majma' al-Zawa'id, by al-Haythami, v9, p169
# al-Kabir, by al-Tabarani, v3, p30, also in al-Awsat
# Jami' al-Saghir, by al-Ibani, v2, p17
# Tarikh, by al-Khateeb al-Baghdadi, v7, p137
# Sawaiq al-Muhriqah, by Ibn Hajar al-Haythami, p144
# Talkhis, by al-Dhahabi, v3, p149
# Dhakha'ir al-Uqba, by al-Muhib al-Tabari, p25
# Mishkat al-Masabih, by Khatib al-Tabrizi, English Version, Tradition #6145
</ref>

==Sayings of Notable non-Muslim People About Him==
* ((The historical progress of islam, according to [[Gandhi]], is not the legacy of the Muslim sword but a result of sacrifices of Muslim saints like Husain.))<ref>Reliving Karbala: martyrdom in South Asian memory, By Syed Akbar Hyder, Oxford University Press, p. 170</ref>

* [[Edward Gibbon]]: ((In a distant age and climate, the tragic scene of the death of Hosein will awaken the sympathy of the coldest reader.))<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=VvXSAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA218&dq=Edward+Gibbon+Hosein&hl=en&sa=X&ei=4eogT_7ZEZToiALbpIGBCA&ved=0CEkQ6AEwBA#v=onepage&q=hosein&f=false The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, vol. 2, p. 218]</ref>

* [[Charles Dickens]]: ((If Husain fought to quench his worldly desires, (as alleged by certain Christian critics) then I do not understand why his sisters, wives and children accompanied him. It stands to reason therefore that he sacrificed purely for Islam.))<ref>[https://www.google.com/search?q=dickens+husain&btnG=Search+Books&tbm=bks&tbo=1#q=dickens+Islam+quench&hl=en&tbo=1&tbm=bks&ei=NWcMT9_kJ4WPigLb84zzAw&start=10&sa=N&fp=1&biw=1280&bih=666&bav=on.2,or.r_gc.r_pw.,cf.osb&cad=b Islam as preached by the Prophet and his holy descendants, Hashimali Haji Shariff, 1981 ]</ref>

==Time line==
{{S-start}}
{{a-hou|[[Banu Hashim]]|3rd [[Sha'aban|Sha‘bān]] [[Islamic calendar|4 AH]]|[[Approximation|≈]] 8 January 626 [[Common Era|CE]]|10th [[Muharram]] [[Islamic calendar|61 AH]]|[[Approximation|≈]] 10 October 680 [[Common Era|CE]]|[[Quraysh (tribe)|Banu Quraish]]}}
{{S-rel|sh}}
{{S-bef|rows=2|before = [[Hasan ibn Ali]]<br><small>Disputed by [[Nizari]]</small>}}
{{S-ttl|rows=2|title = 3rd [[Imamah (Shia doctrine)|Imam]] of [[Shia Islam]]|years = 669–680}}
{{S-aft|after = [[Zayn al-Abidin|‘Alī ibn Ḥusayn]]}}
|-
{{S-aft|after = [[Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah]]<br /><small>[[Kaysanites Shia|Kaysanites]] successor</small>}}
{{end}}


==See also==
=== Tamkeen===
TAMKEEN Center for Legal Aid and Human Rights is a neutral, non-profit local organization, founded in Amman - Jordan on the 10th of October 2007.
{{Wikiquote-inline|Imam Husayn}}
* [[Sayyid]]
* [[Arba'een]]
* [[Zulfiqar]]
* [[Zuljanah]]
* [[Holiest sites in Islam (Shia)]]
* [[Shi'a view of the Sahaba]]
* [[Sunni view of the Sahaba]]


It aims at enhancing the liability of practicing human rights and fundamental freedoms by all society sectors, especially marginalized groups; such as children, women, workers, people with disabilities, and many others, according to the national legislation and the international conventions.
==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}


TAMKEEN seeks to accomplish its objectives through offering legal services and consultation to the poor and uncared for, empower them to distinguish their rights and duties, develop and implement specialized human rights programs for different sectors in the Jordanian society.
==References==
;Books
* {{Cite book | last=Al-Bukhari |first=Muhammad Ibn Ismail | authorlink =Muhammad al-Bukhari| title=[[Sahih Bukhari|The English Translation of Sahih Al Bukhari With the Arabic Text]], translated by Muhammad Muhsin Khan| year= 1996| publisher=Al-Saadawi Publications |isbn=1881963594}}
* {{Cite book | last = Dakake | first = Maria Massi | title = The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam | publisher=SUNY Press | year = 2007 | isbn = 0791470334}}
* {{Cite book | last=Gordon |first=Matthew | title=The Rise Of Islam | year=2005 | publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=0313325227}}
* {{Cite book | last = Halm | first = Heinz | coauthors = Janet Watson and Marian Hill | title = Shi'Ism | publisher=Edinburgh University Press | year = 2004 | isbn = 0748618880}}
* {{Cite book | last = Madelung | first = Wilferd | authorlink = Wilferd Madelung | title = The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate | publisher=Cambridge University Press | year = 1997 | isbn = 0521646960}}
* {{Cite book | last = Tabatabae | first = Sayyid Mohammad Hosayn | coauthors = [[Seyyed Hossein Nasr]] (translator) | authorlink = Allameh Tabatabaei | title = Shi'ite Islam | publisher=Suny press| year = 1979 | isbn = 0-87395-272-3}}


The Center contributes to increase cooperation, networking and coordination of efforts between different authorities; such as national bodies and institutions, non-governmental and civil society organizations, and human rights activists..<ref>{{cite quran|3|61|style = ref}}</ref>
;Encyclopedia
* {{Cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica Online]] | publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = [[Encyclopædia Iranica]] | publisher=Center for Iranian Studies, Columbia University| isbn = 1-56859-050-4}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = [[Encyclopaedia of the Qur'an]] | publisher=Brill Publishers, Leiden| isbn = 90-04-14743-8}}
* {{Cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = [[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] | ISBN = }}
; Blog
* [http://articles.latimes.com/2008/may/21/world/fg-mosque21 ''Sacred Surprise behind Israel Hospital''], by Batsheva Sobelmn, special [[Los Angeles Times]]


==External links==
== Our Vision ==
{{Commons category|Hussein ibn Ali}}
*[http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9041622 Hussein ibn 'Ali] an article of Encyclopædia Britannica.
*[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hosayn-b-ali-i Hussein ibn 'Ali] by Wilferd Madelung, an article of Encyclopædia Iranica.
*[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hosayn-b-ali-ii Hussein ibn 'Ali in popular Shiism] by Jean Calmard, an article of Encyclopædia Iranica.
*[http://www.al-islam.org/nutshell/files/husaynviews.pdf Imam Hussein in the eyes of non-Muslims]
*[http://www.al-islam.org/kaaba14/6.htm The Third Imam]
*[http://www.al-islam.org/short/sorrows/names.htm Martyr Of Karbala]
*[http://www.islamfrominside.com/Pages/Articles/Ashura.html An account of the martyrdom of the third Imam]
*[http://www.happy-books.co.uk/muhammad-ibn-abdullah-lineage-and-family-tree/family-tree-diagram-of-lineage-and-relatives-of-prophets-and-companions-in-muslim-history.php?id=112 Interactive Family Tree by Happy Books]
*[http://www.wilayatmission.com/EngBooks.html Story of Karbala: ''Maqtal e Abi Mukhnaf'']


Working together towards ensuring equality, respect of human dignity, and empowerment of human beings....
{{Sahaba}}
{{Martyrs of Karbala}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2011}}


== Our Mission ==
{{Persondata
| NAME =Husayn Ibn Ali
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION =
| DATE OF BIRTH = 626
| PLACE OF BIRTH =[[Madinah|Madīnah]]
| DATE OF DEATH = 680
| PLACE OF DEATH =
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Husayn Ibn Ali}}
[[Category:Arab people]]
[[Category:History of Islam]]
[[Category:Shi'a imams]]
[[Category:626 births]]
[[Category:680 deaths]]
[[Category:Assassinated Shi'a imams]]
[[Category:Ismailism]]
[[Category:People killed at the Battle of Karbala]]
[[Category:Muslim martyrs]]
[[Category:Muhammad family]]
[[Category:7th-century caliphs]]
[[Category:Twelver imams]]
[[Category:Zaidi imams]]
[[Category:Hussein ibn Ali| ]]


Participating in raising the awareness of different sectors of the Jordanian society regarding human rights and fundamental freedoms enshrined in international conventions and national legislation, providing legal services and consultations which contribute to the protection of citizens' rights, through establishing a network of volunteer lawyers who are willing to provide free legal services and consultations for those in need, conducting analytical studies on national legislation and international standards if human rights, in addition to implementing a number of activities such as training, workshops, seminars, organizing campaigns....etc which help in encountering TAMKEEN objectives.
[[ar:الحسين بن علي بن أبي طالب]]
[[az:İmam Hüseyn]]
[[bg:Хусейн ибн Али]]
[[bs:Husejn ibn Ali]]
[[ca:Al-Hussayn ibn Alí ibn Abi-Tàlib]]
[[cs:Husajn ibn Alí]]
[[da:Husayn ibn Ali]]
[[de:Husain ibn ʿAlī]]
[[el:Χουσεΐν ιμπν Αλί]]
[[es:Husayn ibn Ali]]
[[eo:Ĥusejn ibn Ali]]
[[fa:حسین بن علی]]
[[fr:Al-Hussein ibn Ali]]
[[hi:हुसैन]]
[[id:Husain bin Ali]]
[[it:Al-Husayn ibn Ali]]
[[he:חוסיין (בן עלי)]]
[[kk:Һүсейiн ибн Әли (имам)]]
[[rw:Imamu Huseni]]
[[ml:ഹുസൈൻ ഇബ്നു അലി]]
[[mzn:حسین بن علی]]
[[ms:Hussein bin Ali]]
[[nl:Hoessein (imam)]]
[[ja:フサイン・イブン・アリー (イマーム)]]
[[no:Husayn ibn Ali]]
[[nn:Husayn ibn Ali]]
[[pnb:حسین]]
[[pl:Husajn ibn Ali]]
[[ru:Хусейн ибн Али]]
[[sh:Husejn ibn Ali]]
[[fi:Husain ibn Ali]]
[[sv:Husayn ibn Ali]]
[[te:హుసేన్]]
[[th:ฮุซัยน์ อิบน์ อะลี]]
[[tr:Hüseyin bin Ali]]
[[uk:Хусейн ібн Алі]]
[[ur:حسین ابن علی]]
[[zh-yue:侯賽因]]
[[diq:İmam Usên]]
[[zh:侯赛因·本·阿里·本·阿比·塔利卜]]

Revision as of 09:51, 29 January 2012

Linda Al-Kalash, of Tamkeen for Legal Aid and Human Rights in Amman, stands with and assists trafficking victims as they seek justice and take their traffickers to court. In the organization's first 10 months, she received more than 200 complaints of forced labor in numerous sectors and, along with her small team, directly filed lawsuits or worked with prosecutors to file criminal charges in more than 20 cases. These included two ground-breaking cases involving employers who allegedly sexually assaulted, abused, detained, and withheld payments from their domestic workers. Moreover, Ms. Al-Kalash won all 20 cases involving nonpayment of wages and successfully negotiated the payment of wages, release of travel documents, and other remedies for many more migrant workers. Ms. Al-Kalash and her team have received numerous e-mail, telephone, and handwritten threats from a variety of sources. Organizations and individuals who work with Ms. Al-Kalash have also been threatened. Despite the threats, Ms. Kalash remains determined to help the most vulnerable members of society.

Early life

Originally Palestinian, Linda Al-Kalash was born in Egypt where she also studied history at University. She established Tamkeen in 2007 in response to the poor treatment of migrant workers in Jordan and the lack of support available for them.[1]

Tamkeen

TAMKEEN Center for Legal Aid and Human Rights is a neutral, non-profit local organization, founded in Amman - Jordan on the 10th of October 2007.

It aims at enhancing the liability of practicing human rights and fundamental freedoms by all society sectors, especially marginalized groups; such as children, women, workers, people with disabilities, and many others, according to the national legislation and the international conventions.

TAMKEEN seeks to accomplish its objectives through offering legal services and consultation to the poor and uncared for, empower them to distinguish their rights and duties, develop and implement specialized human rights programs for different sectors in the Jordanian society.

The Center contributes to increase cooperation, networking and coordination of efforts between different authorities; such as national bodies and institutions, non-governmental and civil society organizations, and human rights activists..[2]

Our Vision

Working together towards ensuring equality, respect of human dignity, and empowerment of human beings....

Our Mission

Participating in raising the awareness of different sectors of the Jordanian society regarding human rights and fundamental freedoms enshrined in international conventions and national legislation, providing legal services and consultations which contribute to the protection of citizens' rights, through establishing a network of volunteer lawyers who are willing to provide free legal services and consultations for those in need, conducting analytical studies on national legislation and international standards if human rights, in addition to implementing a number of activities such as training, workshops, seminars, organizing campaigns....etc which help in encountering TAMKEEN objectives.

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference EoI was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  2. ^ Quran 3:61
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