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Human Terrain Teams (HTT's)are part of the US Army's Human Terrain System. See Human Terrain System entry here on Wikipedia.

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+Human Terrain Teams (HTT's)are part of the US Army's Human Terrain System. See Human Terrain System entry here on Wikipedia.
-{{Mergeto|Human Terrain System|date=December 2008}}
-{{POV|date=December 2008}}
-The '''Human Terrain Team (HTT)''' program, begun in late 2003,<ref name="NYT"/> is a controversial, experimental [[counter-insurgency]] effort of the [[United States]] [[military]] which embeds [[anthropologists]] and other social scientists with combat brigades in [[Iraq]] and [[Afghanistan]] to help [[military tactics|tacticians]] in the field understand local [[cultures]].<ref name="MiddleEastOnline011908">
-{{cite news
- | title = U.S. Military, Oblivious of Iraqi Culture, Enlists Anthropologists for Occupation
- | author =
- | publisher = [[Middle East Online]]
- | date = January 19, 2008
- | accessdate = 2008-02-11
- | url = http://www.alternet.org/waroniraq/74326/
- }} </ref> "Academic embeds" as the social scientists on teams are known,<ref>[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=15124054 'Academic Embeds': Scholars Advise Troops Abroad : NPR<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> help troops understand relevant cultural history, engage locals in a way they can appreciate, and incorporate knowledge about tribal traditions in conflict resolution.<ref name="MiddleEastOnline011908"/> In interviews, [[US military]] officers in Afghanistan have stated that the aim of the program is to improve the performance of local [[government]] officials, persuade tribesmen to join the [[Afghan police|police]], ease [[poverty]] and protect villagers from the [[Taliban]] and [[criminals]].
-==Development==
-In late 2003, US officers in Iraq complained of poor local [[Intelligence (information gathering)|intelligence]]. [[Cultural anthropologist]] [[Montgomery McFate]] was recruited by [[the Pentagon]] while working for the [[United States Navy|Navy]] because she advocated using [[social science]] to improve military operations and strategy. McFate helped develop a database in 2005 that provided officers with detailed information on the local population. In 2006, [[Colonel]] [[Steve Fondacaro]] ([[Special Operations]], [[retired]]) joined the program and advocated embedding social scientists with US combat units.<ref name="NYT"/><ref>Geller, Adam, "Odyssey Took Man From Campus To Combat", ''[[Arizona Republic]]'' ([[Associated Press]]), March 8, 2009, p. 1.</ref>
-==Efficacy==
-The approach was first applied in Afghanistan in 2006<ref name="CSM">[http://www.csmonitor.com/2007/0907/p01s08-wosc.htm US Army's strategy in Afghanistan: better anthropology | csmonitor.com<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> and has since won the praise of [[Officer (armed forces)|officers]] who see concrete results in improved understanding of social connections in the tribal cultures encountered during phase iv operations (operations aimed at stabilizing an area of operations in the aftermath of major combat).<ref name="NYT">
-{{cite news
- | title = Army Enlists Anthropology in War Zones
- | author = David Rohde
- | publisher = [[New York Times]]
- | date = October 5, 2007
- | accessdate = 2008-02-12
- | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/05/world/asia/05afghan.html?incamp=article_popular_4&pagewanted=all
- }} </ref><ref name="USNWR">[http://www.usnews.com/articles/news/iraq/2007/11/30/the-pentagon-deploys-social-scientists-to-help-understand-iraqs-human-terrain.html?PageNr=3 The Culture Warriors - US News and World Report<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name="MilitaryReview">[http://www.army.mil/professionalwriting/volumes/volume4/december_2006/12_06_2.html The U.S. Army Professional Writing Collection<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> According to Col. [[Martin Schweitzer]], commander of the [[82nd Airborne]], the unit’s combat operations had been reduced by 60 percent over a period of eight months.<ref name="NYT"/><ref name="RFI">[http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/095/article_58603.asp RFI - Les anthropologues aux armées<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
-==Expansion==
-[[US Defense Secretary]] [[Robert M. Gates]] in September 2007 authorized a $40 million expansion of the program.<ref name="NYT"/><ref name="USNWR"/> Teams of anthropologists and social scientists are expected to be assigned to each of the 26 US combat [[Brigades#United_States|brigades]] in Iraq and Afghanistan.<ref name="NYT"/><ref name="USNWR"/> As of [[October 2007]], the number of teams in [[Baghdad]] was expanded from one to six.<ref name="NYT"/><ref name="USNWR"/>
-==Methods==
-Teams are composed of five members:<ref name="NYT"/><ref name="StarsAndStripes">[http://www.stripes.com/article.asp?section=104&article=54556&archive=true Stars and Stripes: Cultural advisers give U.S. teams an edge<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> two civilians and three military personnel, according to ''[[Stars and Stripes (newspaper)|Stars and Stripes]]''.<ref name="StarsAndStripes"/> [[Military Review]] defines embeds as "experienced cultural advisors" familiar with the area of operations.<ref name="MilitaryReview"/> Embeds also work within the framework of an overall [[Human Terrain System]] (HTS) which includes a relationship mapping [[schema]] called MAP-HT.<ref name="MilitaryReview"/>
-To map relationships, teams create databases of
-{{col-begin}}
-{{col-break}}
-*local leaders
-*tribes
-*and political disputes
-{{col-break}}
-*economic issues
-*social problems
-{{col-end}}
-as well as using mapped knowledge and cultural insights to advise brigade commanders.<ref name="NYT"/><ref name="USNWR">[http://www.usnews.com/articles/news/iraq/2007/11/30/the-pentagon-deploys-social-scientists-to-help-understand-iraqs-human-terrain.html The Culture Warriors - US News and World Report<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Embeds must also note and respond to the attitudes of US [[Military_brat_%28U.S._subculture%29#Military_culture|military culture]], which values a "can do" attitude.<ref name="USNWR"/>
-==Notable operations==
-===Operation Khyber===
-During a 15-day drive in late summer of 2007, 500 [[Afghan army|Afghan]] and 500 US soldiers tried to:
-*clear an estimated 200 to 250 Taliban insurgents out of much of [[Paktia Province]]
-*secure southeastern Afghanistan’s most important road
-* halt a string of [[suicide attacks]] on US troops and local governors.
-An HTT anthropologist, Tracy St. Benoit<ref>[http://cryptome.info/0001/hts-cleanup.htm Cleaning Up US Army/TRADOC's Human Terrain System (HTS): Terminate Current Management, Move HTS to Civil Affairs* - John Stanton]</ref>, identified an unusually high concentration of widows in poverty, creating pressure on their sons to join the well-paid insurgents. Citing Tracy’s advice, US officers developed a job training program for the widows. She also interpreted the beheading of a local tribal elder as an effort to divide and weaken the [[Zadran]], rather than mere [[intimidation]]. As a result, Afghan and US officials focused on uniting the Zadran, one of southeastern Afghanistan’s most powerful [[tribe]]s, thereby hindering the Taliban's operations in the area.<ref name="NYT"/>
-===Operation Maiwand===
-Afghan soldiers, 400 U.S. soldiers and 200 Afghan policemen took part in the operation, in which Afghan soldiers raided houses of suspected militants.<ref name="IHT">[http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/07/03/asia/AS-GEN-Afghan-Army-Operation.php Afghan army plans, executes first big operation, taking step forward in US exit strategy - International Herald Tribune<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
-''Stars and Stripes'' reported that in one [[Pashtun]] village, [[Kuz Khadokhe]]l, HTT made it possible for negotiator Captain [[Aaron White]] to understand [[body language]] in the context of the culture, to identify leaders during negotiations, and to reinforce a perception of leadership by not conferring with fellow officers and by demonstrating good faith through projects facilitated by the [[Ghazni Provincial Reconstruction Team]], including roads, a visit by the PRT’s [[field hospital|mobile medical clinic]], the construction of a deep well for [[irrigation]], and the beginnings of a road to Afghanistan’s main [[Highway 1 (Afghanistan)|Highway 1]].<ref name="StarsAndStripes"/>
-==Controversy and incidents==
-The [[American Anthropological Association]] denounced HTT in October 2007, concerned it could lead to compromise of [[ethics]], disgrace to anthropology as an [[academic discipline]], and the [[endangerment]] of research subjects.<ref name="MiddleEastOnline011908"/>  Some academics denounce the program as “mercenary anthropology” that exploits social science for political gain, fearing HTT could cause all anthropologists to be viewed as intelligence-gatherers for the US military.<ref name="NYT"/><ref name="RFI"/> Some academics draw comparisons to the [[Phoenix Program]] and [[Project Camelot]] during the [[Vietnam War]]. According to [[Richard Shweder]], "Anthropologists feel almost polluted by contact with certain parts of the government. There's a [[Breach of confidence|breach-of-trust]] issue there that hasn't been repaired."<ref name="USNWR"/> [[David Matsuda]], an academic embed from [[California]], counters the reaction in the anthropology community: "I came here to save lives, to make friends out of enemies."<ref name="MiddleEastOnline011908"/>
-[[Ann Marlowe]], a writer who has written about Afghanistan, wrote a piece about HTT for the Weekly Standard in November 2007 stating that "there are some things the Army needs in Afghanistan, but more academics are not at the top of the list." Notably, she did not speak with the HTT directly.<ref>[http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/014/368ixgbj.asp Anthropology Goes to War - The Weekly Standard]</ref>
-The [[American Dialect Society]] named "Human Terrain Team" the most euphemistic phrase for 2007.<ref>http://www.americandialect.org/Word-of-the-Year_2007.pdf</ref>
-On November 4, 2008 HTT member Paula Loyd was doused with gasoline disguised in a jar of cooking oil and set alight by Abdul Salam, an Afghan national, as Loyd's HTT surveyed the village of [[Chehel Gazi]] with a US Army platoon.  Loyd was severely burned over 60 percent of her body.  Salam was captured by US Army personnel and Don M. Ayala, another member of the HTT, as he tried to escape.  About ten minutes later, after learning of the severity of Loyd's injuries, Ayala shot Salam in the head, killing him instantly.  Loyd, 36, died at Brooke Army Medical Center in San Antonio on January 7, 2009.  Ayala pleaded guilty to voluntary manslaughter in federal court in [[Alexandria, Virginia]] in February 2009 and was sentenced to five years probation and a $12,500 fine.<ref>Weil, Martin, "[http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/03/AR2009020304389_pf.html Afghanistan Contractor Pleads Guilty To Killing Man Who Burned Co-Worker]", ''[[Washington Post]]'', February 4, 2009, p. 6.<br>{{cite journal
- | quotes =  | author =  | pages =  | publisher =  | location =
- | date = 26 November 2008
- | title =News in Brief:  Social-science programme hit by murder charge
- | journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] | volume = 456 | issue = 435
- | issn =1744-7933
- | doi = 10.1038/456435a
- | bibcode =  | pmid =  | oclc = | id =
- | url = http://www.nature.com/news/2008/081126/full/456435a.html
- | format = Subscription required.
- | accessdate = 2009-02-18
- | language =  | laysummary = | laysource =  | laydate =  | quote =
- }}</ref><ref>Stockman, Farah, [http://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2009/02/12/anthropologists_war_death_reverberates/ "Anthropologist's War Death Reverberates"], ''[[Boston Globe]]'', February 12, 2009, p. 1.</ref><ref>Constable, Pamela, [http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/02/17/AR2009021703382_pf.html "A Terrain's Tragic Shift:  Researcher's Death Intensifies Scrutiny Of U.S. Cultural Program in Afghanistan"], ''[[Washington Post]]'', February 18, 2009, p. C1.</ref><ref>White, Josh, "No Jail Time In Retribution Killing Overseas", ''[[Washington Post]]'', May 9, 2009, p. B4.</ref>
-==Notable academic embeds==
-*Tracy St. Benoit
-*David Matsuda
-*Robert Holbert<ref>[http://www.dailynebraskan.com/home/index.cfm?event=displayArticle&ustory_id=58fa3e11-f5d1-4a93-af2e-6320620a3178 Daily Nebraskan<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
-*Lisa Verdon<ref name="USNWR"/>
-*Fouad Lghzaoui<ref name="USNWR"/>
-*Nicole Surveges (killed on duty as HTT-member on June 24, 2008 when a bomb exploded at the District Council building in Sadr City)[http://humanterrainsystem.army.mil/nicole.html]
-*[[Michael V. Bhatia]] (killed while serving with a HTT in Khost, Afghanistan in May 2008)<ref>Geller, Adam, "Professor Pays Ultimate Price In Country He Loved", ''[[Arizona Republic]]'' ([[Associated Press]]), March 9, 2009, p. 1.</ref>
-*Paula Loyd (doused with fuel and set alight by an Afghan male on November 2008; died two months later in hospital)<ref>[http://openanthropology.wordpress.com/2009/01/08/the-unreported-death-of-staff-sgt-paula-loyd-of-the-human-terrain-system/]</ref>
-==See also==
-* [[Synthetic psychological environment]]
-==References==
-{{reflist}}
-== External links ==
-* [http://www.nytimes.com/2007/10/05/world/asia/05afghan.html?em&ex=1191729600&en=4993ab9a6cbbf28b&ei=5087  New York Times article on Human Terrain Teams]
-* [http://www.wamu.org/programs/dr/07/10/10.php#13756 Anthropologists and War - Diane Rehm Radio Show on Human Terrain Teams - October 2007]
-[[Category:Anthropology]]
-[[Category:Knowledge management]]
-[[Category:Military tactics]]