Hormovë
Hormovë | |
|---|---|
.svg)  Hormovë | |
| Coordinates: 40°14′20″N 20°6′4″E / 40.23889°N 20.10111°E | |
| Country |  Albania |
| County | Gjirokastër |
| Municipality | Tepelenë |
| Municipal unit | Qendër Tepelenë |
| Time zone | UTC+1 (CET) |
| • Summer (DST) | UTC+2 (CEST) |
| Hormova Massacre | |
|---|---|
| Part of World War I | |
 Memorial in Hormovë commemorating the massacre. | |
| Location | Hormova, Albania |
| Date | 1914 |
Hormovë (Albanian definite form: Hormova) is a community in Gjirokastër County, southern Albania.[1] At the 2015 local government reform it became part of the municipality Tepelenë.[2]
History
[edit]Hormovë was one of the Albanian Christian villages in the possession of the House of Meçohysaj[3] the ancestral house of Ali Pasha.[4] It was the largest and militarily strongest village of the region of Rrëzë (Riza).[5]
During his stay in Hormovë in 1769, the Serbian monk Dositej Obradović estimated its size at around 700 houses, all built in stone. The group of 20 locals who greeted him on arrival offered to house him at the Saint Nicholas Monastery, which they claimed could house ten monks, but it was empty because they, as Albanians, do not like to be monks.[6]
In 1784, Hormovë was attacked and destroyed by the local Ottoman Albanian ruler Ali Pasha as their loyalty to him had been uncertain after having abused his mother. Ali also roasted alive the village's leader, Çavuş Prift,[7] while all men of the village were murdered and the women and children were sold to slavery.[8]
In 1798, Sheh Mehmet Cama from Golem built a Halveti tekke in the village.[9]
In 1821, when the Greek War of Independence broke up, a number of locals formed armed groups and supported the Independence struggle in Peloponnese and Central Greece, under leaders such as Diamantes and Kostas Chormovas (later known as Lagoumitzis).[10][11]
In 1914, over 200 villagers from Hormovë were assembled and burned alive by irregular Greek troops of the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus.[12] A grave of 69 men, women and children was found in the premises of the monastery of St. Mary, north of the village of Kodër.[13] A lapidary in the village commemorates this massacre.[14]
This massacre made a strong impression on various political personalities in Europe. Colonel Willem De Veer, of the Dutch mission, reported to the ICC that:
South of the village of Kodra (Hormova), I found a little church which was undoubtedly used as a prison. In the interior the walls and the floor were washed in blood, everywhere were caps and clothing soaked in blood. The doctor, member of the Commission of Investigation, himself saw human brains. At the altar we found a human heart which was still bleeding. A hundred and ninety-five bodies were dug out because the ditch they were thrown in was too shallow, so as to bury them in deeper graves; all the bodies were without heads.
— Willem De Veer
Aubrey Herbert addressed passionately this tragic event in a speech to the House of Commons proposing military intervention to stop this campaign of massacres.[15][16]
During World War II, the advancing Greek forces managed to enter the village after the Italian retreat, in December 11, 1940.[17]
Notable people
[edit]- Konstantinos Lagoumitzis (1781–1827), fighter of the Greek War of Independence.[18]
Footnotes
[edit]- ^ "Location of Hormovë". Retrieved 2010-06-03.
- ^ "Law nr. 115/2014" (PDF) (in Albanian). p. 6371. Retrieved 25 February 2022.
- ^ Koçi, Dorian (2018-09-26). "Pse e rrënoi Ali Pashë Tepelena, Hormovën?" (in Albanian). Retrieved 2022-10-05.
- ^ Skiotis 1971, pp. 225–226
- ^ Koçi, Dorian (2018-09-26). "Pse e rrënoi Ali Pashë Tepelena, Hormovën?" (in Albanian). Retrieved 2022-10-05.
- ^ Koçi, Dorian (2018-09-26). "Pse e rrënoi Ali Pashë Tepelena, Hormovën?" (in Albanian). Retrieved 2022-10-05.
- ^ Skiotis 1971, p. 243
- ^ Russell, Quentin; Russell, Eugenia (30 September 2017). Ali Pasha, Lion of Ioannina: The Remarkable Life of the Balkan Napoleon. Pen and Sword. p. 143. ISBN 978-1-4738-7722-1.
- ^ Hysi, Shyqyri. "Teqeja e Hormovës, dëshmi bashkjetese fetare". Gazeta Tema (in Albanian).
- ^ Pappas 1991, p. 294: "The Souliote units, together with formations of other Epirotes (Cheimarriotes, Chormovites [people from Hormovë], etc.), Macedonians, Cretans, Thessalians, Ionians and other Greeks from outside the liberated areas, became the "shock brigades" of the Greek Revolution."
- ^ Pappas 1991, pp. 317–318: "Among the heterochtons that formed their own units were the Cheimarriotes and Chormovites, from areas of present-day Albania. Included in these units were Cheimarriotes and Chormovites who had served on the Ionian Islands. Unofficial Cheimarriote and Chormovite units took to the field from the beginning of the revolution in 1821. [...] A similar unit, composed of Chormovites and Riziotes, was organized by Diamantēs and Kōstas Chormovas, both of whom had served on the Ionian Islands in Russian and French forces. This unit besieged Nafpaktos in 1821 and later campaigned in Missolongi, Athens and other parts of Greece."
- ^ Bido 2020, p. 41: "He elected a new church eldership, which included no Albanians but only Greek émigrés even though Albanians constituted all of the native Ortho-dox in Korça, a fact that even the Greek state acknowledged. In Gjirokas-tra, Metropolitan Vasil thanked Venizelos and King Constantine for their support of the Northern Epirotes. He also asked that the male population be conscripted into military service alongside the Greek army.132 Greek soldiers had killed hundreds of Albanians in Gjirokastra, but the metropolitan had failed to raise any complaint. The most shocking event was in Hormova, in the Tepelena district, where irregular troops forcibly assem-bled more than 200 villagers in a shrine and burned them alive. Vasil made 133 no protest whatsoever, despite there being Orthodox among the victims.".
- ^ Kinley, Christopher (3 September 2021). "The Balkan War in Epirus: Religious Identity and the Continuity of Conflict". Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies. 23 (5): 667–683. doi:10.1080/19448953.2021.1935077. ISSN 1944-8953. Retrieved 2 November 2023.
- ^ Van Gerven Oei, Vincent W.J., ed. (2015). Lapidari I (in Albanian and English). Punctum books. p. 192. doi:10.21983/P3.0094.1.00.
Në këtë vend janë vendosur eshtrat e hormovitëve të masakruar nga shovinistët grekë në vitin 1914.
- ^ Elsie, Robert. "Albanian Under Prince Wied". Early Photography in Albania.
The situation in the south of the country continued to be difficult. In mid-May, in an attempt to regain control of Gjirokastra, De Waal and his men, assisted by a corps of Albanian volunteers under Çerçiz Topulli, reached the Drino river and heard firing at the nearby Orthodox monastery of Kodra, near Tepelena. A terrible scene was discovered - the bodies of 218 old people, women and children who had been massacred by Greek forces. Some of the victims, Albanian Orthodox Christians, had been crucified, and others hacked to pieces. General De Veer reported to the ICC about the tragic event on 10 May: "South of the village of Kodra (Hormova), I found a little church which was undoubtedly used as a prison. In the interior the walls and the floor were washed in blood, everywhere were caps and clothing soaked in blood. The doctor, member of the Commission of Investigation, himself saw human brains. At the altar we found a human heart which was still bleeding. A hundred and ninety-five bodies were dug out because the ditch they were thrown in was too shallow, so as to bury them in deeper graves; all the bodies were without heads." In the House of Commons in London, Aubrey Herbert (1880-1923) spoke passionately about the massacre, but Western public opinion had had enough of Balkan atrocities and there was little reaction.
- ^ Puto, Arben (2012). Pavarësia Shqiptare dhe Diplomacia e Fuqive të Mëdha (in Albanian). Tiranë: Botimet Toena. p. 499. ISBN 978-99943-1-826-1.
Kolonel A. Herbert e shtroi cështjen në Dhomën e Komuneve. Në fund të qershorit ai kërkoi që të dërgoheshin forca në Shqipëri për të ndalur këtë fushatë masakrash.
- ^ Bertke, Donald A.; Smith, Gordon; Kindell, Don (15 May 2012). World War II Sea War, Volume 3: The Royal Navy is Bloodied in the Mediterranean. Lulu.com. p. 127. ISBN 978-1-937470-01-2.
11 December Greek troops advanced to Palermo Harbour, Albania, and from J. Sipern to Hormove, Albania. Elsewhere, the Italian troops managed to hold their defensive line.
- ^ Engonopoulos, Nikos (1962). ΜΠΟΛΙΒΑΡ (in Greek). ΙΚΑΡΟΣ. p. 38. ISBN 9789607233387.
Ο Κώστας Λαγουμτζής ή Λαγουμιτζής Χορμοβίτης, από το Χορμοβο της Ηπείρου...
References
[edit]- Pappas, Nicholas Charles (1991). "The Veterans, the Philikē Hetaireia and the Greek Revolution". Greeks in Russian military service in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Institute for Balkan Studies. pp. 293–324. OCLC 427986248.
- Skiotis, Dennis N. (1971). "From Bandit to Pasha: First steps in the Rise to Power of Ali of Tepelen, 1750–1784". International Journal of Middle East Studies. 2 (3): 219–244. doi:10.1017/S0020743800001112. ISSN 1471-6380.
- Bido, Ardit (2020), The Albanian Orthodox Church: A Political History, 1878–1945, Routledge, ISBN 9780429755477
