Holiest sites in Sunni Islam: Difference between revisions
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The original mosque was built by the [[prophets of Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]]. Subsequent Islamic rulers greatly expanded and decorated the mosque. The most important feature of the site is the green dome over the center of the mosque, where the [[tomb of Muhammad]] is located. Constructed in 1817<small>C.E.</small> and painted green in 1839<small>C.E.</small>, it is known as the Dome of the Prophet.<ref name="encyclo">[http://lexicorient.com/e.o/madina.htm Encyclopedia of the orient]</ref> Early Muslim leaders [[Abu Bakr]] and [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]] are buried beside Muhammad. |
The original mosque was built by the [[prophets of Islam|Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]]. Subsequent Islamic rulers greatly expanded and decorated the mosque. The most important feature of the site is the green dome over the center of the mosque, where the [[tomb of Muhammad]] is located. Constructed in 1817<small>C.E.</small> and painted green in 1839<small>C.E.</small>, it is known as the Dome of the Prophet.<ref name="encyclo">[http://lexicorient.com/e.o/madina.htm Encyclopedia of the orient]</ref> Early Muslim leaders [[Abu Bakr]] and [[Umar ibn al-Khattab]] are buried beside Muhammad. |
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==Masjid Al-Aqsa, Jerusalem== |
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{{see also|Al-Aqsa Mosque|Temple Mount|Jerusalem in Islam}} |
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{{main|Hala Sultan Tekke}} |
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[[Image:Al aqsa moschee 2.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Al-Aqsa Mosque]] |
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'''Al-Aqsa Mosque''' (English: The Farthest mosque) is the general and oldest name for the compound of Islamic religious buildings in Jerusalem that includes al-Aqsa congregation mosque and the [[Dome of the Rock]]. It is almost universally considered the third holiest site in Islam. The term Al-Aqsa Mosque was coined in the Quran: |
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'''Hala Sultan Tekke''' ([[Arabic]]: هالة سلطان بزيارة, [[Greek language|Greek]]: Χαλά Σουλτάν Τεκκέ), or the '''Mosque of Umm Haram''', is a very prominent [[Islam|Muslim]] shrine near [[Larnaca]], on the island of [[Cyprus]]. Umm Haram was the [[Islamic prophet]] [[Muhammad]]’s '[[wet-nurse]]' and the wife of Ubada bin al-Samid. Most accounts establish a connection between the site and the death of Umm Haram during the first [[Arabs|Arab]] raids on Cyprus under the [[Caliph]] [[Muawiyah]] between 647 and 649, which were later pursued throughout the [[Umayyad]] and the [[Abbasid]] periods. According to these accounts, Umm Haram, being of very old age, had fallen from her donkey and died during a siege of Larnaca. She was buried near the [[Larnaca Salt Lake]] and her grave became a sacred shrine. The shrine, and later the mosque, was named after her. |
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{{cquotetxt|Glory to (Allah) Who did take His servant ([[Muhammad]]) for a Journey by night from the Sacred Mosque to the farthest Mosque, whose precincts We did bless,- in order that We might show him some of Our Signs: for He is the One Who heareth and seeth (all things).|[[Qur'an]]|{{Quran-usc|17|1}}||}} |
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The Hala Sultan Tekke complex is composed of a [[mosque]], [[mausoleum]], [[minaret]], [[cemetery]], and living quarters for men and women. The term [[tekke]] (or [[convent]]) applies to a building designed specifically for gatherings of a [[Sufi]] brotherhood, or [[tariqa]], and may have referred to an earlier feature of the location. Hala Sultan Tekke is a listed ancient monument. |
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Al-Aqsa Mosque is sacred because the ''first of the two [[Qibla]]s'' (Arabic: اولى القبلتين) was Jerusalem.<ref name="james">{{cite book | last = Lindsay| first = James | authorlink = James E. Lindsay| year = 2005| title = Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World | pages = 142–143| publisher = Greenwood Press| isbn = 0313322708}}</ref><ref name="Webster">{{cite book |editor=Wendy Doninger, consulting ed. |title=Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions |
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While being acknowledged as a holy site for Cypriot Muslims,<ref>{{cite book | last = Boyle | first = Kevin | coauthors = Juliet Sheen | title = [http://books.google.com/books?id=MFUZkWWgOtMC Freedom of religion and belief: a world report] | year = 1997 | month = October | publisher = [[Routledge]] | location = [[London]] | id = {{LCCN|97||224015}} ISBN 0415159776 | pages = 286–293 | chapter = Cyprus| quote = The tomb is said to be revered by Turkish Cypriots as the 'third holiest site in Islam'}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |
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|date=1999-09-01 |publisher=[[Merriam-Webster]] |isbn=0-877-79044-2 |page=70}}, reviewed on Google books</ref> In Islamic tradition, Al-Aqsa is said to be the ''second Masjid'' (Arabic: ثاني المسجدين). The mosque is also the ''third of the two holy Sanctuaries'' (Arabic: ثالث الحرمين), under Islamic Law.<ref>A Muslim Iconoclast (Ibn Taymiyyeh) on the "Merits" of Jerusalem and Palestine |
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| url = http://www.archaeometry.gr/oldv/symposium2003/pages_en/abstracts/papers/mortars/mortar8.htmOpenDocument |
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Charles D. Matthews |
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| title = Study of building stones and mortar from Hala Sultan Tekke mosque |
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Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 56, No. 1 (Mar., 1936), pp. 1-21 |
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| accessdate = 2007-06-19 |
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</ref> |
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Although there were no mosques in Jerusalem at the time the Qur'an was received, soon after [[Palestine]] was conquered by the Muslim under [[Umar]] a temporary mosque was built on the [[Temple Mount]] area. The current Dome of the Rock and Al-Aqsa mosque were first built by the famous [[caliph]] [[Abd al-Malik]] during the later [[Umayyad]] period.<ref>[http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/news/nation-world/mideast/roots/ The Seattle Times: Two Peoples, One Land<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> This same area was called at later Islamic periods as the [[Noble Sanctuary]].<ref>Oleg Grabar, THE HARAM AL-SHARIF: AN ESSAY IN INTERPRETATION, BRIIFS vol. 2 no 2 (Autumn 2000) [http://www.riifs.org/journal/essy_v2no2_grbar.htm]</ref><ref>Palestinian Encyclopedia Volume 4, pp. 203</ref><ref>Palestinian Encyclopedia Volume 3, pp. 23</ref> It is believed by many to be the area from where [[Muhammad]] is said to have [[Isra and Mi'raj|ascended to heaven]],<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/world/middle_east/1883472.stm BBC News | MIDDLE EAST | Eyewitness: Inside al-Aqsa<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> although other theories claim it had been from a mosque in [[Medina]], [[Jir'ana]] or [[Kufa]].<ref>[http://www.memri.org/bin/articles.cgi?Page=archives&Area=sd&ID=SP56403 MEMRI: Special Dispatch Series - No. 564<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref>[[al-Waqidi]], ''Kitab al-Maghazi'' 9th century (Oxford UP, 1966, vol. 3, p. 958-9). Jirana, which Muhammad visited in 630, is about ten miles from Mecca.</ref><ref>http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/rennert/history_8.html</ref> Al-Aqsa's importance in Islam stems from a long history that extends far before the birth of Muhammad {{Fact|date=March 2009}} . |
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| date = [[May 16]], [[2003]] |
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| work = |
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Although most political references to the Al Aqsa Mosque date from the 12th century or later due to its occupation by the Crusades, others claim that the Mosque's position in Islam is firmly grounded in a number of [[hadith]] dating from the birth of Islam.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hashimi |first=Sohail H |coauthors=various coauthors |editor=Allen E. Buchannan, Margaret Moore, eds |title=States, Nations and Borders: the ethics of making boundaries |date=2003-05-07 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=0-521-52575-6 |pages=192–193 |chapter=Political Boundaries and Moral Communities: Islamic Perspectives}}, reviewed on Google books</ref> |
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| publisher = Hellenic Society for Archaeometry |
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| quote = Hala Sultan Tekke, near Larnaka, is a holy site in Islam and the most important one for Cypriot Muslims. |
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In terms of the virtue of a religious site, and the value of prayers performed within it, Muslims believe that the [[Al-Aqsa Mosque]] in [[Jerusalem]] is the third most virtuous mosque based on the Hadith narrated by the companion [[Abu al-Dardaa]]: "the Prophet of Allah [[Muhammad]] said a prayer in the [[Masjid al-Haram|Sacred Mosque]] (in [[Mecca]]) is worth 100,000 prayers; a prayer in [[Al-Masjid al-Nabawi|my mosque]] (in [[Medina]]) is worth 1,000 prayers; and a prayer in al-Masjid al-Aqsa (in [[Jerusalem]]) is worth 500 prayers more than in any other mosque. See also {{Bukhari|2|21|288}}. |
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}} |
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</ref><ref>[http://www.usaid.gov/press/releases/2002/pr020717.html Financed Restoration of Church and Mosque on Cyprus Supports Cultural Heritage and Tolerance], [[USAID]] Press Office, July 5, 2002. "Hala Sultan Tekke, one of the holiest sites in Islam, is the most important religious location for Cypriot Muslims."</ref> the mosque has also been described by secular contemporary sources as being revered by all Muslims.<ref>{{cite book | last = Purcell| first = Hugh Dominic| title =[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=9HK6AAAAIAAJ&q=&pgis=1 Cyprus]| year = 1969 | month = | publisher = Praeger| location = | id = | page = 367| chapter = | quote =At the end of 1965, the National Guard had taken over the shrine of Hala Sultan Tekke, a place of small strategic importance. From May 1966 they prevented all Moslem access to it, so that Mehmet Dana, Mufti of Cyprus, could exploit the misuse of one of the holiest places in the world of Islam.}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Syneleusis| first = Hellēnikē Koinotikē | coauthors = Hypourgeio Paideias, Grapheion Dēmosiōn Plērophoriōn | title =[http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=g_tWAAAAMAAJ&dq Cyprus Today]| year = 1963 | month = | publisher = Public Information Office, Cyprus| location = | id = | page = 16| chapter = | quote = As such, it is one of the holiest sites in Islam and the most important religious location for Turkish Cypriots and other Muslims living in Cyprus. }}</ref><ref>''[http://jazeeramagazine.com/2008/02/01/cyprus-2/ J magazine]'' (Inflight magazine for [[Jazeera Airways]]), Ink Publishing, 2008. Retrieved: 23-02-2009: "Hala Sultan Tekke (or Mosque of Umm Haram)...is one of Islam’s holiest sites."</ref><ref>{{cite web |
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| url = http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/020730/2002073046.html |
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| title = Egyptian professor to renovate ancient mosque of Hala Sultan |
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| accessdate = 2009-03-15 |
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| last = |
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| first = |
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| date = 2002-07-30 |
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| work = |
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| publisher = ''Arabic News'' |
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| quote =One of the most revered sites of Islam. |
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}} |
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</ref> In an assessment of the environmental and cultural assets of Cyprus, Professor George E. Bowen, a senior [[Fulbright Program|Fullbright scholar]] at the [[University of Tennessee]], is quoted as referring to the Hala Sultan Tekke as '''the third holiest place for Muslims in the world'''.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://notes.utk.edu/bio/unistudy.nsf/0/3ed1a6838771b4f485256fc4005d54a1?OpenDocument |
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| title = Assessing the Isle of Cyprus | accessdate = 2006-11-12 | last = Bowen |
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| first = George E. | date = [[April 3]], [[2001]] | work = |
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| publisher = Patrick S. O'Brien on the [[University of Tennessee]] server |
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| quote = ''Three historic churches and monasteries are within the city. Just outside the city is the location of the Hala Sultan Tekke Mosque, the third holiest place for Muslims in the world.'' |
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}}</ref> This view has been echoed by other sources<ref>{{cite journal | last = Drayton | first = Penny| year = 1993 | month = January | title = Aphrodite's island | journal = Wood & water | volume = 2 | issue = 41}} Cited by: {{cite journal |
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| last = Trubshaw |
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| first = Bob |
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| year = 1993 |
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| month = February |
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| title = The Black Stone - the Omphalos of the Goddess |
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| journal = Mercian Mysteries |
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| volume = |
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| issue = 14 |
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| url = http://www.indigogroup.co.uk/edge/blstone.htm |
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| accessdate = 2006-11-12 |
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| quote = In Cyprus is another highly venerated Islamic site - the third most important after Mecca and Medina - the Hala Sultan Tekke. This, too, has a black rock, said to have fallen as a meteorite as part of the tritholon over the shrine. The shrine is to a woman - the aunt and foster mother of Prophet Mohammed |
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}}</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Daniel| first = Geoff | coauthors = John Oldfield, Christine Oldfield| title = Landscapes of Cyprus| year = 2004 | month = | publisher = Sunflower| location = | isbn = 1856912299| page = 36| chapter = | quote = }}</ref><ref>[http://www.cmes.arizona.edu/outreach/files/The%20Story%20of%20Hala%20Sultan%20Tekke.pdf The Story of Hala Sultan Tekke], ''[[University of Arizona]]: Center for Middle Eastern Studies'', "The Mosque of Umm Haram is the chief Muslim shrine on the island of Cyprus and an important holy site for the entire Muslim world... The Hala Sultan Tekke is the third most revered site of pilgrimage in the Muslim world." Retrieved: 23-02-2009</ref><ref>Papalexandrou, Nassos. [http://muse.jhu.edu/login?uri=/journals/journal_of_modern_greek_studies/v026/26.2.papalexandrou.html Hala Sultan Tekke, Cyprus: An Elusive Landscape of Sacredness in a Liminal Context], ''Journal of Modern Greek Studies'', Volume 26, Number 2. John Hopkins University Press, (October 2008) pp. 251-281. "Der Parthog calls it the “third most holy space in Islam” (1995:222–223)"</ref> including the [[United Nations Development Programme]] in Cyprus<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.undp-act.org/main/data/Articles/E-NEWSLETTER/IS1_story5.htm |
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| title = Hala Sultan Tekke: Where East Meets West | accessdate = 2006-11-12 | year = 2006 |
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| month = Spring | work = Issue 1 | publisher = [[United Nations Development Programme]]|quote=Islam’s third sacred holy site after the Ka’ba and the Prophet Mohammad’s grave in Mecca, and among the greatest cultural heritage monuments of the world, Hala Sultan Tekke, or Umm Haram, has long been the destination of Muslim pilgrims from Cyprus and the Middle East. |
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}}</ref> and the Cypriot administration's Department of Antiquities.<ref>{{cite web |
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| url = http://www.mcw.gov.cy/mcw/DA/DA.nsf/All/18513FF955C9F917C225719900332619?OpenDocument |
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| title = Monuments: Hala Sultan Tekke |
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| accessdate = 2006-03-06 |
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| last = |
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| first = |
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| date = 2005 |
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| work = |
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| publisher = Republic of Cyprus, Ministry of Communications and Works; Department of Antiquities |
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| quote = ''The Muslim mosque of Hala Sultan is located in the center of a spectacular garden at the west bank of the Salt Lake, about 6 km southwest of Larnaca. It is the main Muslim pilgrimage site of Cyprus and the third most important holy place of Islam.'' |
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}} |
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</ref> Others, however, describe the site as fourth most important.<ref>Khatchatourian, Khadijah Tara. (2006) [http://www.spohrpublishers.com/lichtblick/download_pdf/546 Hala Sultan Tekke], Spohr Publishers, "The Hala Sultan Tekke is fourth in importance to the Muslim world". Retrieved: 23-02-2009</ref><ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.unficyp.org/media/Blue%20Beret%20-%20pdf%20files/2003/BB-06-June%202003.pdf | title = The Cultural Heritage of Cyprus: Part XIII. The Shrine of Hala Sultan Tekke | accessdate = 2006-03-06 | last = | first = | date = June, 2003 |
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| work = The Blue Beret. pg.5 | publisher = Public Information Office of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus | quote = Not just the holiest Muslim shrine in Cyprus, Hala Sultan Tekke is one of the holiest shrines in the Islamic world, after Mecca, Medina, and Jerusalem.}} |
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</ref><ref>{{cite book | last = Galatariotou| first = Catia | title = [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=QUDFu-JTIPMC The Making of a Saint]| year = 2004 | month = | publisher = Cambridge University Press| location = | isbn = 0521390354 | page = 62| chapter = | quote =It is also worth remembering that the ''tekke'' of Um-Harram (Hala Sultan ''tekke'') near Larnaka was one of the holy places which every Muslim was expected to visit as a pilgrim, ranking only fourth in importance after Mecca, Medina and Jerusalem}}</ref> |
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==Other mosques associated with Muhammad== |
==Other mosques associated with Muhammad== |
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Revision as of 23:56, 14 July 2009
There are mainly three Holy sites in the Islāmic Sunni traditions. The Ka'bah is considered the Holiest site, followed by Masjidun Nabawi (The Prophet's Mosque) as the second, and the third holies is Masjidul Aqsā (The Farthest Mosque).
Al-Masjid al-Haram, Mecca
Al-Masjid al-Harām "The Sacred Mosque"), is a large mosque in the city of Mecca, and the largest in Islam. It surrounds the Kaaba, the place which all Muslims turn towards each day in prayer, considered by Muslims to be the holiest place on Earth. The mosque is also commonly known as the Haram, The Grand Mosque or Haram Sharif[citation needed].
The current structure covers an area of 356,800 square meters including the outdoor and indoor praying spaces and can accommodate up to 820,000 worshippers during the Hajj period. During the Hajj period, the mosque is unable to contain the multitude of pilgrims, who pray on the outlining streets. More than 2 million worshippers gather to pray during taraweeh and Eid prayers. [2] [3]
According to the teachings of Islam, God in the Qur'an used the word Mosque when referring to the sites established by Abraham and his progeny as houses of worship to God centuries before the revelation of the Qur'an. The first of these spots is Masjid al-Haram in Mecca and the second is Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem. Before Mecca and Jerusalem came under Muslim control between 630 CE and 638 CE, the site of the Kaaba, which was supposedly established by Abraham and Ishmael, was used by non-Muslim Arabs who worshipped multiple gods.
And when We assigned to Abraham the place of the House (Kaaba), saying: Do not associate with Me aught, and purify My House for those who make the circuit and stand to pray and bow and prostrate themselves.
And when Abraham and Ishmael raised the foundations of the House (Kaaba): Our Lord! accept from us; surely Thou art the Hearing, the Knowing.
Masjid-an-Nabawi, Medina
Al-Masjid al-Nabawi (Arabic: المسجد النبوي, pronounced [ælˈmæsdʒidæˈnːæbæwiː]) or the Mosque of the Prophet, located in Medina, is the second holiest site in Islam.
The edifice was originally Muhammad's house; he settled there after his Hijrah (emigration) to Medina, and later built a mosque on the grounds. He himself shared in the heavy work of construction. The original mosque was an open-air building, with no gender separation. The mosque also served as a community center, a court, and a religious school. There was a raised platform for the people who taught the Qur'an. The basic plan of the building has been adopted in the building of other mosques throughout the world.
The original mosque was built by the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Subsequent Islamic rulers greatly expanded and decorated the mosque. The most important feature of the site is the green dome over the center of the mosque, where the tomb of Muhammad is located. Constructed in 1817C.E. and painted green in 1839C.E., it is known as the Dome of the Prophet.[1] Early Muslim leaders Abu Bakr and Umar ibn al-Khattab are buried beside Muhammad.
Masjid Al-Aqsa, Jerusalem
Al-Aqsa Mosque (English: The Farthest mosque) is the general and oldest name for the compound of Islamic religious buildings in Jerusalem that includes al-Aqsa congregation mosque and the Dome of the Rock. It is almost universally considered the third holiest site in Islam. The term Al-Aqsa Mosque was coined in the Quran:
Glory to (Allah) Who did take His servant (Muhammad) for a Journey by night from the Sacred Mosque to the farthest Mosque, whose precincts We did bless,- in order that We might show him some of Our Signs: for He is the One Who heareth and seeth (all things).
Al-Aqsa Mosque is sacred because the first of the two Qiblas (Arabic: اولى القبلتين) was Jerusalem.[2][3] In Islamic tradition, Al-Aqsa is said to be the second Masjid (Arabic: ثاني المسجدين). The mosque is also the third of the two holy Sanctuaries (Arabic: ثالث الحرمين), under Islamic Law.[4]
Although there were no mosques in Jerusalem at the time the Qur'an was received, soon after Palestine was conquered by the Muslim under Umar a temporary mosque was built on the Temple Mount area. The current Dome of the Rock and Al-Aqsa mosque were first built by the famous caliph Abd al-Malik during the later Umayyad period.[5] This same area was called at later Islamic periods as the Noble Sanctuary.[6][7][8] It is believed by many to be the area from where Muhammad is said to have ascended to heaven,[9] although other theories claim it had been from a mosque in Medina, Jir'ana or Kufa.[10][11][12] Al-Aqsa's importance in Islam stems from a long history that extends far before the birth of Muhammad [citation needed] .
Although most political references to the Al Aqsa Mosque date from the 12th century or later due to its occupation by the Crusades, others claim that the Mosque's position in Islam is firmly grounded in a number of hadith dating from the birth of Islam.[13]
In terms of the virtue of a religious site, and the value of prayers performed within it, Muslims believe that the Al-Aqsa Mosque in Jerusalem is the third most virtuous mosque based on the Hadith narrated by the companion Abu al-Dardaa: "the Prophet of Allah Muhammad said a prayer in the Sacred Mosque (in Mecca) is worth 100,000 prayers; a prayer in my mosque (in Medina) is worth 1,000 prayers; and a prayer in al-Masjid al-Aqsa (in Jerusalem) is worth 500 prayers more than in any other mosque. See also .
Other mosques associated with Muhammad
The Quba Mosque (Quba' Masjid or Masjid Quba, Arabic: مسجد قباء) just outside Medina, Saudi Arabia, is the first Islamic mosque ever built. Its first stones were positioned by Muhammad on his emigration from the city of Mecca to Medina and the mosque was completed by his companions. Muhammad spent more than 20 nights in this mosque (after migrating) praying qasr (a short prayer) while waiting for Ali whose house was behind this mosque. Muhammad used to go there, riding or on foot, every Saturday and offer a two rak'ah prayer. He advised others to do the same, saying, "Whoever makes ablutions at home and then goes and prays in the Mosque of Quba, he will have a reward like that of an 'Umrah." This hadith is reported by Ahmad, Nasa'i, Ibn Majah, and Al-Hakim.
See also
Footnotes
- ^ Encyclopedia of the orient
- ^ Lindsay, James (2005). Daily Life in the Medieval Islamic World. Greenwood Press. pp. 142–143. ISBN 0313322708.
- ^ Wendy Doninger, consulting ed., ed. (1999-09-01). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. p. 70. ISBN 0-877-79044-2.
{{cite book}}:|editor=has generic name (help), reviewed on Google books - ^ A Muslim Iconoclast (Ibn Taymiyyeh) on the "Merits" of Jerusalem and Palestine Charles D. Matthews Journal of the American Oriental Society, Vol. 56, No. 1 (Mar., 1936), pp. 1-21
- ^ The Seattle Times: Two Peoples, One Land
- ^ Oleg Grabar, THE HARAM AL-SHARIF: AN ESSAY IN INTERPRETATION, BRIIFS vol. 2 no 2 (Autumn 2000) [1]
- ^ Palestinian Encyclopedia Volume 4, pp. 203
- ^ Palestinian Encyclopedia Volume 3, pp. 23
- ^ BBC News | MIDDLE EAST | Eyewitness: Inside al-Aqsa
- ^ MEMRI: Special Dispatch Series - No. 564
- ^ al-Waqidi, Kitab al-Maghazi 9th century (Oxford UP, 1966, vol. 3, p. 958-9). Jirana, which Muhammad visited in 630, is about ten miles from Mecca.
- ^ http://www.biu.ac.il/JS/rennert/history_8.html
- ^ Hashimi, Sohail H (2003-05-07). "Political Boundaries and Moral Communities: Islamic Perspectives". In Allen E. Buchannan, Margaret Moore, eds (ed.). States, Nations and Borders: the ethics of making boundaries. Cambridge University Press. pp. 192–193. ISBN 0-521-52575-6.
{{cite book}}:|editor=has generic name (help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: editors list (link), reviewed on Google books
References
- Aghaie, Kamran Scot (2004). The Martyrs of Karbala: Shi'i Symbols and Rituals in Modern Iran. University of Washington Press. ISBN 0295984481
- Majlisi, Mohammad Baqer. Bihar al-Anwar V.97.(In Arabic)
- Shimoni, Yaacov & Levine, Evyatar (1974). Political Dictionary of the Middle East in the 20th Century. Quadrangle/New York Times Book Co.
- Zabeth, Hyder Reza (1999). Landmarks of Mashhad. Alhoda UK. ISBN 9644442210.