Spinochrome E

Spinochrome E
Names
	Preferred IUPAC name 2,3,5,6,7,8-Hexahydroxynaphthalene-1,4-dione
	Other names Hexahydroxynaphthalene-1,4-dione; Spinochrome E
Identifiers
CAS Number	476-37-9;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChemSpider	15712468;
PubChem CID	135409398;
UNII	5DJZ444YV5 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID20431231 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C10H6O8/c11-3-1-2(5(13)9(17)7(3)15)6(14)10(18)8(16)4(1)12/h11,13,15-18H Key: RUQPQFLYDCXMGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N;
	SMILES OC1=C(O)C(=O)C2=C(C1=O)C(O)=C(O)C(O)=C2O;
Properties
Chemical formula	C10H6O8
Molar mass	254.150 g·mol−1
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references

Spinochrome E (also called 2,3,5,6,7,8-hexahydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione or hexahydroxynaphthoquinone) is a polyhydroxylated 1,4-naphthoquinone pigment found in sea urchin shell ("test"), spine, gonads, coelomic fluid, and eggs, of sea urchin commonly known as spinochromes. These natural phenolic compounds are quinones with potential pharmacological properties. The several hydroxyl groups are appropriate for free-radical scavenging, which diminishes ROS and prevents redox imbalance. Mechanisms are described such as scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS), interaction with lipid peroxide radicals, chelation of metal ions, inhibition of lipid peroxidation and regulation of the cell redox potential.^{[medical citation needed]}

The chemical formula of spinochrome E, C
₁₀H
₆O
₈, indicates that it has one extra hydroxyl group relative to echinochrome A and it is formally derived from naphthoquinone (1,4-naphtalenedione) through replacement of all six hydrogen atoms by hydroxyl (OH) groups. The numerical prefixes "2,3,5,6,7,8" are superfluous, since there is no other hexahydroxy derivative of 1,4-naphthoquinone.

Spinochrome from sea urchins, in oriental culture, are known for putative health benefits.^{[medical citation needed]} The sea urchin appears in the "Materia medica" of the Ming Dynasty author by Li Zhongli in 1647 and the benefits cited are for the heart, bones, blood and also it counteracts impotence. Today it is known the benefits for the health of these compounds.

The compound can be produced by condensation of 3,4,5,6-tetramethoxyphthalaldehyde with glyoxal.

References

H. A. Anderson and R. H. Thomson (1966), Naturally Occurring Quinones. Part VIP Synthesis of Spinochrome E. J. Chem. Soc. series C (Organic), pages 426-428. doi:10.1039/J39660000426
T. W. Goodwin, E. Lederer and L. Musajo (1951), The nomenclature of the spinochromes of sea urchins. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences, Volume 7, Number 10, pages 375-376. doi:10.1007/BF02168905
Shikov, A.N.; Pozharitskaya, O.N.; Krishtopina, A.S.; Makarov, V.G. Naphthoquinone pigments from sea urchins: Chemistry and pharmacology. Phytochem. Rev. 2018, 17, 509–534. doi:10.3390/md12052922
Brasseur, L.; Hennebert, E.; Fievez, L.; Caulier, G.; Bureau, F.; Tafforeau, L.; Flammang, P.; Gerbaux, P.; Eeckhaut, I. The Roles of Spinochromes in Four Shallow Water Tropical Sea Urchins and Their Potential as Bioactive Pharmacological Agents. Mar. Drugs 2017, 15, 179. Diversity of Polyhydroxynaphthoquinone Pigments in North Pacific Sea Urchins. Chem. Biodivers. 2017, 14, e1700182. doi:10.3390/md15060179
Nishibori, K. Isolation of Echinochrome A from the Spines of the Sea Urchin, Diadema setosum (Leske). Nature 1959, 184, 1234.
Martínez, M.J.A.; Benito, P.B. Biological Activity of Quinones. In Studies in Natural Products Chemistry; Elsevier BV: Amsterdam, the Netherlands, 2005; Volume 30, pp. 303–366.
Zhou, D.-Y.; Qin, L.; Zhu, B.-W.; Wang, X.-D.; Tan, H.; Yang, J.-F.; Li, D.-M.; Dong, X.-P.; Wu, H.-T.; Sun, L.-M.; et al. Extraction and antioxidant property of polyhydroxylated naphthoquinone pigments from spines of purple sea urchin Strongylocentrotus nudus. Food Chem. 2011, 129, 1591–1597. doi:10.1016/j.foodchem.2011.06.014
Hou, Y., Vasileva, E. A., Carne, A., McConnell, M., Bekhit, A. E. D. A., & Mishchenko, N. P. (2018). Naphthoquinones of the spinochrome class: Occurrence, isolation, biosynthesis and biomedical applications. RSC advances, 8(57), 32637-32650. doi:10.1039/C8RA04777D
Rubilar, T., Barbieri, E. S., Gazquez, A., & Avaro, M. (2021). Sea Urchin Pigments: Echinochrome A and Its Potential Implication in the Cytokine Storm Syndrome. Marine Drugs, 19(5), 267. doi:10.3390/md19050267
Kim, H.K., Vasileva, E.A., Mishchenko, N.P., Fedoreyev, S.E. and Han, J. (2021) Multifaceted Clinical Effects of Echinochrome. Marine Drugs, 19, 412. doi:10.3390/md19080412

See also

References