Henry Hudson: Difference between revisions
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Hudson's next expedition ranged further north in search of the [[Northwest Passage]], again under English auspices, leading to his discovery of the [[Hudson Strait]] and [[Hudson Bay]]. After wintering in the Canadian Arctic, Hudson tried to press on with his voyage in the spring of 1611, but his crew [[mutiny|mutinied]] and cast him adrift. His specific fate is unknown. |
Hudson's next expedition ranged further north in search of the [[Northwest Passage]], again under English auspices, leading to his discovery of the [[Hudson Strait]] and [[Hudson Bay]]. After wintering in the Canadian Arctic, Hudson tried to press on with his voyage in the spring of 1611, but his crew [[mutiny|mutinied]] and cast him adrift. His specific fate is unknown. |
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== Biography == |
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Hudson was born in [[London, England]]. Little is known of his early life. He is thought to have spent many years at sea, beginning as a [[cabin boy]] at 16 and gradually working his way up to ship's [[Captain (nautical)|captain]]. |
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=== 1607 === |
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In 1607, the [[Muscovy Company]] of England hired Hudson to find the [[Northeast Passage]] to [[China]]. It was thought at the time that, because the sun shone for three months in the northern latitudes, the ice would melt and a ship could travel across the top of the world to the Spice Islands. The English were battling the Dutch for Northeast Passage routes. |
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Hudson sailed from [[Gravesend]] on the first of May with a crew of ten men and a boy on the 80-ton ''Hopewell''.<ref> The following paragraph relies on Asher (1860), pp. 1-22; and Conway (1906), pp. 23-30. </ref> They reached the east coast of [[Greenland]] on June 13, coasting it until the 22nd. Here they named a headland ''Young's Cape'', a "very high mount, like a round castle" near it ''Mount of God's Mercy'', and land at 73° N ''Hold-with-Hope''. On the 27th they sighted "Newland" (i.e [[Spitsbergen]]), near the mouth of the great bay Hudson later simply named the ''Great Indraught'' ([[Isfjord (Svalbard)|Isfjorden]]). On July 13 Hudson and his crew thought they had sailed as far north as 80° 23' N,<ref> Observations made during this voyage were often wrong, sometimes greatly so. See Conway (1906). </ref> but more likely only reached 79° 23' N. The following day they entered what Hudson later in the voyage would name ''Whales Bay'' ([[Krossfjorden]] and [[Kongsfjorden]]), naming its northwestern point ''Collins Cape'' (Kapp Mitra) after his boatswain, William Collins. They sailed north the following two days. On the 16th they reached as far north as Hakluyt's Headland (which [[Thomas Edge]] claims Hudson named on this voyage) at 79° 49' N, thinking they saw the land continue to 82° N ([[Svalbard]]'s northernmost point is 80° 49' N) when really it treaded to the east. Ice being packed along the north coast they were forced to turn back south. Hudson wanted to make his return "by the north of Greenland to Davis his Streights, and so for England," but ice conditions would have made this impossible. The expedition returned to [[Tilberry Hope]] on the [[Thames]] on September 15. |
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According to Thomas Edge, who was often inaccurate, "William {{sic}} Hudson" in 1608 discovered an island at 71° N and named it ''Hudson's Touches'' (or ''Tutches'').<ref> Purchas (1625), p. 11. </ref> However, he only could have come across it in 1607 (if he had made an illogical detour) and made no mention of it in his journal.<ref>"The above relation by Thomas Edge is obviously incorrect. Hudson's Christian name is wrongly given, and the year in which he visited the north coast of Spitsbergen was 1607, not 1608. Moreover, Hudson himself has given an account of the voyage and makes absolutely no mention of Hudson's Tutches. It would have been hardly possible indeed for him to visit Jan Mayen on his way home from Bear Island to the Thames." Wordie (1922), p. 182. </ref> There is also no cartographical proof of this supposed discovery.<ref>Hacquebord (2004), p.229.</ref> Also, [[Jonas Poole]] and [[Robert Fotherby]] both had possession of Hudson's journal while searching for his elusive Hold-with-Hope (on the east coast of Greenland) in 1611 and 1615, respectively, but neither had any knowledge of his (later) alleged discovery of Jan Mayen, sheding further doubt on him having discovered the island. The latter actually found Jan Mayen, thinking it a ''new'' discovery and naming it ''Sir Thomas Smith's Island''.<ref> Purchas (1625), pp. 35-36 and pp. 83-88. </ref> |
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It has also been claimed by many authors<ref> Many uncritical authors have blindly stated the above. Among them are Sandler (2008), p. 407; Umbreit (2005), p. 1; Shorto (2004), p. 21; Mulvaney (2001), p. 38; Davis et al. (1997), p. 31; Francis (1990), p. 30; Rudmose-Brown (1920), p. 312; Chisholm (''Encyclopædia Britannica'', 1911), p. 942; among many others. </ref> that it was the discovery of large numbers of whales in Spitsbergen waters by Hudson during this voyage that led to several nations sending whaling expeditions to the islands. While he did indeed report seeing many whales, it wasn't his reports that led to the trade, but that by Jonas Poole in 1610 which led to the establishment of English whaling and the successful voyage of [[Nicholas Woodcock]] in 1612 that led to the establishment of Dutch, French, and Spanish whaling.<ref> See Poole's commission from the Muscovy Company in Purchas (1625), p. 24. For Woodcock see Conway (1906), p. 53, among others. </ref> |
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=== 1610-1611 === |
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Revision as of 20:03, 20 February 2009
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Henry Hudson | |
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 "No portrait of Hudson is known to be in existence. What has passed with the uncritical for his portrait — a dapper-looking man wearing a ruffed collar — frequently has been, and continues to be, reproduced. Who that man was is unknown. That he was not Hudson is certain." - Thomas A. Janvier, biographer of Henry Hudson. The illustration featured here comes from the (presumably uncritical) Cyclopaedia of Universal History, 1885 | |
| Allegiance | English |
| Service/ | Dutch East india company |
| Rank | Dutch mercenary Sea Captain |
| Commands | Fleet from Dutch East India C. |
Henry Hudson (1570 – 1611) was an English sea explorer and navigator in the early 17th century. After several voyages on behalf of English merchants to explore a prospective Northeast Passage to China, Hudson explored the region around modern New York City while looking for a western route to the Orient under the auspices of the Dutch East India Company. He discovered the Hudson River and laid the foundation for Dutch colonization of the region.
Hudson's next expedition ranged further north in search of the Northwest Passage, again under English auspices, leading to his discovery of the Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay. After wintering in the Canadian Arctic, Hudson tried to press on with his voyage in the spring of 1611, but his crew mutinied and cast him adrift. His specific fate is unknown.
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Legacy
The Hudson River in New York and New Jersey, discovered by Hudson, is named for him, as are Hudson County, New Jersey, and Hudson, New York. In the Canadian Arctic, Hudson Bay and Hudson Strait, also discovered by Hudson, are named for him.
Notes
Sources
- Archer, Georg Michael (1860). Henry Hudson the Navigator. Works issued by the Hakluyt Society, 27.
- Conway, William Martin (1906). No Man's Land: A History of Spitsbergen from Its Discovery in 1596 to the Beginning of the Scientific Exploration of the Country. Cambridge, At the University Press.
- Hacquebord, Lawrens. (2004). The Jan Mayen Whaling Industry. Its Exploitation of the Greenland Right Whale and its Impact on the Marine Ecosystem. In: S. Skreslet (ed.), Jan Mayen in Scientific Focus. Amsterdam, Kluwer Academic Publishers. 229-238.
- Purchas, S. 1625. Hakluytus Posthumus or Purchas His Pilgrimes: Contayning a History of the World in Sea Voyages and Lande Travells by Englishmen and others. Volumes XIII and XIV (Reprint 1906 J. Maclehose and sons).
- Shorto, Russell (2004), The Island at the Center of the World, Vintage Books, ISBN 1-4000-7867-9
- Wordie, J.M. (1922) "Jan Mayen Island", The Geographical Journal Vol 59 (3).
See also
External links
- Biography at the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
- Henry Hudson - A Brief Statement Of His Aims And His Achievements by Thomas Allibone Janvier, at Project Gutenberg
- Hudson and the river named for him
- Henry Hudson biography page
- Henry Hudson at US-History.com
- Template:Find A Grave
- A Map and Timeline of Hudson's 1609 voyage of discovery.
- Website of a Henry Hudson historical impersonator.
- Ian Chadwick's Poorly researched web-biography of Henry Hudson.