Henry Every: Difference between revisions

Henry Every
Henry Every
	Captain Every escorted by an enslaved man. From an eighteenth century woodcut.
	Piratical career
Nickname	The Arch Pirate
Type	Pirate
Allegiance	None
Years active	1695 - 1696
Rank	Captain
Base of operations	Indian Ocean
Commands	Fancy

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Henry Every or Avery or Avary (born c. 1653 in Plymouth, disappeared from record 1696) was a pirate/marooner whose aliases included John Avary, Long Ben, and Benjamin Bridgeman. He is most famous for being apparently one of the few major pirate captains to retire with his loot without being arrested or killed in battle.

Early life

Avery was a sailor from youth, serving on various Royal Navy ships. Accounts of uncertain veracity place him aboard the English fleet bombarding Algiers in 1671, buccaneering in the Caribbean Sea, and captaining a logwood freighter. By the early 1690s he had entered the Atlantic slave trade, in which he was known to buy slaves on the West African coast, then seize the slave traders themselves and chain them in his ship's hold alongside their former captives.

Piratical career

Every only made one voyage in his capacity as a pirate captain. But in that single journey he succeeded in committing, as Fraser puts it, "the single richest crime in history."

Mutiny and ascension to captaincy

In early 1694, Every was serving as first mate aboard the 46-gun privateer Charles II, under a Captain Gibson, then anchored at La Coruña, Spain. Every and a few fellow conspirators succeeded in a well-planned mutiny and set Captain Gibson ashore. Then, he renamed the ship the Fancy and sailed for the Cape of Good Hope.

At the Cape Verde islands, Every committed his first piracy, robbing three English merchantmen. He proceeded next around the Cape of Good Hope to the island of Johanna in the Comoro Islands. Here he had the Fancy careened and razeed her, cutting away some of her superstructure to improve her speed. With this modification, the Fancy became one of the fastest ships then sailing in the Indian Ocean. Every promptly exploited his new speed advantage to capture a passing French pirate ship, looting the vessel and recruiting some forty of the crew to join his own company. His total strength was now possibly 150 men.

From Johanna, Every wrote a letter addressed to the English ship commanders in the Indian Ocean, falsely stating that he had not attacked any English ships, describing a signal English skippers could use to identify themselves so he could avoid them, and warning them that he might not be able to restrain his crew from plundering their ships if they failed to use the signal.

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Return and disappearance

Every and the Fancy parted from their allies at Réunion. They set course, after some dissension, for Nassau in the Bahamas. Every took on 90 slaves on the way. At São Tomé he stopped to take on supplies, defrauding the Portuguese sellers. The Fancy's next stop was St. Thomas, where the pirates sold some of their booty. Finally they reached Nassau, where they bribed Governor Nicholas Trott to give them refuge.

Unable to buy a pardon from Trott or from the governor of Jamaica, Every's crew split up, some heading to North America, while the majority, including Every, returned to Britain aboard the sloop Isaac, landing in Ireland. The female prisoners were not aboard, and it is unknown whether they escaped, were released, or were murdered. Although 24 of his men were caught, many soon after disembarking, Every was never seen again. His last words to his men were a litany of conflicting stories of where he planned to go, doubtless intended to throw pursuers off his trail.

In 1967 during the reconstruction of a temple dedicated to a local sea god at a fishermen's settlement opposite Fort Colaba (near Alibaug, 100 km south of Mumbai on the Arabian Sea coast), a plaque was found inscribed "Henry Every - County Donegal, Ireland-Death 1699" written in the Indian vernacular language Modi or the 17th century Marathi dialect. Unfortunately, the same settlement had been rebuilt after being destroyed a number of times: by natural forces, by Siddis of Janjira, in Civil Wars between the Angrey brothers, and as punitive action taken jointly by the East India Co. with the help of the Prime Minister of the Maratha Confederacy Peshwa.

It cannot be determined whether the stone plaque (which is available in the Mumbai museum) is a grave stone or a memorial stone marking where Henry Every was cremated. Maratha naval history acknowledges the services of European privateers (French, Irish, Portuguese, Dutch, and English) buccaneers and African and Arab pirates. Persian, Gujarati, Jewish, and Malabari sailors had also been hired to modernise the Maratha navy. These freebooters served in the Maratha navy, training Maratha sailors, building ships, and procuring cannons, muskets and ammunition from Europe. Nor it can be confirmed that this marker is for the same famous Henry Every or to some namesake. Still, 50 years along, "Henry" and "Every" are popular names in the Alibaug fishermen community.

Charles Johnson (pirate biographer) suggested that Every died in poverty in Devon, after being cheated out of his wealth by Bristol merchants; it is, however, unclear how Johnson could have discovered this.

Legacy

The plunder of Aurangzeb's treasure ship had serious consequences for the British East India Company. The furious Mughal emperor closed four of the company's factories in India and imprisoned their officers, blaming them for their countryman's robberies and murders. To appease Aurangzeb, Parliament exempted Every from all of the several pardons and amnesties it would subsequently issue to pirates. It was partly the hope of catching Every that motivated several of England's most powerful Whigs to commission Captain William Kidd to hunt down pirates in the Indian Ocean.

Every's life inspired a number of accounts including the The Life and Adventures of Captain John Avery (c. 1709); a 1712 play, The Successful Pyrate by Charles Johnson; and a 1724 book by Daniel Defoe, The king of the pirates, being an account of the famous enterprises of Captain Avary. His career inspired, very loosely, that of Captain Ben Avery, the hero of George MacDonald Fraser's 1983 spoof novel The Pyrates.

Every's flag

According to contemporary observers, Henry Every's pirate flag was red with four gold chevrons. Although red was a popular color for pirate flags of the time, the meaning of the four chevrons is not certain but is probably an attempt (justified or not) to link Every with the West-Country gentry clan of Every/Avery whose coats-of-arms showed varying numbers of chevrons, red on gold or vice versa. cf Visitation of Somerset 1623

At some point long after Every's disappearance, another flag was ascribed to him: a white skull in profile wearing a kerchief and an earring, above a saltire of two white crossed bones, on a black field (see image at right). The original source in which this flag first appears is not known. If the flag is genuine, it contradicts the generally accepted belief that Emanuel Wynn was the first pirate to use the skull and crossbones motif, in 1700.

In popular culture

Every is remembered in the Shantyman song "The Ballad of Long Ben":

In ’94 we took the Charles and set Gibson ashore

And set a course for southern seas, to sail for evermore

Round the Cape in a hurricane with the devil on our beam

And clear to Newgate London Town you could have heard us scream:

Here’s to gentlemen at sea tonight, and a toast to all free men

And when the devil comes to take us home, we’ll drink

To old Long Ben!

Now off the coast of Hindoostan we spied a musselman

She’d 60 guns and musket men, but still away she ran

“Ho!”, cried Ben and ran the grinning skull atop the mast

“I’ll wager half my share me lads, there’s not a ship this fast!”

Here’s to gentlemen at sea tonight and a toast to all free men

And when the devil comes to take us home, he’ll drink

With old Long Ben!

We ran her down off Malabar as she lay becalmed

And there beneath the burning sun stood Al Ibrahim Khan

He twirled his ‘stache and raised his sword and gave a might roar

Then cowered like a dog below and hid amongst his whores

Here’s to…

We turned the Fancy from the wind and ran out 40 guns

And soon the sky was filled with smoke that hid us from the sun

Then up and down the ship we fought, until the decks ran red

And when the fight was done we drank and this is what we said:

Here’s to….

For thirteen days aboard the Ganj, we made a merry sport

A thousand pounds of Mughal gold, and whisky, rum and port

Some men we shot and some we walked and some of them did hang

And while we made free with the girls, well this is what we sang:

Here’s to…

References

David Cordingly, ‘Avery, Henry (bap. 1659, d. 1696?)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004
The Pyrates, George MacDonald Fraser, William Collins & Sons, 1983, ISBN 0-330-28390-1
J. Franklin Jameson, Privateering and Piracy in the Colonial Period: Illustrative Documents, New York: A.M. Kelley, 1923.
Douglas Botting, The Pirates, Time-Life Books, 1978.
E T Fox "King of the Pirates: The Swashbuckling Life of Henry Every" Tempus 2008 ISBN 9780752447186

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 From Johanna, Every wrote a letter addressed to the English ship commanders in the Indian Ocean, falsely stating that he had not attacked any English ships, describing a signal English skippers could use to identify themselves so he could avoid them,  and warning them that he might not be able to restrain his crew from plundering their ships if they failed to use the signal.
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-===Taking the ''Fateh Muhammed'' and ''Ganj-I-Sawai''===
-In August 1694, Every and the ''Fancy'' reached the [[Bab-el-Mandeb|Mandab Strait]], where he teamed up with four other pirate ships, including [[Thomas Tew]]'s [[sloop]] ''Amity''.  Although a 25-ship [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] convoy bound for India eluded the pirate fleet during the night, the following day they encountered the greatest ship in [[Aurangzeb]]'s fleet, the ''[[Ganj-I-Sawai]]'', and its escort ''[[Fateh Muhammed]]'', both passing the straits en route to [[Surat]].
-Every and his men attacked the ''Fateh Muhammed'', which had earlier repulsed an attack by the ''Amity'', killing Captain Tew.  Perhaps intimidated by the ''Fancy's'' 46 guns or weakened by their earlier battle with Tew, the ''Fateh Muhammed'''s crew put up little resistance, and Every's pirates sacked the ship for £50,000 worth of treasure.
-Every now sailed in pursuit of the ''Ganj-I-Sawai'', overtaking her about eight days out of Surat.  The ''Ganj-I-Sawai'' was a fearsome opponent, mounting 62 guns and a musket-armed guard of four to five hundred, as well as six hundred other passengers.  But the opening volley evened the odds, as one of the Indian ship's cannons exploded, killing three or four gunners and causing great confusion and demoralization among the crew, while Every's [[broadside]] shot his enemy's mainmast by the board. The ''Fancy'' drew alongside the ''Ganj-I-Sawai'' and the pirates clambered aboard.[[Image:Henry Every.gif|thumb|left|300px|A contemporary depiction of Every, with the ''Fancy'' engaging his prey in the background.]]
-A ferocious hand-to-hand battle ensued, in which Every's outnumbered crew lost 20 men. However, the superior Indian force was let down by its leader, Ibrahim Khan, who rushed below and hid among his [[concubinage|concubines]].  After two hours of fierce but leaderless resistance, the Indians surrendered.
-The victorious pirates then subjected their captives to several days of horror, [[rape|raping]] and [[murder]]ing prisoners at will, and using [[torture]] to force them to reveal the location of the ships' treasure.  Some of the [[Women in Islam|Muslim women]] committed [[suicide]] to avoid violation or humiliation.  Those women who did not kill themselves or die from the pirates' brutality were taken aboard the ''Fancy''.  The other survivors were left aboard their ships, which the pirates set free.
-The loot from the ''Ganj-I-Sawai'' totalled between £325,000 and £600,000, including 500,000 [[gold]] and [[silver]] pieces.  Every and the surviving pirate captains set sail for [[Réunion]], where they shared out £1,000 and some [[gemstones]] to every man in the crew.
 ===Return and disappearance===