Jump to content

Helion Energy

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Helion Polaris)

Helion Energy, Inc.
Company typePrivate
IndustryFusion power
Founded2013; 11 years ago (2013)
Founders
  • David Kirtley
  • John Slough
  • Chris Pihl
  • George Votroubek
Headquarters
Everett, Washington
,
U.S.
Key people
Number of employees
200+[1] (2023)
Websitewww.helionenergy.com Edit this at Wikidata

Helion Energy, Inc. is an American fusion research company, located in Everett, Washington.[2] They are developing a magneto-inertial fusion technology to produce helium-3 and fusion power via aneutronic fusion,[3][4] which could produce low-cost clean electric energy using a fuel that can be derived exclusively from water.[5]

History

[edit]

The company was founded in 2013 by David Kirtley, John Slough, Chris Pihl, and George Votroubek.[6] The management team won the 2013 National Cleantech Open Energy Generation competition and awards at the 2014 ARPA-E Future Energy Startup competition,[7] were members of the 2014 Y Combinator program,[8] and were awarded a 2015 ARPA-E ALPHA contract, "Staged Magnetic Compression of FRC Targets to Fusion Conditions".[9]

In 2022, the company was one of five finalists for the 2022 GeekWire Awards for innovation of the year, specifically for fusion energy start up category.[10]

In 2023, the company was one of five finalists for the 2023 GeekWire Best workplaces of the year.[11]

On May 10, 2023, Helion Energy announced that Microsoft will become the first customer of Helion Energy, and Helion Energy will provide fusion power to Microsoft starting in 2028.[12]

Technology

[edit]

This system is intended to operate at 1 Hz, injecting plasma, compressing it to fusion conditions, expanding it, and recovering the energy to produce electricity.[13] The pulsed-fusion system that is used is theoretically able to run 24/7 for electricity production. Due to its compact size, the systems may be able to replace current fossil fuel infrastructure without major needs for investment.[14]

Fuel

[edit]

Helion uses a combination of deuterium and 3
He as fuel. Deuterium and 3He allows mostly aneutronic fusion, releasing only 5% of its energy in the form of fast neutrons. Commercial 3He is rare and expensive. Instead Helion produces 3He by deuteron-deuteron (D-D) side reactions to the deuterium - 3He reactions. D-D fusion has an equal chance of producing a 3He atom and of producing a tritium atom plus a proton. Tritium beta decays into more 3He with a half-life of 12.32 years. Helion plans to capture the 3He produced this way and reuse it as fuel. Helion has a patent on this process.[15]

Confinement

[edit]

This fusion approach uses the magnetic field of a field-reversed configuration (FRC) plasmoid (operated with solid state electronics derived from power switching electronics in wind turbines) to prevent plasma energy losses. An FRC is a magnetized plasma configuration notable for its closed field lines, high beta and lack of internal penetrations.[7]

Compression

[edit]

Two FRC plasmoids are accelerated to velocities exceeding 300 km/s with pulsed magnetic fields which then merge into a single plasmoid at high pressure.[7] Published plans target compressing fusion plasmas to 12 tesla (T).[16]

Energy generation

[edit]

Energy is captured by direct energy conversion that uses the expansion of the plasma to induce a current in the magnetic compression- and acceleration- coils. Separately it translates high-energy fusion products, such as alpha particles directly into a voltage. 3He produced by D-D fusion carries 0.82 MeV of energy. Tritium byproducts carry 1.01 MeV, while the proton produces 3.02 MeV.

This approach eliminates the need for steam turbines, cooling towers, and their associated energy losses. According to the company, this process also allows the recovery of a significant part of the input energy at a round-trip efficiency of over 95% [7][17][18]

Development history

[edit]

The company's Fusion Engine is based on the Inductive Plasmoid Accelerator (IPA) experiments[19][20] performed from 2005 through 2012. These experiments used deuterium-deuterium fusion, which produced a 2.45 MeV neutron in half of the reactions. The IPA experiments claimed 300 km/s velocities, deuterium neutron production, and 2 keV deuterium ion temperatures.[20] Helion and MSNW published articles describing a deuterium-tritium implementation that is the easiest to achieve but generates 14 MeV neutrons. The Helion team published peer-reviewed research demonstrating D-D neutron production in 2011.[20]

4th prototype, 'Grande'

[edit]

In 2014, according to the timeline on the company website, Grande, Helion's 4th fusion prototype, was developed to test high field operation. Grande achieves magnetic field compression of 4 tesla, forms cm-scale FRCs, and reaches plasma temperatures of 5 keV. Grande outperforms any other private fusion company.[17]

In 2015, Helion demonstrated the first direct magnetic energy recovery from a subscale pulsed magnetic system, utilizing modern high-voltage insulated gate bipolar transistors to recover energy at over 95% round-trip efficiency for over 1 million pulses. In a smaller system, the team demonstrated the formation of more than 1 billion FRCs.[17]

5th prototype, 'Venti'

[edit]

In 2018, the 5th prototype, "Venti" had magnetic fields of 7T and at high density, an ion temperature of 2 keV.[14] Helion detailed D-D fusion experiments producing neutrons in an October 2018 report at the United States Department of Energy's ARPA-E's annual ALPHA program meeting.[21] Experiments that year achieved plasmas with multi-keV temperatures[22] and a triple product of 6.4 × 1018 keV·s/m3.[23]

6th prototype, 'Trenta'

[edit]

In 2021, the firm announced that after a 16-month test cycle with more than 10,000 pulses, its sixth prototype, Trenta, had reached 100 million degrees C, the temperature they would run a commercial reactor at.[14] Magnetic compression fields exceeded 10 T, ion temperatures surpassed 8 keV, and electron temperatures exceeded 1 keV.[24][25] The company further reported ion densities up to 3 × 1022 ions/m3 and confinement times of up to 0.5 ms.[26]

7th prototype, 'Polaris'

[edit]

Helion's seventh-generation prototype, Project Polaris has been in development since 2021, with completion expected in 2024.[27] The device is expected to increase the pulse rate from one pulse every 10 minutes to one pulse per second for short periods.[28] This prototype is expected to be able to heat fusion plasma up to temperatures greater than 100 million degrees C.[29] Polaris is planned to be 25% larger than Trenta to ensure that ions do not damage the vessel walls.[27]

8th prototype

[edit]

As of January 2022, an eighth iteration was in the design stage.[30]

Overview

[edit]
Prototype Year developed Notable features Achievements
Inductive Plasmoid Accelerator (IPA) experiments 2005-2012 Deuterium-deuterium fusion Achieved 300 km/s velocities, deuterium neutron production, and 2 keV deuterium ion temperatures.
Grande (4th) 2014 High field operation, magnetic field compression of 4 tesla, forms cm-scale FRCs, plasma temperatures of 5 keV Outperformed any other private fusion company at the time.

Demonstrated the first direct magnetic energy recovery from a subscale pulsed magnetic system with over 95% round-trip efficiency for over 1 million pulses.

Venti (5th) 2018 Magnetic fields of 7 T, high-density ion temperature of 2 keV Detailed D-D fusion experiments producing neutrons.

Achieved plasmas with multi-keV temperatures and a triple product of 6.4 × 1018 keV·s/m3.

Trenta (6th) 2021 Magnetic compression fields over 10 T, ion temperatures over 8 keV, electron temperatures over 1 keV Achieved 100 million degrees C after a 16-month test cycle with more than 10,000 pulses.

Reported ion densities up to 3 × 1022 ions/m3 and confinement times of up to 0.5 ms.

Polaris (7th) Under development in 2021, expected completion in 2024 Expected to increase the pulse rate to one pulse per second for short periods, heat fusion plasma up to temperatures greater than 100 million degrees C, 25% larger than Trenta Still under development
8th prototype Under design in 2022 Not specified Still under design

Funding

[edit]

Helion Energy received $7 million in funding from NASA, the United States Department of Energy and the Department of Defense,[31] followed by $1.5 million from the private sector in August 2014, through the seed accelerators Y Combinator and Mithril Capital Management.[32]

In 2021, the company was valued at three billion dollars.[33] As of late 2021, investment totaled $77.8M.[34] In November 2021, Helion received $500 million in Series E funding, with an additional $1.7 billion of commitments tied to specific milestones.[35] The funding was mainly led by Sam Altman, CEO of OpenAI, who is also the executive chairman of Helion.[36][37]

Criticism

[edit]

Retired Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory researcher Daniel Jassby mentioned Helion Energy in a letter included in the American Physical Society newsletter Physics & Society (April 2019) as being among fusion start-ups allegedly practicing "voodoo fusion" rather than legitimate science. He noted that the company is one of several that has continually claimed "power in 5 to 10 years, but almost all have apparently never produced a single D-D fusion reaction".[38] However, Helion published peer-reviewed research demonstrating D-D neutron production as early as 2011[20] and according to the independent JASON review team, VENTI, a sub-scale prototype Helion developed partially for the ALPHA program, achieved initial results of 8 × 1022 ions/m3, 4 × 10−5 seconds energy confinement time and a temperature of 2 keV in 2018.[23] In 2020 Helion was the first private company to successfully demonstrate thermonuclear fusion plasmas exceeding 9 keV with expected D-D fusion reactions and neutrons[39] and a triple product greater than 1 × 1020 keV·s/m3, Lawson criterion.[26]

The same 2018 MITRE/JASON report, commissioned by the US Department of Energy's ARPA-E, said that Helion project leads or literature stated that they need a 40 tesla magnetic field for commercial viability, had the capability for an 8 Tesla field in their prototype, and projected they would achieve breakeven in 2023. The report stated that the primary challenge with Helion's approach is "whether they can simultaneously achieve sufficiently high compression while maintaining plasma stability".[23] As of 2023, their prototype has a 10 tesla field and they project breakeven in 2024.[40]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Brumfiel, Geoff (December 4, 2023). "Companies say they're closing in on nuclear fusion as an energy source. Will it work?". NPR. Archived from the original on April 20, 2024.
  2. ^ Bergan, Brad (July 28, 2021). "Helion Energy Says It Will Offer the World's First Commercial Fusion Power". Interesting Engineering. Archived from the original on August 12, 2021. Retrieved August 13, 2021.
  3. ^ "Helion". Helion. Archived from the original on June 23, 2021. Retrieved June 24, 2021.
  4. ^ Virgin, Bill (April 16, 2018). "Redmond's Helion Energy Looks to Nuclear Fusion As the Next Big Thing in Power Generation". Seattle Business Magazine. Archived from the original on January 16, 2021. Retrieved June 24, 2021.
  5. ^ "Fusion Energy Startup Helion Energy Closes Latest Funding Round at $1.25B Valuation". Helion. Archived from the original on May 26, 2022. Retrieved April 30, 2022.
  6. ^ "Helion Energy". Helion Energy. Archived from the original on May 28, 2019. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
  7. ^ a b c d Wang, Brian (August 18, 2015). "Helion Energy Raised $10.9 Million". NextBigFuture. Archived from the original on June 22, 2021. Retrieved June 24, 2021.
  8. ^ "Summer 2014 Companies (YC S14)". Y Combinator Universe. July 21, 2010. Archived from the original on September 30, 2022. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
  9. ^ "Compression of FRC Targets for Fusion". arpa-e.energy.gov. Archived from the original on June 24, 2021. Retrieved June 24, 2021.
  10. ^ Bishop, Todd (March 31, 2022). "Innovation of the Year: 5 technology breakthroughs named finalists in GeekWire Awards". GeekWire. Archived from the original on April 23, 2022. Retrieved April 30, 2022.
  11. ^ Schlosser, Kurt (April 12, 2023). "GeekWire Awards: How these five Workplace of the Year finalists navigate challenging times". GeekWire. Archived from the original on May 13, 2023. Retrieved May 12, 2023.
  12. ^ Calma, Justine (May 10, 2023). "Microsoft just made a huge, far-from-certain bet on nuclear fusion". The Verge. Archived from the original on May 11, 2023. Retrieved May 11, 2023.
  13. ^ Svoboda, Elizabeth (June 21, 2011). "Is Fusion Power Finally For Real?". Popular Mechanics. Archived from the original on December 31, 2013. Retrieved June 24, 2021.
  14. ^ a b c Emilio, Maurizio Di Paolo (July 21, 2021). "EETimes - Helion Energy Achieves Key Fusion Milestone". EE Times. Archived from the original on October 29, 2022. Retrieved April 30, 2022.
  15. ^ EP 3103119, Slough, John Thomas; Kirtley, David Edwin & Pihl, Christopher James, "Advanced D-3He fuel cycle for a pulsed fusion reactor", published 2021-03-24, assigned to Helion Energy Inc. 
  16. ^ Wang, Brian (October 2, 2018). "Helion Energy got funding for possible breakeven fusion device this year". NextBigFuture. Archived from the original on January 28, 2019. Retrieved January 27, 2019.
  17. ^ a b c "Helion website: Who we are". Helion Website. Helion Energy. Archived from the original on October 29, 2022. Retrieved October 29, 2022.
  18. ^ US20110293056A1, Slough, John T., "Method and apparatus for the generation, heating and/or compression of plasmoids and/or recovery of energy therefrom", issued 2011-12-01  Archived 30 October 2022 at the Wayback Machine
  19. ^ Votroubek, G.; Slough, J.; Andreason, S.; Pihl, C. (June 2008). "Formation of a Stable Field Reversed Configuration through Merging". Journal of Fusion Energy. 27 (1–2): 123–127. doi:10.1007/s10894-007-9103-4. ISSN 0164-0313. S2CID 122861398.
  20. ^ a b c d Slough, John; Votroubek, George; Pihl, Chris (May 1, 2011). "Creation of a high-temperature plasma through merging and compression of supersonic field reversed configuration plasmoids". Nuclear Fusion. 51 (5): 053008. Bibcode:2011NucFu..51e3008S. doi:10.1088/0029-5515/51/5/053008. ISSN 0029-5515. S2CID 120579314.
  21. ^ "Staged Magnetic Compression of FRC Targets" (PDF). ARPA-E. October 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on September 17, 2021. Retrieved September 9, 2020.
  22. ^ Kirtley, David; Milroy, Richard; Votroubek, George; Slough, John; McKee, Erik; Shimazu, Aki; Hine, Andrew; Barnes, Daniel (November 5, 2018). "Overview of Staged Magnetic Compression of FRC targets". Bulletin of the American Physical Society. 2018: BM9.005. Bibcode:2018APS..DPPBM9005K. Archived from the original on September 30, 2022. Retrieved September 30, 2022.
  23. ^ a b c Long, Gordon (November 1, 2018). "Prospects for Low Cost Fusion Development" (PDF). ARPA-E. Archived (PDF) from the original on July 30, 2021. Retrieved July 2, 2021.
  24. ^ "Helion passes 100 million degrees Celsius". World Nuclear News. World Nuclear Association. June 23, 2021. Archived from the original on June 25, 2021. Retrieved June 25, 2021.
  25. ^ Wang, Brian (June 23, 2021). "Nuclear Fusion Startup Helion Energy Surpasses 100 Million Degrees Celsius". Next Big Future. Archived from the original on June 25, 2021. Retrieved June 25, 2021.
  26. ^ a b Trenta 2020 Program Results, archived from the original on October 30, 2022, retrieved October 30, 2022
  27. ^ a b "A New Way to Achieve Nuclear Fusion: Helion". Youtube.com. December 2022. Archived from the original on January 13, 2023. Retrieved January 13, 2023.
  28. ^ NRC (January 26, 2021). "Developing a Regulatory Framework for Fusion Energy Systems" (PDF). Nuclear Regulatory Commission. Archived (PDF) from the original on June 23, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
  29. ^ "Why did OpenAI invest in a nuclear fusion startup?". Analytics India Magazine. April 19, 2022. Archived from the original on April 28, 2022. Retrieved April 30, 2022.
  30. ^ Helman, Christopher (January 2, 2022). "Fueled By Billionaire Dollars, Nuclear Fusion Enters A New Age". Forbes. Archived from the original on January 8, 2022. Retrieved January 8, 2022.
  31. ^ Halper, Mark (April 30, 2013). "The nearness of fusion: The materials and coolant challenges facing one fusion company mirror fission". The Alvin Weinberg Foundation. Archived from the original on September 10, 2014. Retrieved August 11, 2014.
  32. ^ Russell, Kyle (August 14, 2014). "Y Combinator And Mithril Invest In Helion, A Nuclear Fusion Startup". TechCrunch. Archived from the original on June 18, 2017. Retrieved June 25, 2017.
  33. ^ "As interest in fusion energy ignites, Helion lands $500M from OpenAI CEO, Facebook co-founder". Geekwire. November 5, 2021. Archived from the original on March 10, 2023. Retrieved May 13, 2023.
  34. ^ "Helion Energy - Pitchbook Company Overview". Pitchbook. Archived from the original on July 21, 2021. Retrieved July 21, 2021.
  35. ^ Conca, James (November 9, 2021). "Helion Energy Raises $500 Million On The Fusion Power Of Stars". Forbes. Archived from the original on December 19, 2021. Retrieved December 19, 2021.
  36. ^ Kamps, Haje Jan (November 5, 2021). "Helion secures $2.2B to commercialize fusion energy". TechCrunch. Retrieved April 30, 2022.
  37. ^ Mui, Christine (January 22, 2024). "Silicon Valley's crush on fusion". Politico. Archived from the original on April 1, 2024.
  38. ^ Jassby, Daniel L. (April 2019). "Voodoo Fusion Energy". American Physical Society. Archived from the original on May 26, 2021. Retrieved September 9, 2020.
  39. ^ "Helion Energy Achieves Key Fusion Milestone". EE Times. July 20, 2020. Archived from the original on January 4, 2023. Retrieved May 13, 2023.
  40. ^ "Helion FAQ". HelionEnergy.com. Retrieved March 28, 2023.
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://wiki.riteme.site/w/index.php?title=Helion_Energy&oldid=1248495220#Polaris"