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Helensville

Coordinates: 36°40′47″S 174°26′58″E / 36.67972°S 174.44944°E / -36.67972; 174.44944
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Helensville
Map
Coordinates: 36°40′47″S 174°26′58″E / 36.67972°S 174.44944°E / -36.67972; 174.44944
CountryNew Zealand
RegionAuckland
WardRodney ward
Community boardRodney Local Board
SubdivisionKumeū subdivision
Electorates
Government
 • Territorial AuthorityAuckland Council
Area
[1]
 • Total
4.05 km2 (1.56 sq mi)
Population
 (June 2024)[2]
 • Total
3,420
 • Density840/km2 (2,200/sq mi)
Postcode(s)
0800

Helensville (Māori: Te Awaroa)[3] is a town in the North Island of New Zealand. It is sited 40 kilometres (25 mi) northwest of Auckland, close to the southern extremity of the Kaipara Harbour. State Highway 16 passes through the town, connecting it to Waimauku 16 kilometres (10 mi) to the south, and Kaukapakapa about 12 kilometres (7.5 mi) to the north-east. Parakai is two kilometres (1.2 mi) to the north-west. The Kaipara River runs through the town and into the Kaipara Harbour to the north.

Tāmaki Māori settled the southern Kaipara Harbour in the 13th or 14th centuries, drawn by the marine and forest resources. The upper reaches of the Kaipara River was the location of Te Tōangaroa, a portage where waka could be hauled between the Kaipara Harbour and the Waitematā Harbour. By the 15th century, the area had become home to some of the earliest pā sites in the Auckland Region. By the early 18th century, Ngāti Whātua, who had traditional ties to the area, had re-established themselves along the Kaipara River.

Helensville was established as a kauri logging settlement in 1862, developing into a regional centre for the south Kaipara by the 1870s. Helensville became a major centre for the dairy industry between 1911 and the 1980s.

Etymology

[edit]

The name Helensville comes from early settler John McLeod, and is a version of Helen's Villa, his house, that he named after his wife Helen Alexander.[4] The first known references in print to Helensville date to 1863.[5] The Māori language name, Te Awaroa,[6] means "The Wide River",[4] and is the name of a tributary stream that meets the Kaipara River at Helensville.[7][8]

Geography

[edit]
Helensville on the eastern shore of the Kaipara River

Helensville is located on the eastern banks of the Kaipara River, to the south of the Kaipara Harbour.[9][10] The town is located between two tributaries of the river: the Awaroa Stream to the north,[7] and the Mangakura Stream in the south.[11] The town is located on a spur in the hills slightly higher than the surrounding area,[12] of which the highest point is a 182 m (597 ft) hill located to the south called Paehoka, at the junction between Kiwitahi Road and Old North Road.[13]

The area has traditionally been a wetland and flood plain for the Kaipara River, until the late 19th century when the Kaipara River catchment was developed into farmland. Historically, the hills to the east of Helensville were a kauri-dominated forest.[8]

History

[edit]

Māori history

[edit]

The Auckland Region has been settled by Māori since around the 13th or 14th centuries.[14] Māori legends describe supernatural beings, the Tūrehu, as being the inhabitants of the area prior to Māori settlement.[15][16] The Kaipara Harbour is associated with the Tūrehu Tumutumuwhenua and his wife Kui, of whom Ngāti Whātua (the modern-day iwi of the harbour) consider to be ancestors.[17][18]

One of the earliest known iwi to settled in the area are Te Tini o Maruiwi, who descend from Maruiwi, captain of the Kahutara, one of the first migratory waka, and migrated north into the Kaipara Harbour.[17][19] Ngāti Whātua traditions tell of the Māhuhu-ki-te-rangi migratory waka arriving at the Kaipara Harbour. Some of the crew members, including Rongomai, Mawete and Po, settled at Tāporapora, with the descendants of Toi, who already lived in the area.[19] Tāporapora was a fertile sandy land that gradually eroded west of the Okahukura Peninsula, of which Manukapua Island is a remnant.[20][21]

People were drawn to the southern Kaipara Harbour due to its rich resources from the harbour and surrounding kauri-dominated forests.[17] Based on archaeological findings, many of the earliest people to come to the area caught moa.[22] The southern Kaipara was an important transportation node due to Te Tōangaroa, a portage where waka could be hauled between the Kaipara Harbour and the Waitematā Harbour, via the Kaipara River and Kumeū River.[23][24] Major settlements in the area were typically upland of the Kaipara River, due to the swampy ground immediately beside the river, and the Ohirangi wetlands (Te Tareminga were used to trap moa in ancient times).[8]

Known traditional names for the area include Tungoutungou, which describes the meandering Kaipara River near Helensville, and further upstream near the Helensville Bridge was known as Te Pu a Tangihua.[8]

Over time, many Tāmaki Māori developed the tribal identity Ngā Oho.[25] Around the 15th century, a group known as Ngāti Awa who descended from the Mātaatua waka settled Te Korowai-o-Te-Tonga Peninsula, led by Tītahi. The iwi were prominent constructors of terraced pā.[17] Over 18 pā sites can be found in the Helensville area,[8] which likely represent some of the earliest fortified pā in Auckland.[26] Ōtakanini pā, located near Parkhurst northwest of Helensville, has been dated to at least 1400AD.[27][28]

By the mid-17th century, Ngāti Awa and Ngā Oho struggled to control territory. A descendant of Tītahi, Hauparoa, asked his relative Maki, a renowned warrior who lived at the Kāwhia Harbour, to help Ngāti Awa secure the region.[29] Maki conquered and unified many of the Tāmaki Māori tribes, including Ngā Oho of the south Kaipara and West Auckland.[29][30] After an incident where Maki unsuccessfully asked a slave steal kūmara from Hauparoa's storage pits, Maki attacked Ngāti Awa.[29] Over time, Maki's descendants became known as Te Kawerau ā Maki; a name that references the kūmara incident.[29] Maki chose the southern Kaipara as his base of operations, and his children migrated to different areas of the northern and western Auckland Region.[29]

Return of Ngāti Whātua and the Musket Wars

[edit]

In the 17th and early 18th centuries, Ngāti Whātua tribes began returning to the southern Kaipara Harbour area from Northland, primarily on the waka Te Potae o Wahieroa and Te Wharau.[17][31] Initially relations between the iwi were friendly, and many important marriages were made. Hostilities broke out and Ngāti Whātua asked for assistance from Kāwharu, a famed Tainui warrior from Kawhia. Kāwharu's repeated attacks of the Waitākere Ranges settlements became known as Te Raupatu Tīhore, or the stripping conquest.[31][32] Lasting peace between Te Kawerau ā Maki and Ngāti Whātua was forged by Maki's grandson Te Au o Te Whenua, who fixed the rohe (border) between Muriwai Beach and Rangitōpuni (Riverhead).[33] Ngāti Whātua divided the land among different hapū, including Te Taoū, who were a major power in the Kaipara River catchment.[17][34]

Around the year 1740, war broke out between Ngāti Whātua and Waiohua, the confederation of Tāmaki Māori tribes centred to the southeast, on the Tāmaki isthmus. Kiwi Tāmaki, paramount chief of Waiohua, led a surprise attack in the south Kaipara during an uhunga (funeral rite commemoration), in response for past grievances and to assist a Ngāti Whātua faction who were opposed to Te Taoū.[35][36] Kiwi Tāmaki's party pursued the survivors south to the pā at Te Mākiri (Te Awaroa / Helensville), confronting Tuperiri and Waha-akiaki, two prominent members of Te Taoū who managed to survive.[37][32] By 1741, Ngāti Whātua had successfully fought against Kiwi Tāmaki, and members of Te Taoū established themselves on the Auckland isthmus.[34]

An early skirmish between Te Taoū and Ngāpuhi during the Musket Wars occurred at Paehoka, south of Helensville, likely in the late 18th century.[38] Conflict continued through the early 19th century, and in 1818 English missionary Samuel Marsden witnessed Ngāti Whātua of the Kaipara River being attacked from the north.[17] Following the battle of Te Ika a Ranganui at Kaiwaka, Ngāti Whātua fled the area, except for a small contingent who remained for ahi kā (visible land occupation). Ngāti Whātua began returning to the Kaipara River from 1828, and were fully re-established by 1835.[17]

Early colonial era

[edit]
View of the Ngāti Whātua village adjacent to Helensville, with John McLeod's home, Helen's Villa, visible to the top-left (1863)
View of Helensville beyond the Kaipara River in 1912
Helensville shops ca 1890

After the Treaty of Waitangi was signed in 1840, Ngāti Whātua operated coastal trading vessels, supplying goods to early European settlers at Auckland.[17] Large areas of the southern Kaipara harbour were purchased by the Crown between 1853 and 1865, in part due to Ngāti Whātua's hope that this would lead to Europeans settlements developing and stimulate the economy of the area.[6]

In 1862, Nova Scotian settler John McLeod established a kauri timber mill on the eastern banks of the Kaipara River, at the modern-day site of Helensville.[8][3] McLeod named his house "Helen's Villa", after his wife, which became the name for the township that developed around the timber mill.[8] McLeod milled the kauri on the lands adjacent to his timber mill,[8] and after a few years, Ngāti Whātua established a kāinga on the opposite banks.[17]

The town grew based on the kauri timber industry and kauri gum collection.[17] In 1865, the road from Riverhead to Helensville was improved,[6] and pastoral farms were developed in the 1870s.[8] By 1870, Helensville had become the main trading centre and transportation junction for the Kaipara Harbour settlements to the north.[39] From 1875 to 1881, a short-lived section of railway operated between Kumeū, south of Helensville, and the village of Riverhead, on the upper shores of the Waitematā Harbour.[40] This led to increased economic activity in Helensville, which developed into a township and became an economic hub.[6] In 1881, the North Auckland Line was extended to Helensville, leading to the opening of the Helensville railway station.[41]

In 1879, St Matthew's Anglican Church was established in Helensville. This was the first church in the wider southern Kaipara area, serving the surrounding rural communities such as Kumeū and Waimauku.[42] In 1882, the first bridge across the Kaipara River was constructed at Te Horo Point, with the intention of this opening up farmland to the west.[43]

Between 1865 and 1900, the Native Land Court individuated collectively-owned Ngāti Whātua lands, a gradual process which led to land alienation. By 1900, almost the entire southern Kaipara area had been alienated from Ngāti Whātua, and only 10% of their traditional rohe had been retained.[6]

Dairy industry and tourism

[edit]

The Kauri logging and gum industries went into decline by 1900, disappearing by 1920.[6][44] The Helensville Show, an annual agricultural show, was established in 1900, becoming a major part of life at Helensville, and drawing people from the surrounding areas to the town.[45] In 1911, the Kaipara Dairy Company was established in Helensville, becoming the town's largest employer,[3] and the town flourished due to the dairy industry and sheep farms.[46] Additionally, tourists were drawn to Helensville in the early 20th century, due to the Parakai thermal springs.[3]

In 1927, St Matthew's Anglican Church was rebuilt after a new larger church was required.[42] During the 1930s, an exotic pine forest called the Woodhill Forest was established on the Te Korowai-o-Te-Tonga Peninsula, becoming an important industry for the area.[6] During World War II, the 15th Battalion of the Home Guard was based at Helensville.[47]

The dairy factory closed in the late 1980s, due to a decline in farming profitability in the area.[3] The sand extraction industry became a major employer in the town, after Mt Rex and Winstone established processing facilities near the town in the 1990s.[48]

In 2009, the Helensville railway station was closed for passenger services.[49]

Demographics

[edit]

Helensville covers 4.05 km2 (1.56 sq mi)[1] and had an estimated population of 3,420 as of June 2024,[2] with a population density of 844 people per km2.

Historical population for Helensville settlement
YearPop.±% p.a.
20062,532—    
20132,643+0.61%
20182,787+1.07%
Source: [50]

Before the 2023 census, Helensville had a smaller boundary, covering 3.37 km2 (1.30 sq mi).[1] Using that boundary, Helensville had a population of 2,787 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 144 people (5.4%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 255 people (10.1%) since the 2006 census. There were 993 households, comprising 1,413 males and 1,377 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.03 males per female. The median age was 36.7 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 642 people (23.0%) aged under 15 years, 507 (18.2%) aged 15 to 29, 1,221 (43.8%) aged 30 to 64, and 417 (15.0%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 84.6% European/Pākehā, 20.3% Māori, 7.6% Pacific peoples, 4.2% Asian, and 1.3% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 17.8, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 56.3% had no religion, 30.2% were Christian, 2.0% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.9% were Hindu, 0.1% were Muslim, 0.6% were Buddhist and 2.3% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 330 (15.4%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 435 (20.3%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $31,600, compared with $31,800 nationally. 339 people (15.8%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 1,065 (49.7%) people were employed full-time, 327 (15.2%) were part-time, and 87 (4.1%) were unemployed.[50]

Rural surrounds

[edit]

Helensville Rural statistical area surrounds the settlement and covers 56.41 km2 (21.78 sq mi).[1] It had an estimated population of 1,650 as of June 2024,[2] with a population density of 29 people per km2.

Historical population for Helensville Rural
YearPop.±% p.a.
20061,209—    
20131,335+1.43%
20181,524+2.68%
Source: [51]

Before the 2023 census, Helensville Rural had a larger boundary, covering 56.92 km2 (21.98 sq mi).[1] Using that boundary, Helensville Rural had a population of 1,524 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 189 people (14.2%) since the 2013 census, and an increase of 315 people (26.1%) since the 2006 census. There were 498 households, comprising 771 males and 753 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.02 males per female. The median age was 42.4 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 306 people (20.1%) aged under 15 years, 264 (17.3%) aged 15 to 29, 771 (50.6%) aged 30 to 64, and 183 (12.0%) aged 65 or older.

Ethnicities were 93.7% European/Pākehā, 11.6% Māori, 3.0% Pacific peoples, 2.8% Asian, and 1.4% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.

The percentage of people born overseas was 21.7, compared with 27.1% nationally.

Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 61.6% had no religion, 28.3% were Christian, 0.8% had Māori religious beliefs, 0.2% were Muslim, 0.4% were Buddhist and 2.4% had other religions.

Of those at least 15 years old, 225 (18.5%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 195 (16.0%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $40,100, compared with $31,800 nationally. 300 people (24.6%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 672 (55.2%) people were employed full-time, 180 (14.8%) were part-time, and 42 (3.4%) were unemployed.[51]

Government

[edit]
The Helensville Town Board offices, pictured in the 1910s

Local

[edit]

From 1876 until 1947, Helensville was administered by the Waitemata County, a large rural county north and west of the city of Auckland.[52] In 1883, the Helensville Town Board was formed to administer the area, within the Waitemata County.[53] In 1947, Helensville split from the country to form an independent borough.[53] In 1989, the borough merged with Rodney County, forming the Rodney District Council. Rodney District Council was amalgamated into Auckland Council in November 2010.[54]

Within the Auckland Council, Helensville is a part of the Rodney local government area governed by the Rodney Local Board. It is a part of the Rodney ward, which elects one councillor to the Auckland Council.

Chairmen of the Helensville Town Board

[edit]

Below is a list of the 18 people who served as the chairman of the Helensville Town Board, the longest of whom was Charles S. West, who served from 1922 to 1924, and again from 1929 to 1938.[53] The final chairman, Reg Screaton, became the first Mayors of the Helensville Borough in 1947.[55]

  • 1883–1886 Isaac McLeod
  • 1886–1888 Henry Ballans
  • 1888–1890 Daniel Stewart
  • 1890–1893 James McLeod
  • 1893–1894 Daniel Stewart
  • 1894–1898 Charles H. Spinley
  • 1898–1899 J. J. Reynolds
  • 1899–1902 Charles H. Spinley
  • 1902–1904 Alfred Becroft
  • 1904–1908 R. M. Cameron
  • 1908–1910 James McLeod
  • 1910–1912 James Stewart
  • 1912–1914 James McLeod
  • 1914–1916 E. T. Field
  • 1916–1918 J. T. Lambert
  • 1918–1922 James Stewart
  • 1922–1924 Charles S. West
  • 1924–1929 James Mackie
  • 1929–1938 Charles S. West
  • 1938–1941 A. H. Brackebnsh
  • 1941–1941 Dr F. Matheson
  • 1941–1944 J. A. Stanaway
  • 1944–1945 K. A. Snedden
  • 1945–1947 Reg Screaton

Mayors of the Helensville Borough Council

[edit]

During the 42-year existence of Helensville Borough Council, it had eight mayors:[56]

Name Term
1 Reg Screaton 1947–1950
2 Herbert Onslow Strong 1950–1953
3 Charles S. West 1953–1956
4 Lionel M. T. Wotton 1956–1961
5 Arthur B. West 1961–1968
6 G. C. Russell 1968–1974
7 George A. Smith 1974–1986
8 Eric J. Glavish 1986–1989

National

[edit]

From 1978 until 2020, Helensville was in the Helensville general electorate. In 2020, this electorate was replaced by the Kaipara ki Mahurangi electorate. Helensville is within the Te Tai Tokerau Māori electorate.

Economy

[edit]

Formerly a forestry or dairy centre, Helensville is increasingly becoming a dormitory suburb of Auckland with an increasing number of lifestyle blocks in the area. There is some economic benefit from the wine producing region around Kumeū, 20 km to the south. The principal tourist attraction is the hot springs at nearby Parakai.

Helensville has its own locally produced monthly newspaper, the Helensville News.[57]

The township is in the North West Country Inc business improvement district zone[58] which represents businesses from Kaukapakapa to Riverhead.

Education

[edit]

Kaipara College is a secondary (years 9–13) school[59] with a roll of 765[60] as of August 2024. The school began as Helensville District High School in 1924, and changed its name to Kaipara College in 1959.[61]

Helensville Primary School is a full primary (years 1–8) school[62] with a roll of 507[60] as of August 2024. It was founded in 1877.[63]

Tau Te Arohanoa Akoranga is a satellite campus of the state-integrated Kingsway School, offering a Christian-based education.[64]

All these schools are coeducational.

Transport

[edit]

Helensville railway station is on the North Auckland Line but the station has been closed since 2009.[49]

With the cessation of the passenger train service the only public transport between Helensville and central Auckland is by buses to and from Westgate in West Auckland then transfer to another bus route 110 to central Auckland. At rush hours an express bus operates to Downtown.

Notable people

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e "ArcGIS Web Application". statsnz.maps.arcgis.com. Retrieved 18 March 2024.
  2. ^ a b c "Aotearoa Data Explorer". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 26 October 2024.
  3. ^ a b c d e "Helensville History". helensville.co.nz. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  4. ^ a b "Place name detail: Helensville". New Zealand Gazetteer. New Zealand Geographic Board. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  5. ^ "Page 1 Advertisements Column 2". Daily Southern Cross. Vol. XIX, no. 1919. 10 September 1863. p. 1 – via Papers Past.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Ngāti Whātua o Kaipara; The Crown (9 September 2011). Deed of Settlement of Historical Claims (PDF) (Report). New Zealand Government. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  7. ^ a b "Place name detail: Awaroa Stream". New Zealand Gazetteer. New Zealand Geographic Board. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  8. ^ a b c d e f g h i "TP146 Kaipara River Catchment Water Allocation Strategy 2001 Part B" (PDF). Auckland City Council. 2001. Retrieved 22 February 2021.
  9. ^ Peter Dowling, ed. (2004). Reed New Zealand Atlas. Reed Books. map 11. ISBN 0-7900-0952-8.
  10. ^ Roger Smith, GeographX (2005). The Geographic Atlas of New Zealand. Robbie Burton. map 34. ISBN 1-877333-20-4.
  11. ^ "Place name detail: Mangakura Stream". New Zealand Gazetteer. New Zealand Geographic Board. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  12. ^ Sheffield 2011, pp. 13.
  13. ^ "Place name detail: Paehoka". New Zealand Gazetteer. New Zealand Geographic Board. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  14. ^ Pishief, Elizabeth; Shirley, Brendan (August 2015). "Waikōwhai Coast Heritage Study" (PDF). Auckland Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 14 February 2023.
  15. ^ Taonui, Rāwiri (10 February 2015). "Tāmaki tribes". Te Ara: The Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Ministry for Culture and Heritage. Retrieved 15 September 2016.
  16. ^ Sheffield 2011, pp. 22.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Kawharu, Margaret (2007). "Pre-European History - Ngati Whatua". Helensville Museum. Archived from the original on 6 February 2021. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  18. ^ Taonui, Rāwiri (8 February 2005). "Canoe traditions - Canoes of the west coast and lower North Island". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  19. ^ a b Tangata Whenua (PDF) (Report). Waitakere City Council. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
  20. ^ Hamilton, Scott (21 July 2022). "The Lost Islands". North & South. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  21. ^ King, Darren NT; Goff, James (June 2006). Māori Environmental Knowledge in Natural Hazards Management and Mitigation (PDF) (Report). NIWA. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  22. ^ Sheffield 2011, pp. 25.
  23. ^ Diamond & Hayward 1990, pp. 38–39.
  24. ^ "Te Kawerau ā Maki Deed of Settlement Schedule" (PDF). New Zealand Government. 22 February 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  25. ^ Mossman, Sarah (August 2018). Cultural Values Assessment for America's Cup 36 - Wynyard and Hobson Planning Application (PDF). Te Kawerau Iwi Tribunal Authority (Report). Retrieved 30 June 2023.
  26. ^ Hayward, B.W. (1983). "Prehistoric pa sites of metropolitan Auckland". Tane. 29: 3–14.
  27. ^ Davidson, Janet M. (1978). "Auckland Prehistory: A Review". Records of the Auckland Institute and Museum. 15: 1–14. ISSN 0067-0464. JSTOR 42906259. OCLC 270925589. Wikidata Q58677062.
  28. ^ Bellwood, Peter (1972). "Excavations at Otakanini Pa, South Kaipara Harbour". Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand. 2 (3): 259–291. doi:10.1080/03036758.1972.10421818. ISSN 0303-6758.
  29. ^ a b c d e Sheffield 2011, pp. 25–26.
  30. ^ "Waitākere Ranges Heritage Area" (PDF). Auckland Council. December 2018. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
  31. ^ a b Taua 2009, pp. 34–35.
  32. ^ a b Paterson 2009, pp. 50–51.
  33. ^ Diamond & Hayward 1979, pp. 14.
  34. ^ a b Stone, R. C. J. (2001). From Tamaki-makau-rau to Auckland. Auckland University Press. pp. 36–45. ISBN 1869402596.
  35. ^ Pishief, Dr Elizabeth; Adam, John (2015). "Te Tātua a Riukiuta Three Kings Heritage Study" (PDF). Auckland Council. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
  36. ^ Diamond & Hayward 1979, pp. 7.
  37. ^ "Auckland: Conquerors and settlers". The New Zealand Herald. 24 August 2010. Retrieved 28 June 2021.
  38. ^ Sheffield 2011, pp. 36.
  39. ^ Sheffield 2011, pp. 91.
  40. ^ Churchman, Geoffrey B; Hurst, Tony (2001) [1990, 1991]. The Railways of New Zealand: A Journey through History (Second ed.). Transpress New Zealand. ISBN 0-908876-20-3.
  41. ^ Scoble, Juliet (2010). "Names & Opening & Closing Dates of Railway Stations" (PDF). Rail Heritage Trust of New Zealand. Retrieved 16 January 2024.
  42. ^ a b Dunsford 2002, pp. 91.
  43. ^ Sheffield 2011, pp. 95.
  44. ^ Te Rūnanga o Ngāti Whātua; The Crown (18 August 2017). Agreement in Principle to Settle Historical Claims (PDF) (Report). New Zealand Government. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  45. ^ Dunsford 2002, pp. 97.
  46. ^ McClure, Margaret (5 August 2016). "Auckland places - Kaipara Harbour and kauri towns". Te Ara - the Encyclopedia of New Zealand. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  47. ^ Dunsford 2002, pp. 168.
  48. ^ Beston, Anne (6 April 2005). "Search for sand turns to Kaipara". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 22 January 2024.
  49. ^ a b "Calls for rail to ease congestion in Auckland's north-west". Stuff.co.nz. 27 September 2016. Retrieved 11 November 2018.
  50. ^ a b "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Helensville (112400). 2018 Census place summary: Helensville
  51. ^ a b "Statistical area 1 dataset for 2018 Census". Statistics New Zealand. March 2020. Helensville Rural (112300). 2018 Census place summary: Helensville Rural
  52. ^ Reidy, Jade (2009). "How the West Was Run". In Macdonald, Finlay; Kerr, Ruth (eds.). West: The History of Waitakere. Random House. pp. 238–239. ISBN 9781869790080.
  53. ^ a b c Sheffield 2011, pp. 290.
  54. ^ Blakeley, Roger (2015). "The planning framework for Auckland 'super city': an insider's view". Policy Quarterly. 11 (4). doi:10.26686/pq.v11i4.4572. ISSN 2324-1101.
  55. ^ Sheffield 2011, pp. 290–291.
  56. ^ "Timeline of Auckland mayors". Auckland Council Archives. Retrieved 28 July 2019.
  57. ^ Helensville News - Helensville's community newspaper
  58. ^ Introducing North West Country | North West Country - Auckland
  59. ^ Education Counts: Kaipara College
  60. ^ a b "New Zealand Schools Directory". New Zealand Ministry of Education. Retrieved 17 September 2024.
  61. ^ "Kaipara College - ISSCC". International Student Services Center Corporation. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
  62. ^ Education Counts: Helensville Primary School
  63. ^ "Helensville Primary School". Helensville Primary School. Retrieved 23 August 2008.
  64. ^ "Head of School Welcome". Kingsway School. Retrieved 13 March 2019.

Bibliography

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