Heavy-footed moa
| Heavy-footed moa Temporal range: Late Pleistocene-Holocene
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|---|---|
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| P. elephantopus skeleton photographed by Roger Fenton | |
Scientific classification 
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| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Aves |
| Infraclass: | Palaeognathae |
| Order: | †Dinornithiformes |
| Family: | †Emeidae |
| Genus: | †Pachyornis |
| Species: | †P. elephantopus
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| Binomial name | |
| †Pachyornis elephantopus | |
| Synonyms | |
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List
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The heavy-footed moa (Pachyornis elephantopus) is a species of moa from the lesser moa family. The heavy-footed moa was widespread only in the South Island of New Zealand, and its habitat was the lowlands (shrublands, dunelands, grasslands, and forests).[3] The moa were ratites, flightless birds with a sternum without a keel. They also have a distinctive palate. The origin of these birds is becoming clearer as it is now believed that early ancestors of these birds were able to fly and flew to the southern areas in which they have been found.[3]
The heavy-footed moa was about 1.8 m (5.9 ft) tall, and weighed as much as 145 kg (320 lb).[4] Three complete or partially complete moa eggs in museum collections are considered eggs of the heavy-footed moa, all sourced from Otago. These have an average length of 226mm and a width of 158mm, making these the largest moa eggs[5] behind the single South Island giant moa egg specimen.[6]
Taxonomy
[edit]
The heavy-footed moa was named as Dinornis elephantopus by Richard Owen in 1856 from leg bones found by Walter Mantell at Awamoa, near Oamaru, and given by him to the Natural History Museum, London. Bones from multiple birds were used to make a full articulated skeleton.[7][4]
Distribution and habitat
[edit]The heavy-footed moa was found only in the South Island of New Zealand.[8][9] Their range covered much of the eastern side of the island, with a northern and southern variant of the species.[8][10]
They were a primarily lowland species, preferring dry and open habitats such as grasslands, shrublands and dry forests.[8] They were absent from sub-alpine and mountain habitats, where they were replaced by the crested moa (Pachyornis australis).[8]
During the Pleistocene-Holocene warming event, the retreat of glacial ice meant that the heavy-footed moa's preferred habitat area increased, allowing their distribution across the island to increase as well.[10]
Ecology and diet
[edit]Due to its relative isolation before the Polynesian settlers arrived, New Zealand has a unique plant and animal community and had no native terrestrial mammals.[9][10] Moa filled the ecological niche of large herbivores, filled by mammals elsewhere, until the arrival of the Polynesian settlers and the associated mammalian invasion in the 13th Century.[10] The heavy-footed Moa is thought to have been less abundant than other moa species due to its less frequent representation in the fossil record.[8]
Until recently it was unknown exactly what the diet of the heavy-footed moa consisted of.[8] The fact that it had different head and beak shapes to its contemporaries suggested that it had a different diet, possibly of tougher vegetation as suggested by its preferred dry and shrubby habitat.[8] Specialising in different foods would have also allowed it to avoid competition with other moa species which may have shared part of its range (niche separation).[8][9] In 2007 Jamie Wood[11] described the gizzard contents of a heavy-footed moa for the first time. They found 21 plant taxa which included Hebe leaves, various seeds and mosses as well as a large amount of twigs and wood, some of which were of a considerable size. This supports the earlier idea that the heavy-footed moa was adapted to consume tough vegetation, but it also shows that it had a varied diet and could eat most plant products, including wood.[11][12]
The heavy-footed moa's only real predator (before the arrival of humans and non-native placental mammals) was the Haast's eagle; however, recent evidence from coprolites has shown that they also hosted several groups of host-specific parasites, including nematode worms.[13]
Museum specimens
[edit]The articulated skeleton of a heavy-footed moa from Otago, New Zealand, is on display in the Collectors' Cabinet gallery at Leeds City Museum, UK.[14]
References
[edit]- ^ Brands, S. (2008)
- ^ Checklist Committee Ornithological Society of New Zealand (2010). "Checklist-of-Birds of New Zealand, Norfolk and Macquarie Islands and the Ross Dependency Antarctica" (PDF). Te Papa Press. Retrieved 4 January 2016.
- ^ a b Davies, S. J. J. F. (2003)
- ^ a b Olliver, Narena (2005)
- ^ Tennyson, Alan J. D. (2006). Extinct birds of New Zealand. Paul Martinson. Wellington, N.Z.: Te Papa Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-909010-21-8. OCLC 80016906.
- ^ Gill, B. J. (2006). "A Catalogue of Moa Eggs (Aves: Dinornithiformes)". Records of the Auckland Museum. 43: 55–80. ISSN 1174-9202. JSTOR 42905885. Wikidata Q58623352.
- ^ Owen, Richard (1879). Memoirs on the Extinct Wingless Birds of New Zealand : with an appendix on those of England, Australia, Newfoundland, Mauritius, and Rodriguez. London: J. Van Voorst. pp. 223–235. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Worthy, T.H. (1990). "An analysis of the distribution and relative abundance of moa species (Aves: Dinornithiformes)". New Zealand Journal of Zoology. 17 (2): 213–241. doi:10.1080/03014223.1990.10422598.
- ^ a b c Cooper, A., Atkinson, I. A. E., Lee, W. G. & Worthy, T. H. (1993). "Evolution of the moa and their effect on the New Zealand flora". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 8 (12): 433–437. Bibcode:1993TEcoE...8..433C. doi:10.1016/0169-5347(93)90005-a. PMID 21236223.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d Rawlence, N. J., Metcalf, J. L., Wood, J. R. Worthy, T. H., Austin, J. J., & Cooper, A. (2012). "The effect of climate and environmental change on the megafaunal moa of New Zealand in the absence of humans". Quaternary Science Reviews. 50: 141–153. Bibcode:2012QSRv...50..141R. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2012.07.004.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Wood, J. R. (2007). "Moa gizzard content analyses: Further information on the diets of Dinornis robustus and Emeus crassus, and the first evidence for the diet of Pachyornis elephantopus (Aves : Dinornithiformes)". Records of the Canterbury Museum. 21: 27–39.
- ^ Tennyson, Alan J. D. (2006). Extinct birds of New Zealand. Paul Martinson. Wellington, N.Z.: Te Papa Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-909010-21-8. OCLC 80016906.
- ^ Wood, J. R., Wilmshurst, J. M., Rawlence, N. J., Bonner, K. I., Worthy, T. H., Kinsella, J. M. & Cooper, A. (2013). "A Megafauna's Microfauna: Gastrointestinal Parasites of New Zealand's Extinct Moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes)". PLOS ONE. 8 (2): e57315. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...857315W. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0057315. PMC 3581471. PMID 23451203.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ "Leeds Museums and Galleries object of the week heavy footed moa". Retrieved 11 December 2020.
- Brands, Sheila (Aug 14, 2008). "Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Genus Pachyornis". Project: The Taxonomicon. Retrieved Feb 4, 2009.
- Davies, S. J. J. F. (2003). "Moas". In Hutchins, Michael (ed.). Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia. Vol. 8 Birds I Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins (2 ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 95–98. ISBN 0-7876-5784-0.
- Olliver, Narena (2005). "Heavy–footed Moa". Birds (of New Zealand). New Zealand Birds. Retrieved Feb 15, 2011.
External links
[edit]- Heavy-footed Moa. Pachyornis elephantopus. by Paul Martinson. Artwork produced for the book Extinct Birds of New Zealand, by Alan Tennyson, Te Papa Press, Wellington, 2006