Heart and dart

Heart and dart
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Superfamily:	Noctuoidea
Family:	Noctuidae
Genus:	Agrotis
Species:	A. exclamationis
Binomial name
	Agrotis exclamationis; (Linnaeus, 1758)
Synonyms
	Euxoa exclaimationis ; Euxoa serena ;

The heart and dart (Agrotis exclamationis) is a moth of the family Noctuidae. The species was first described by Carl Linnaeus in his 1758 10th edition of Systema Naturae. A familiar moth to many, it is considered one of the most common of the European region. It occurs throughout the Palearctic realm from Ireland to Japan.

This is a quite variable species with forewings ranging from pale to dark brown but always recognizable by the distinctively shaped dark stigmata which give it its common name. The wingspan is 35–44 mm. The hindwings are whitish (compared with other common Agrotis species, the hindwings of this species are usually paler than in heart and club but darker than in turnip moth). This species usually has a dark area at the front of the thorax, visible as a horizontal bar when viewing the moth head on. The differences are not consistent however; they are highly variable in both colour and markings, and identification of atypical or worn examples may prove impossible without examination of genitalia. See Townsend et al.^[1]

This moth flies at night from May to July^[1] and is attracted to light, sometimes in large numbers. It also frequently visits nectar-rich flowers such as Buddleia, ragwort and red valerian.

The larva The caterpillars are coloured grey-brown, paler ventrally and have a pale dorsal line and clearly recognizable black point warts.

The pupa is bright red. On the cremaster sit two short curved thorns.Larvae feed on a variety of plants, both wild and cultivated (see list below). This is one of the notorious cutworms and often severs or fatally damages plants at the base. The species overwinters as a full-grown larva in a chamber in the soil before pupating in the spring.

^ The flight season refers to the British Isles. This may vary in other parts of the range.

Recorded host plants

Anemone
Artemisia
Beta – beet
Brassica rapa – turnip
Fragaria – strawberry
Lactuca – lettuce
Plantago - plantain
Polygonum
Quercus – oak
Rubus – bramble
Rumex – docks, sorrels
Solanum – potato
Spinacia – spinach
Stellaria
Zea – maize

^[2]

Subspecies

A. e. corsica - Corsica
A. e. exclamationis - Europe
A. e. informis Leech, [1889] - Japan

Profile
Front mark
Color variation

References

^ Martin C. Townsend, Jon Clifton and Brian Goodey (2010). British and Irish Moths: An Illustrated Guide to Selected Difficult Species. (covering the use of genitalia characters and other features) Butterfly Conservation.
^ Robinson, Gaden S.; Ackery, Phillip R.; Kitching, Ian J.; Beccaloni, George W.; Hernández, Luis M. (2010). "Search the database - introduction and help". HOSTS - A Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants. Natural History Museum, London.

Chinery, Michael (1986, reprinted 1991). Collins Guide to the Insects of Britain and Western Europe.
Skinner, Bernard (1984). The Colour Identification Guide to Moths of the British Isles.

External links

Kimber, Ian. "73.317 BF2089 Heart & Dart Agrotis exclamationis (Linnaeus, 1758)". UKMoths. Retrieved 30 June 2019.
Savela, Markku. "Agrotis exclamationis (Linnaeus, 1758)". Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms. Retrieved June 30, 2019.
Lepiforum e.V.

[1] Martin C. Townsend, Jon Clifton and Brian Goodey (2010). British and Irish Moths: An Illustrated Guide to Selected Difficult Species. (covering the use of genitalia characters and other features) Butterfly Conservation.

[2] Robinson, Gaden S.; Ackery, Phillip R.; Kitching, Ian J.; Beccaloni, George W.; Hernández, Luis M. (2010). "Search the database - introduction and help". HOSTS - A Database of the World's Lepidopteran Hostplants. Natural History Museum, London.

[1]

[2]