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B Reactor

Coordinates: 46°37′49″N 119°38′50″W / 46.63028°N 119.64722°W / 46.63028; -119.64722
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B Reactor
The face of B Reactor during construction.
B Reactor is located in Washington (state)
B Reactor
B Reactor is located in the United States
B Reactor
LocationAbout 5.3 miles (8.5 km) northeast of junction of State Route 24 and State Route 240 on the Hanford Site
Nearest cityRichland, Washington
Coordinates46°37′49″N 119°38′50″W / 46.63028°N 119.64722°W / 46.63028; -119.64722
Area9.5 acres (3.8 ha)
Built7 June 1943[1] to September 1944[2]
ArchitectE.I. DuPont de Nemours & Company
NRHP reference No.92000245
Significant dates
Added to NRHP3 April 1992
Designated NHL19 August 2008[3]

The B Reactor at the Hanford Site, near Richland, Washington, was the first large-scale nuclear reactor ever built. The project was a key part of the Manhattan Project, the United States nuclear weapons development program during World War II. Its purpose was to convert natural (not isotopically enriched) uranium metal into plutonium-239 by neutron activation, as plutonium is simpler to chemically separate from spent fuel assemblies, for use in nuclear weapons, than it is to isotopically enrich uranium into weapon-grade material. The B reactor was fueled with metallic natural uranium, graphite moderated, and water-cooled. It has been designated a U.S. National Historic Landmark since 19 August 2008[3][4] and in July 2011 the National Park Service recommended that the B Reactor be included in the Manhattan Project National Historical Park commemorating the Manhattan Project.[5] Visitors can take a tour of the reactor by advance reservation.[6]

Design and construction

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The reactor was designed and built by E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company based on experimental designs tested by Enrico Fermi at the University of Chicago, and tests from the X-10 Graphite Reactor at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. It was designed to operate at 250 megawatts (thermal).

The purpose of the reactor was to breed plutonium from natural uranium metal. Enriching fissionable 235U from 238U, the dominant natural isotope, was extremely complex; plutonium's distinct chemistry made separation trivial by comparison. For example, the Y12 uranium enrichment plant in Tennessee required 14,700 tons of silver loaned by the Treasury Department for the windings in its calutrons, employed 22,000 people and consumed more electrical power than most states. Reactor B on the other hand needed only a few dozen employees and far fewer exotic materials required in much smaller quantities. The most important special material needed were the 1,200 tons of purified graphite for neutron moderation, and only enough electricity to run the cooling pumps.[7][8]

The reactor has a footprint of 46 by 38 ft (14 by 12 m) (about 1,750 sq ft (163 m2) and is 41 ft (12 m) tall, giving a volume of 71,500 cu ft (2,020 m3). The reactor core itself consists of a 36 ft-tall (11 m) graphite box measuring 28 by 36 ft (8.5 by 11.0 m) occupying a volume of 36,288 cu ft (1,027.6 m3) and weighing 1,200 short tons (1,100 t). It is penetrated horizontally through its entire length by 2,004 aluminum tubes containing fuel and vertically by channels housing the control rods.[4]

The core is surrounded by a thermal shield of cast iron 8 to 10 in (20 to 25 cm) thick weighing 1,000 short tons (910 t). Masonite and steel plates enclose the thermal shield on its top and sides, forming a biological shield for radiation protection. The bottom of the thermal shield was supported by a 23 ft-thick (7.0 m) concrete pad topped by cast-iron blocks. Based on the success of the first atomic pile, graphite was selected to moderate the nuclear reaction. This reaction was fueled by 200 short tons (180 t) of metallic uranium slugs approximately 25 mm (1 in) diameter, 70 mm (3 in) long (about as large as of a roll of quarters[4]), sealed in aluminum cans, and loaded into the aluminum tubes.[4]

The reactor was water-cooled. Its coolant was pumped from the Hanford Reach of the Columbia River, through the aluminum tubes and around the uranium slugs at a rate of 75,000 US gal (280,000 L) per minute. The water was discharged into settling basins. Water was held in the basins to permit the decay of short-lived radioactive waste, the settling out of particulate matter gathered from the reactor, and for the water to cool to within 11 °F of the river's temperature. It was then discharged back into the Columbia River.[9]

Map of the Hanford site with the B/C reactor site shown at the upper left.

Operation

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The B Reactor had its first nuclear chain reaction in September 1944, the D Reactor in December 1944 and the F Reactor in February 1945. The initial operation was halted by a problem identified as neutron absorption by the fission product Xe-135, first identified in a research paper of Chien-Shiung Wu that was shared with Fermi.[10] It was overcome by increasing the amount of uranium charged. The reactor produced plutonium-239 by irradiating uranium-238 with neutrons generated by the nuclear reaction. It was one of three reactors – along with the D and F reactors – built about six miles (10 km) apart on the south bank of the Columbia River. Each reactor had its own auxiliary facilities that included a river pump house, large storage and settling basins, a filtration plant, large motor-driven pumps for delivering water to the face of the pile, and facilities for emergency cooling in case of a power failure.[4]

Emergency shutdown of the reactor, referred to as a SCRAM, was attained either by rapidly fully inserting the vertical safety rods or, as a backup method, by the injection of borated water into the reactor. In January 1952, the borated water system was replaced by a "Ball-3X" system that injected nickel-plated high-boron steel balls into the channels occupied by the vertical safety rods.[4]

The plutonium for the nuclear bomb used in the Trinity test in New Mexico and the Fat Man bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Japan was created in the B reactor. The B Reactor ran for two decades, and was joined by additional reactors constructed later. It was permanently shut down in February 1968.[4][11]

Current status

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Exterior of the Hanford B Reactor as of 2018
Hanford B Reactor Control Station as of 2018
Hanford B Reactor Tubes and Elevator as of 2018

The United States Department of Energy has administered the site since 1977[12][13] and offers public tours on set dates during the spring, summer, and fall of the year, as well as special tours for visiting officials.[6][14]

As of 2014 six of the nine production reactors at Hanford were considered to be in "interim safe storage" status, and two more were to receive similar treatment. The exception was the B Reactor, which was given special status for its historical significance.[15]

In a process called cocooning or entombment, the reactor buildings are demolished up to the 4 ft-thick (1.2 m) concrete shield around the reactor core. Any openings are sealed and a new roof is built.[16] Most auxiliary buildings at the first three reactors have been demolished, as well. The C reactor was put into operation in 1952 and was shut down in 1969.[17] It was cocooned as of 1998.[18] The D reactor operated from 1944 to June 1967, and was cocooned in 2004. The DR Reactor went online in October 1950,[19] and was shut down in 1964. It was cocooned in 2002.[20] The F reactor was shut down in June 1965 and cocooned in 2003.[21] The H Reactor became operational as of October 1949 and was shut down as of April 1965. It was cocooned as of 2005.[22] Cocooning of the N-Reactor, which operated from 1963 to 1987, was completed as of 14 June 2012.[23] The decommissioned reactors are inspected every five years by the Department of Energy.[18]

The K East and K West reactors were built in the 1950s and went into use in 1955. They were shut down in 1970 and 1971, but reused temporarily for storage later.[24] Preliminary plans for interim stabilizing of the K-East and K-West reactors were underway as of 30 January 2018.[16]

The B Reactor was added to the National Register of Historic Places (#92000245) on 3 April 1992. A Record of Decision (ROD) was issued in 1999, and an EPA Action Memorandum in 2001 authorized hazards mitigation in the reactor with the intention of allowing public tours of the reactor.[25] It was named a National Historic Landmark on 19 August 2008.[3][4]

In December 2014, passage of the 2015 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) made the B reactor part of the Manhattan Project National Historical Park, which also includes historic sites at Oak Ridge, Tennessee and Los Alamos, New Mexico.[26][27] The park was formally established by a Memorandum of Agreement on November 10, 2015, which was signed by the National Park Service and the Department of Energy. Museum development at Hanford may include the B Reactor, Bruggemann's Warehouse, Hanford High School, Pump House, and White Bluffs Bank.[28]

Timeline of major events

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Year Date Event
1943 October U.S. Army Corps of Engineers breaks ground to build B Reactor[29]
1944 13 September First uranium fuel slug loaded into B Reactor[29]
1944 26 September Initial reactor criticality achieved[29]
1945 3 February B Reactor plutonium delivered to Los Alamos[29]
1945 16 July B Reactor plutonium used in world's first nuclear explosion. (Trinity Test Site, New Mexico) [29]
1945 9 August B Reactor plutonium used in Fat Man bomb dropped on Nagasaki, Japan[29]
1946 March B Reactor operations suspended[29]
1948 June B Reactor operation resumed[29]
1949 March B Reactor begins production of tritium for use in hydrogen bombs[29]
1954 1 March First use of B Reactor tritium in a test detonation of a hydrogen bomb at Bikini Atoll[citation needed]
1968 January 29 Atomic Energy Commission directs shutdown of B Reactor[29]
1976 B Reactor declared National Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark by American Society of Mechanical Engineers[29]
1994 B Reactor declared National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by American Society of Civil Engineers[29]
2008 B Reactor declared National Historic Landmark by U.S. Department of Interior and National Park Service[29]
2009 U.S. Department of Energy announces public tours[30]
2011 July National Park Service recommends B Reactor be included in a national historic park commemorating the Manhattan Project.[5]
2014 December 2015 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) includes B reactor in Manhattan Project National Historical Park[26]
2015 10 November Manhattan Project National Historical Park formally established by Memorandum of Agreement[28]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Shannon Dininny (26 August 2008). "World's first nuclear reactor now a landmark". Associated Press. Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 26 August 2008. Construction began on June 7, 1943...
  2. ^ "Department of Energy – B Reactor". United States Department of Energy. 20 April 2007. Archived from the original on 16 September 2008. Retrieved 26 August 2008. Completed in September 1944...
  3. ^ a b c "Weekly List Actions". National Park Service. 29 August 2008. Archived from the original on 31 October 2008. Retrieved 30 August 2008.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h Michele S. Gerber; Brian Casserly; Frederick L. Brown (February 2007). "National Historic Landmark Nomination: B Reactor / 105-B; The 105-B Building in the 100-B/C Area at Hanford" (PDF). National Park Service. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2012. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  5. ^ a b Cary, Annette (13 July 2011). "HANFORD: Park service recommends B Reactor for national park". Tri-City Herald. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 17 July 2011.
  6. ^ a b "The B Reactor National Historic Landmark". Manhattan Project: B Reactor. Retrieved 12 November 2015.
  7. ^ The New World 1939, Page 71, Richard G. Hewlett, 1972
  8. ^ "B Reactor". U.S. Department of Energy.
  9. ^ United States Department of Energy. "Hanford Site Virtual Tours: 100-B Area". Hanford Site website. Richland, Washington. Archived from the original on 17 September 2008. Retrieved 23 October 2009.
  10. ^ Dicke, William (18 February 1997). "Chien-Shiung Wu, 84, Top Experimental Physicist".
  11. ^ Boyle, Rebecca (2017). "Greetings from Isotopia". Distillations. 3 (3): 26–35. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  12. ^ Long, Tony (4 August 1977). "All U.S. Energy Placed Under Single Roof". Wired.com. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  13. ^ "S. 826 — 95th Congress: Department of Energy Organization Act". www.GovTrack.us. 1977. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  14. ^ "Hanford Site Tours". Hanford.gov. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  15. ^ National Research Council (2014). Best Practices for Risk-Informed Decision Making Regarding Contaminated Sites: Summary of a Workshop Series. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. ISBN 978-0-309-30305-7. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  16. ^ a b Office of Environmental Management (30 January 2018). "Hanford Workers Enter Reactor to Prepare for Cocooning". Energy.gov. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  17. ^ "C Reactor". Hanford.gov. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  18. ^ a b Cary, Annette (4 July 2015). "Looking inside Hanford's cocooned reactors". Tri-City Herald. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  19. ^ "D and DR Reactors". Hanford.gov. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  20. ^ "ISS Reactors". Hanford.gov. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  21. ^ Cary, Annette (22 October 2014). "Hanford's F Reactor passes 5-year inspection". Tri-City Herald. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  22. ^ "H Reactor". Hanford.gov. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  23. ^ Office of Environmental Management (14 June 2012). "N Reactor Placed In Interim Safe Storage: Largest Hanford Reactor Cocooning Project Now Complete". Energy.gov. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  24. ^ Gerber, Michele Stenehjem (2007). On the home front : the cold war legacy of the Hanford nuclear site (3rd ed.). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. p. 227. ISBN 978-0803259959. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  25. ^ Potter, Robert F. "Preserving the Hanford B-Reactor: A Monument to the Dawn of the Nuclear Age". APS Physics. Retrieved 19 June 2018.
  26. ^ a b "Congress Passes Manhattan Project National Historical Park Act". Atomic Heritage Foundation. 12 December 2014. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  27. ^ "B Reactor Museum Association Richland, Washington, USA". B Reactor. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  28. ^ a b "Foundation Document Manhattan Project National Historical Park Tennessee, New Mexico, Washington" (PDF). NATIONAL PARK SERVICE • U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. January 2017. p. 33. Retrieved 20 June 2018.
  29. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Ms, Gerber (May 2009), Manhattan Project B Reactor: World's first full-scale nuclear reactor, vol. HNF-41115, Rev. 0, US Department of Energy, OSTI 952590
  30. ^ Manhattan Project B Reactor Tour Information, 14 February 2011, archived from the original on 21 July 2011, retrieved 17 July 2011

Further reading

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