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{{Infobox_Country
|native_name = {{lang|fr|''République d'Haïti''}}<br />{{lang|ht|''Repiblik Ayiti''}}
|conventional_long_name = Republic of Haiti
|common_name = Haiti
|image_flag = Flag_of_Haiti.svg
|image_coat = Coat of arms of Haiti.svg
|image_map = LocationHaiti.svg
|national_motto = ''"L'Union Fait La Force"''{{spaces|2}}<small>([[French language|French]])</small><br/>''"Linyon Fe Lafòs"''{{spaces|2}}<small>([[Haitian Creole language|Haitian Creole]])</small><br/>"Strength through Unity"</small>
|national_anthem = ''[[La Dessalinienne]]''
|official_languages = [[French language|French]], [[Haitian Creole language|Haitian Creole]]
|demonym = Haitian
|ethnic_groups = 90% [[Black (people)|Black]], 10% [[Mulatto]], [[Mestico]], [[Asian]], [[European ethnic groups|White]], [[Middle Eastern]], and other <ref>[http://wiki.riteme.site/wiki/Demographics_of_haiti -- Haiti]</ref>
|capital = [[Port-au-Prince]]
|latd=18 |latm=32 |latNS=N |longd=72 |longm=20 |longEW=W
|largest_city = capital
|government_type = [[Presidential system|Presidential republic]]
|leader_title1 = [[List of Presidents of Haiti|President]]
|leader_name1 = [[René Préval]]
|leader_title2 = [[List of Prime Ministers of Haiti|Prime Minister]]
|leader_name2 = [[Michèle Pierre-Louis]]
|area_rank = 147th
|area_magnitude = 1 E10
|area_km2 = 27,751
|area_sq_mi = 10,714 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
|percent_water = 0.7
|population_estimate = 8,706,497<ref name = "Haiti in CIA World Factbook"/>
|population_estimate_rank = 85th
|population_estimate_year = 2007
|population_census = 8,527,817
|population_census_year = 2003
|population_density_km2 = 335
|population_density_sq_mi = 758.1 <!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]-->
|population_density_rank = 38th
|GDP_PPP = $11.150 billion<ref name=imf2>{{cite web|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2008/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?sy=2004&ey=2008&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=263&s=NGDPD%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPGDP%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a=&pr.x=58&pr.y=7 |title=Haiti|publisher=International Monetary Fund|accessdate=2008-10-09}}</ref>
|GDP_PPP_rank = 133th
|GDP_PPP_year = 2007
|GDP_PPP_per_capita = $1,291<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_nominal = $6.031 billion<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_nominal_year = 2007
|GDP_nominal_per_capita = $698<ref name=imf2/>
|GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 154th
|sovereignty_type = [[History of Haiti|Formation]]
|established_event1 = as [[Saint-Domingue]]
|established_date1 = 1697
|established_event2 = [[Independence]] from [[France]]
|established_date2 = <br />1 January 1804
|HDI = {{increase}} 0.529
|HDI_rank = 146th
|HDI_year = 2007
|HDI_category = <font color="#ffcc00">medium</font>
|Gini = 59.2
|Gini_year = 2001
|Gini_category = <font color="#e0584e">high</font>
|currency = [[Haitian gourde|Gourde]]
|currency_code = HTG
|country_code =
|time_zone =
|utc_offset = -5
|drives_on = right
|cctld = [[.ht]]
|calling_code = 509
}}

'''Haiti''' ('''[[English language|English]]''': {{pronEng|ˈheɪ·tiː}} or {{pronEng|haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː}}; '''[[French language|French]]''' ''[[wikt:fr:Haïti|Haïti]]'' {{pronounced|a·i·ti}}; '''[[Haitian Creole language|Haitian Creole]]''': ''Ayiti''), officially the '''Republic of Haiti''' ({{lang|fr|''République d'Haïti''}} ; {{lang|ht|''Repiblik Ayiti''}}), is a [[Haitian Creole language|Creole]]- and [[French language|French]]-speaking [[Caribbean]] country. Along with the [[Dominican Republic]], it occupies the island of [[Hispaniola]], in the [[Greater Antilles|Greater Antillean]] [[archipelago]]. ''Ayiti'' (Land on high) was the indigenous [[Taíno]] or [[Amerindian]] name for the island. The country's highest point is [[Pic la Selle]], at {{convert|2680|m|ft|0|}}. The total area of Haiti is 27,750&nbsp;[[square kilometre]]s (10,714&nbsp;[[square mile|sq&nbsp;mi]]) and its capital is [[Port-au-Prince]].

Haiti's regional, historical, and ethnolinguistic position is unique for several reasons. It was the first independent nation in the Caribbean, the first [[Decolonization|post-colonial]] independent [[African people|black]]-led nation in the world, and the only nation whose independence was gained as part of a successful [[slave rebellion]]. Haiti is the only predominantly [[Francophone]] nation in the Caribbean, and one of only two in [[North America]] (along with [[Canada]]) which designate French as an official language; the other French-speaking North American countries are all [[Overseas department|overseas]] ''[[Departments of France|départements]]'' of [[France]].

==Derivation of the name of the country==
The name ''Haiti'' comes from the [[Taíno]] word ''Aytí'', which means "Mountainous Land" and referred to the entire island later called Hispaniola. The French staked their claim on the entire island based on settlement of [[Tortuga]] and [[Gonâve Island|Gonâve]] islands by French pirates in the 16th century. France officially incorporated the colony in the early 1600s. In 1697, with the signing of the [[Treaty of Ryswick]] with [[Spain]], the French took the western third of the island, naming their colony ''Saint-Domingue''. The Spanish kept control of Santo Domingo, the eastern two-thirds of the island. Following the [[Haitian Revolution|revolution]] and Saint-Domingue's declaration of independence from France on 1 January, 1804, leader [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]], of African descent, restored the original Taíno name of Haiti as an ode of honor to the Amerindian predecessors and as a demonstration of defiance against France.

==History==
{{main|History of Haiti}}
{{seealso|2004 Haitian rebellion|United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti}}<!--Please add new information to relevant articles of the series-->
===The Taíno===
The island of [[Hispaniola]], of which Haiti occupies the western third, was originally inhabited by the [[Taíno]] [[Arawak]]s, a seafaring branch of the South American Arawaks. [[Christopher Columbus]] landed at [[Môle Saint-Nicolas]] on 5 December 1492, and claimed the island for Spain. Nineteen days later, his ship the [[Santa Maria]] ran aground near the present site of [[Cap-Haitien]]; Columbus was forced to leave 39 men, founding the settlement of [[La Navidad]]. Ayti, which means "mountainous land", is a name used by the Taíno-Arawak people, who also called some sections of it Bohio, meaning "rich villages". Kiskeya is yet a third term that has been attributed to the Taínos for the island.

The Taíno population on Hispaniola was divided through a system of established ''cacicazgos'' (chiefdoms), named Marien, Maguana, Higuey, Magua and Xaragua, which could be further subdivided. The cacicazgos (later called ''caciques'' in French) were tributary kingdoms, with payment consisting of food grown by the Taíno. Taino cultural artifacts include cave paintings in several locations in the nation, which have become national symbols of Haiti and tourist attractions. Modern-day [[Léogane]], a town in the southwest, is at the epicenter of what was the chiefdom of Xaragua.
[[Image:Piktograf1.png|thumb|right|1510 pictograph telling a story of missionaries arriving in [[Hispaniola]]]]

Following the destruction of La Navidad by the Amerindians, Columbus moved to the eastern side of the island and established [[La Isabela]]. One of the earliest leaders to fight off Spanish conquest was Queen [[Anacaona]], a Taíno princess from Xaragua who married Chief Caonabo, a Taíno king (cacique) from Maguana. The two resisted European rule but to no avail; she was captured by the Spanish and executed in front of her people. To this day, Anacaona is revered in Haiti as one of the country's first founders, preceding the likes of founding fathers such as [[Toussaint Louverture]] and [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]]. The [[Spaniards]] exploited the island for its gold, mined chiefly by local [[Amerindians]] directed by the Spanish occupiers. Those refusing to work in the mines were slaughtered or forced into slavery. Europeans brought chronic infectious diseases with them that were new to the Caribbean. Diseases were the most powerful of the elements because the Taíno had no natural immunity, but ill treatment, malnutrition and a drastic drop of the birthrate also contributed to decimation of the indigenous population.

The Spanish governors began importing enslaved Africans for labor. In 1517, [[Carlos V, Holy Roman Emperor]] and [[King of Spain]], authorized the draft of slaves. The Taínos became virtually extinct on the island of Hispaniola. Some who evaded capture fled to the mountains and established independent settlements. There survivors mixed with escaped African slaves (runaways called maroons) and produced a multiracial generation called ''zambos''. French settlers later called people of mixed African and Amerindian ancestry ''[[Marabou (ethnicity)|marabou]]''. The ''mestizo'' increased in number from children born to relationships between native women and European men. Others were born as a result of unions between African women and European men, who were called ''mulatto'' in Spanish and ''mulâtre'' in French.

The western part of Hispaniola soon was settled by French [[buccaneer]]s. Among them, Bertrand D'Ogeron succeeded in growing tobacco, which prompted many of the numerous buccaneers and freebooters to turn into settlers. This population did not submit to Spanish royal authority until the year 1660 and caused a number of conflicts.

===17th century settlement===
Bertrand D'Orgeron attracted many colonists from [[Martinique]] and [[Guadeloupe]], such as the Roy family (Jean Roy, 1625-1707), Hebert (Jean Hebert, 1624, with his family) and the Barre (Guillaume Barre, 1642, with his family), driven out by pressure on lands generated by extension of sugar plantations. From 1670 to 1690, a drop in the tobacco markets affected the island and significantly reduced the number of settlers. Freebooters grew stronger, plundering settlements, such as those of Vera Cruz in 1683 and Campêche in 1686. [[Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Marquis de Seignelay]], elder son of [[Jean-Baptiste Colbert, Jean-Baptiste James]] and Minister of the Navy, brought back some order. He ordered the establishment of [[indigo]] and [[sugar cane]] plantations. The first windmill for processing sugar was created in 1685.

===Treaty of Ryswick===
France and Spain settled hostilities on the island by the [[Treaty of Ryswick]] of 1697, which divided Hispaniola between them. France received the western third and subsequently named it [[Saint-Domingue]]. Many French colonists soon arrived and established plantations in Saint-Domingue due to high profit potential. From 1713 to 1787, approximately 30,000 colonists, emigrated from [[Bordeaux]], France to the western part of the island. By about 1790, Saint-Domingue had greatly overshadowed its eastern counterpart in terms of wealth and population. It quickly became the richest French colony in the New World due to the immense profits from the sugar, coffee and indigo industries. The labor and knowledge of thousands of enslaved Africans made it possible, who brought skills and technology for indigo production to the island. The French-enacted [[Code Noir]] (Black Code), prepared by [[Colbert]] and ratified by [[Louis XIV]], established rigid rules on slave treatment and permissible freedom.

===The Haitian Revolution===
{{main|Haitian Revolution}}
[[Image:Dessalines.jpg|thumb|right|115px|[[Jean Jacques Dessalines]], leader of the Haitian Revolution and the first ruler of an independent Haiti.]]

The [[French Revolution]] contributed to social upheavals in Saint-Domingue and the French and West Indies. Most important was the revolution of the slaves in Saint-Domingue, starting on the northern plains in 1791. In 1792 the French government sent three commissioners with troops to try to reestablish control. They began to build an alliance with [[gens de couleur]], who were looking for their rights. In 1793, France and Great Britain went to war, and British troops invaded Saint-Domingue. The execution of [[Louis XVI]] heightened tensions in the colony. To build an alliance with the gens de couleur and slaves, the French commissioners [[Sonthonax]] and [[Polverel]] abolished slavery in the colony. Six months later, the national [[Convention]] endorsed abolition and extended it to all of the French colonies.

[[Toussaint Louverture]], a former slave and leader in the slave revolt who rose in importance as a military commander because of his many skills, achieved peace in Saint-Domingue after years of war against both external invaders and internal dissension. He had established a disciplined, flexible army and driven out both the Spaniards and the English invaders who threatened the colony. He restored stability and prosperity by daring measures, including inviting the return of planters and insisting that freedmen work on plantations to renew revenues for the island. He also renewed trading ties with [[Great Britain]] and the [[United States]].

===Independence===
The French government changes and the legislature began to rethink its decisions on slavery in the colonies. After [[Toussaint Louverture]] created a separatist constitution, [[Napoleon Bonaparte]] sent an expedition of 30,000 men under the command of his brother-in-law, General [[Charles Leclerc]], to retake the island. Bonaparte was influenced by [[Creole peoples|Creole]] planters and traders. Leclerc's mission was to oust Louverture and restore slavery. The French achieved some victories. In addition, Leclerc kidnapped Toussaint Louverture and sent him to France, where he was imprisoned at Fort de Joux. He died there of malnutrition and pneumonia.

The native leader [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]], long an ally of Toussaint Louverture, defeated the French troops led by [[Donatien-Marie-Joseph de Vimeur, vicomte de Rochambeau]] at the [[Battle of Vertières]]. At the end of the double battle for emancipation and independence, former slaves proclaimed the independence of Saint-Domingue on 1 January 1804, declaring the new nation as Haiti, honoring the original indigenous Taíno name for the island. Haiti was consequently the first country in the Western Hemisphere to abolish slavery.

Dessalines was proclaimed governor for life by his troops. He exiled the remaining whites and ruled as a despot. He was assassinated on 17 October 1806. The country was divided then between a kingdom in the north directed by [[Henri Christophe]], and a republic in the south directed by a ''gens de couleur'' [[Alexandre Pétion]]. President [[Jean Pierre Boyer]], also a ''gens de couleur'', managed to reunify these two parts and extend control again over the eastern part of the island.

In July 1825, the king of France [[Charles X]] sent a fleet of fourteen vessels and troops to reconquer the island. To maintain independence, President Boyer agreed to a treaty by which France recognized the independence of the country in exchange for a payment of 150 million francs (the sum was reduced in 1838 to 90 million francs).

A long succession of coups followed the departure of Jean-Pierre Boyer. National authority was disputed by factions of the army, the
elite class and the growing commercial class, now made up of numerous immigrants: [[Germans]], [[United States|Americans]], [[French people|French]] and [[English people|English]].

===20th century===
The United States [[United States occupation of Haiti|occupied]] the island from 1915 to 1934. From 1957 to 1986, the [[Duvalier]] family reigned as dictators. They created the private army and terrorist death squads known as ''[[Tonton Macoute]]s''. Many Haitians fled to exile in the United States and [[Canada]], especially French-speaking [[Quebec]].

In December 1990, the former priest [[Jean-Bertrand Aristide]] won the [[Haitian general election, 1990–1991|election]]. His mandate began on 7 February 1991. In August 1991, Jean-Bertrand Aristide’s government faced a [[Motion of no confidence|non-confidence vote]] within the Haitian Chamber of Deputies and Senate. 83 voted against him, and only 11 members voted in support of Aristide’s government. Following a Coup D'etat in September 1991 President Aristide flew into exile. In accordance with Article 149, of Haiti’s Constitution of 1987, Supreme Court Justice Joseph Nerette was named Provisional President and elections were called for December, 1991. These were blocked by the international community and chaos resulted extending into 1994.

In 1994, Haitian [[General officer|General]] [[Raoul Cédras]] asked former [[President of the United States|U.S. President]] [[Jimmy Carter]] to help avoid a [[Military of the United States|U.S. military]] [[invasion]] of Haiti.<ref name="CCHaiti">{{Citation | author= The Carter Center| title="Activities by Country: Haiti"|url=http://www.cartercenter.org/countries/haiti.html|accessdate=2008-07-17}}</ref> President Carter relayed this information to [[Bill Clinton|President Clinton]], who asked Carter, in his role as founder of [[Carter Center|The Carter Center]], to undertake a mission to Haiti with [[United States Senate|Senator]] [[Sam Nunn]], [[Democratic Party (United States)|D]]-[[Georgia (U.S. state)|GA]], and former [[Joint Chiefs of Staff]] Chairman [[Colin Powell]].<ref name="CCHaiti"/> The team successfully negotiated the departure of Haiti's military leaders, and the peaceful entry of U.S. forces under [[Operation Uphold Democracy]], paving the way for the restoration of Jean-Bertrande Aristide as president.<ref name="CCHaiti"/>

Aristide left the presidency in 1995. He was [[Haitian general election, 2000|re-elected in 2000]]. The election of 2000 was not recognized by the international community, which claimed that massive fraud had taken place{{Fact|date=September 2008}}. The country continued to struggle. In 2004, after several months of popular demonstrations against him because of a poor economy and his corruption, and pressures exerted by the international community, especially by France, the USA and Canada, Aristide went into exile on 29 February 2004.

[[Boniface Alexandre]] assumed interim authority. In February 2006, following [[Haitian general election, 2006|elections]] marked by uncertainties and popular demonstrations, [[René Préval]], close to Aristide and former president of the Republic of Haiti between 1995 and 2000, was elected.

The government of Haiti is a [[presidential system|presidential]] [[republic]], pluriform multiparty system wherein the [[President of Haiti]] is [[head of state]] directly elected by popular [[elections in Haiti|elections]]. The Prime Minister acts as [[head of government]] and is appointed by the President from the majority party in the National Assembly. [[Executive power]] is exercised by the President and Prime Minister who together constitute the government.

[[Legislative power]] is vested in both the [[government]] and the two chambers of the [[National Assembly of Haiti]]. The government is organized [[unitary state|unitarily]], thus the [[central government]] ''delegates'' powers to the departments without a constitutional need for consent. The current structure of Haiti's political system was set forth in the [[Constitution of Haiti]] on 29 March 1987. The current president is [[René Préval]].

The [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti]] (also known as MINUSTAH) has been in the country since 2004.

Haitian politics have been contentious. Most Haitians are aware of Haiti's history as the only country in the Western Hemisphere to undergo a successful [[Haitian Revolution|slave revolution]]. On the other hand, the long history of [[oppression]] by dictators, including [[François Duvalier]], has markedly affected the nation. [[France]] and the [[United States]] have repeatedly intervened in Haitian politics since the country's founding, sometimes at the request of one party or another. People's awareness of the threat of such intervention also permeates national life.

==Politics==
{{main|Politics of Haiti}}
{{see also|Elections in Haiti|National Assembly of Haiti|President of Haiti}}

The politics of Haiti takes place in a framework of a [[presidential republic]]. It is a pluriform multiparty system in which the [[President of Haiti]] is [[head of state]] directly elected by popular vote. The Prime Minister acts as [[head of government]] and is appointed by the President from the majority party in the National Assembly. [[Executive power]] is exercised by the President and Prime Minister who together constitute the government. [[Legislative power]] is vested in both the government and the two chambers of the [[National Assembly of Haiti]]. The government is organized unitarily. Therefore, the [[central government]] delegates powers to the departments without a constitutional need for consent. The current structure of Haiti's political system was set forth in the [[Constitution of Haiti|Constitution of March 29, 1987]].

==Departments, arrondissements, and communes==
{{main|Departments of Haiti}}
{{see|Arrondissements and communes of Haiti}}
Haiti is divided into 10 [[Departments of Haiti|departments]]. The departments are listed below, with the departmental capital cities in parentheses.

[[Image:Haiti departments numbered.png|right|thumb|300px|Departments of Haiti]]

# [[Artibonite Department|Artibonite]] ([[Gonaïves]])
# [[Centre Department|Centre]] ([[Hinche]])
# [[Grand'Anse Department|Grand'Anse]] ([[Jérémie]])
# [[Nippes Department|Nippes]] ([[Miragoâne]])
# [[Nord Department|Nord]] ([[Cap-Haïtien]])
# [[Nord-Est Department|Nord-Est]] ([[Fort-Liberté]])
# [[Nord-Ouest Department|Nord-Ouest]] ([[Port-de-Paix]])
# [[Ouest Department|Ouest]] ([[Port-au-Prince]])
# [[Sud-Est Department|Sud-Est]] ([[Jacmel]])
# [[Sud Department|Sud]] ([[Les Cayes]])

The departments are further divided into 41 [[arrondissement]]s, and 133 [[commune (country subdivision)|communes]] which serve as second and third level administrative divisions.

==Geography==
[[Image:Haiti map.png|right|thumb|250px|Map of Haiti]]
{{main|Geography of Haiti}}
Haiti is situated on the western part of Hispaniola, the second largest island in the Greater Antilles. Haiti is the third largest country in the Caribbean behind [[Cuba]] and the [[Dominican Republic]] (the latter shares a 360 kilometre (224 mi) border with Haiti). Haiti at its closest point is only about {{convert|45|nmi|mi km|-1}} away from Cuba and boasts the second longest coastline ({{convert|1771|km|mi|abbr=on|disp=/}}) of any country in the Antilles, Cuba having the longest. Haiti's terrain consists mainly of rugged mountains interspersed with small coastal plains and river valleys.

The northern region consists of the ''Massif du Nord'' (Northern Massif) and the ''Plaine du Nord'' (Northern Plain). The ''Massif du Nord'' is an extension of the ''Cordillera Central'' in the Dominican Republic. It begins at Haiti's eastern border, north of the [[Guayamouc River]], and extends to the northwest through the northern peninsula. The lowlands of the ''Plaine du Nord'' lie along the northern border with the Dominican Republic, between the ''Massif du Nord'' and the North Atlantic Ocean. The central region consists of two plains and two sets of mountain ranges. The ''Plateau Central'' (Central Plateau) extends along both sides of the Guayamouc River, south of the ''Massif du Nord''. It runs from the southeast to the northwest. To the southwest of the ''Plateau Central'' are the ''Montagnes Noires'', whose most northwestern part merges with the ''Massif du Nord''.

[[Image:haitimangrove.jpg|left|thumb|250px|Mangrove forest in Haiti]]
The southern region consists of the [[Plaine du Cul-de-Sac]] (the southeast) and the mountainous southern peninsula (also known as the [[Tiburon Peninsula]]). The Plaine du Cul-de-Sac is a natural depression which harbors the country's saline lakes, such as [[Trou Caïman]] and Haiti's largest lake [[Etang Saumatre|Lac Azuei]]. The [[Chaîne de la Selle]] mountain range, an extension of the southern mountain chain of the Dominican Republic (the Sierra de Baoruco), extends from the Massif de la Selle in the east to the [[Massif de la Hotte]] in the west. This mountain range harbors [[Pic la Selle]], the highest point in Haiti at 2,680&nbsp;metres (8,793&nbsp;ft).

The country's most important valley in terms of crops is the Plaine de l'Artibonite, which is oriented south of the Montagnes Noires. This region supports the country's (also Hispaniola's) longest river, the [[Artibonite River|Riviere l'Artibonite]] which begins in the western region of the [[Dominican Republic]] and continues most of its length through central Haiti and onward where it empties into the [[Gulf of Gonâve|Golfe de la Gonâve]]. The eastern and central region of the island is a large elevated plateau. Haiti also includes various offshore islands. The historically famous island of [[Tortuga]] (Île de la Tortue) is located off the coast of northern Haiti. The [[arrondissement]] of [[La Gonâve]] is located on the island of the same name, in the [[Gulf of Gonâve|Golfe de la Gonâve]]. Gonave Island is moderately populated by rural villagers. [[Île à Vache]] (Island of Cows) is located off the tip of southwestern Haiti. It is a lush island with many beautiful sights. Also part of Haiti are the [[Cayemites]] and Ile de Anacaona.

==Environment==
{{main|Deforestation in Haiti}}

In 1925, Haiti was lush, with 60% of its original forest covering the lands and mountainous regions. Since then, the population has cut down all but an estimated 2% of its original forest cover, and in the process has destroyed fertile farmland soils, contributing to [[desertification]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://countrystudies.us/haiti/53.htm |title=Forestry |publisher= |accessdate=2006-09-18}}</ref> Erosion has been severe in the mountainous areas. Most Haitian logging is done to produce [[charcoal]], the country's chief source of fuel. The plight of Haiti's forests has attracted international attention, and has led to numerous reforestation efforts, but these have met with little success to date. Despite the large environmental crises, Haiti retains a very high amount of [[biodiversity]] in proportion to its small size. The country is home to more than 6,000 plants, of which 35% are endemic; and 220 species of birds, of which 21 species are endemic. The country's high biodiversity is due to its mountainous topography and fluctuating elevations in which each elevation harbors different microclimates and its own specific native fauna and flora. The country's varied scenery include lush green [[cloud forest]]s (in some of the mountain ranges and the protected areas), high mountain peaks, arid desert, mangrove forest, and [[Arecaceae|palm tree]]-lined beaches.<ref>[http://kiskeya-alternative.org/publica/diversos/haiti-dream-ecotourism.html Can Haiti dream of ecotourism ? - Paul Parisky, Kiskeya Alternativa's publications<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
[[Image:Haiti flood 1.jpg|thumb|145px|right|2004 Haiti flood]]

===Environmental issues===
In addition to [[Erosion|soil erosion]], [[deforestation]] has caused periodic flooding, as seen on 17 September 2004. [[Hurricane Jeanne#Haiti|Tropical storm Jeanne]] skimmed the north coast of Haiti, leaving 3,006 people dead in flooding and mudslides, mostly in the city of [[Gonaïves]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.orlandosentinel.com/sfl-0923haitigallery,0,7266223.photogallery |title=Photo Gallery: Jeanne hits Haiti |publisher=Orlando Sentinel |accessdate=2006-09-18}}</ref> Earlier that year in May, floods killed over 3,000 people on Haiti's southern border with the Dominican Republic.<ref>[http://www.globalexchange.org/countries/americas/haiti/2497.html Deforestation Exacerbates Haiti Floods<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>

Haiti was again pummeled by tropical storms in late August and early September 2008. The storms – [[Tropical Storm Fay]], [[Hurricane Gustav]], [[Hurricane Hanna]] and [[Hurricane Ike]] – all produced heavy winds and rain in Haiti. Due to weak soil conditions throughout Haiti, the country’s mountainous terrain, and the devastating coincidence of four storms within less than four weeks, valley and lowland areas throughout the country experienced massive flooding. Casualties proved difficult to count because the storm diminished human capacity and physical resources for such record keeping. Bodies continued to surface as the flood waters receded. A 10 September 2008 source listed 331 dead and 800,000 in need of humanitarian aid.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/americas/haiti/story/680730.html |title=UN seeks almost $108 million for Haiti floods |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref> The grim state of affairs produced by these storms was all the more life threatening due to already high food and fuel prices that had caused a food crisis and political unrest in April of 2008.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSN1228245020080413 |title=Haiti's government falls after food riots |accessdate=2008-09-12}}</ref>

As was the case in 2004, the coastal city of Gonaives was hit especially hard by the 2008 storms.

The country is working to implement a biofuel solution to its energy problems.<ref>{{cite web
|url=http://www.upi.com/Energy/Analysis/2007/07/02/analysis_haiti_seeks_a_biofuel_solution/8110/print_view/
|title=Analysis: Haiti seeks a biofuel solution
|publisher=United Press Internation
|accessdate=2007-07-02
}}</ref> Also, environmental organisations such as the [[Peasant Movement of Papay]] (formed by [[Jean-Baptiste Chavannes]]) is trying to find solutions for Haiti's environmental issues.

==Economy==
{{main|Economy of Haiti}}
[[Image:Bas-Ravine.jpg|thumb|220px|left|Bas-Ravine, in the northern part of [[Cap-Haitien]].]]
Haiti has remained the least-developed country in the [[Americas]]. Comparative social and economic indicators show Haiti falling behind other low-income developing countries (particularly in the hemisphere) since the 1980s. Haiti now ranks 146th of 177 countries in the United Nations [[Human Development Index]] (2006). About 80% of the population were estimated to be living in poverty in 2003.<ref name = "Haiti in CIA World Factbook"/> Haiti is the only country in the Americas on the [[United Nations]] list of [[Least Developed Countries]]. Economic growth was negative in 2001 and 2002, and flat in 2003.

About 66% of all Haitians work in the agricultural sector, which consists mainly of small-scale subsistence farming,<ref name = "Haiti in CIA World Factbook"/> but this activity makes up only 30% of the GDP. The country has experienced little formal job creation over the past decade, although the [[informal economy]] is growing. Mangoes and coffee are two of Haiti's most important exports.<ref name="Haiti in CIA World Factbook">{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ha.html#People |title=CIA - The World Factbook &ndash; Haiti |date=2008-03-20 |publisher=United States |accessdate=2007-12-20}}</ref> It has consistently ranked among the most corrupt countries in the world on the [[Corruption Perceptions Index]].

Foreign aid makes up approximately 30%-40% of the national government's budget. The largest donor is the United States followed by Canada, and the European Union also contributes. Venezuela and Cuba also make various contributions to Haiti's economy, especially after alliances were renewed in 2006-7.

U.S. aid to the Haitian government was completely cut off in 2001-2004 after the 2000 election was disputed and President [[Aristide]] was accused of various misdeeds. After Aristide's departure in 2004, aid was restored, and the Brazilian army led the [[United Nations Stabilization Mission in Haiti]] peacekeeping operation.

==Education==
{{main|Education in Haiti}}
Of Haiti's 8.7 million inhabitants, just below half are [[illiterate]]. The literacy rate of 52.9% is the lowest in the region. Haiti counts 15,200 primary schools, of which 90% are non-public and managed by the communities, religious organizations or NGOs.<ref>{{cite news | title=Education: Overview | url =http://www.usaid.gov/ht/education.htm | work =United States Agency for International Development | accessdate = 2007-11-15}}</ref> The enrollment rate for primary school is 67%, of which less than 30% reach 6th grade. Secondary schools enroll 20% of eligible-age children. Charity organizations like [[Food for the Poor]] are currently working on building schools for children as well as providing them necessary school supplies.

The educational system of Haiti is based on the [[Education in France|French system]]. Higher education is provided by universities and other public and private institutions. It is under the responsibility of the Ministry of Education.<ref>{{cite news | first= | last= | coauthors= | title=Education in Haiti; Primary Education | date= | publisher= | url =http://www.buildingwithbooks.org/intra/Intl_Programs/profile_Haiti.html | work = | pages = | accessdate = 2007-11-15 | language = }}</ref>

A list of [[universities]] in Haiti includes:
*[[University of Caraibe]] (''Université Caraïbe'') (CUC)
*[[University of Haiti]] (''Université d'État d'Haïti'') (UEH)
*[[University Notre Dame of Haiti]] (''Université Notre Dame d'Haïti'') (UNDH)
*''Université Chrétienne du Nord d'Haïti'' (UCNH)
*''Université Lumière'' / MEBSH
*''Université Quisqueya'' (UNIQ)
*''Ecole Supérieure d'Infotronique d'Haïti'' (ESIH)

*''Université Roi Henri Christophe''
*''Université Publique de l'Artibonite aux Gonaïves'' (UPAG)
*''Université Publique du Nord au Cap-Haïtien'' (UPNCH)
*''Université Publique du Sud au Cayes'' (UPSAC)

==Demographics==
{{main|Demographics of Haiti}}
[[Image:Haiti-demographie.png|thumb|right|200px|Population of Haiti (in thousands) from 1961 to 2003]]
Although Haiti averages approximately 250 people per square kilometer (650 per sq. mi.), its [[population]] is concentrated most heavily in [[urban area]]s, [[coastal plain]]s, and [[valley]]s. About 90% of Haitians are of predominantly of [[Afro-Carribean]], [[Afro-Latino]] descent. The remainder of the population is mostly [[mulatto|multiracial]], and white (mostly of [[Arab Haitian|Arab]] and European origin). European-descended [[Haitians]] vary in origin; [[French people|French]], [[Polish people|Polish]], [[Spanish people|Spanish]], [[Italian people|Italian]], and [[German people|German]] ancestry is noted. There is a small percentage who are of Asian descent (mostly of [[Chinese]] origin).

===Haitian diaspora===
Like other poor nations in Latin America and the Caribbean, Haiti has witnessed a [[diaspora]] of both educated and poor citizens, some of whom have become illegal immigrants in nearby countries. Millions of Haitians live abroad, chiefly in the [[United States]], [[Dominican Republic]], [[Canada]] (especially in [[Quebec]]), [[France]], [[Bahamas]], [[Cuba]] and the [[Turks and Caicos]].

===In North America===
There is a significant Haitian population in [[South Florida metropolitan area|South Florida]], specifically the [[Miami]] enclave of [[Little Haiti]]. [[New York City]] also has a thriving émigré community with the second largest population of Haitians of any state in the nation. A considerable number also reside in [[Boston, Massachusetts|Boston]]. There is also a large Haitian community in Montreal-North.

===Languages===
One of Haiti's two official languages is [[French language|French]], which is the principal written and administratively authorized language. It is spoken by most educated Haitians and used in the business sector. The second is the recently standardized [[Haitian Creole]],<ref>http://www.indiana.edu/~creole/creolenatllangofhaiti.html</ref> spoken by virtually the entire population of Haiti. Nearly all Haitians speak the latter as a first language, a French-based creole language that harbors significant African influence, as well as influence from Spanish, and Taíno. Residents near the border with the Dominican Republic have often learned enough [[Spanish language|Spanish]] for conversational speaking.

==Culture==
{{main|Culture of Haiti}}
[[Image:Tap tap public transportation Haiti.jpg|thumb|250px|right|"Tap tap" bus in [[Port-Salut]].]]
Haiti has a long and storied history and therefore retains a very rich culture. Haitian culture is a mix of primarily French, African elements, and native [[Taíno]]. With some lesser influence from the colonial Spanish as well as minor influences from colonial Portuguese. The country's customs essentially are a blend of cultural beliefs that derived from the various ethnic groups that inhabited the island of Hispaniola. In nearly all aspects of modern Haitian society however, the European and African element dominate. Haiti is world famous for its [[Haitian art|distinctive art]], notably painting and sculpture.

===Religion===
In May of 2003, President Jean-Bertrand Aristide issued a decree fully recognizing the [[New World]] [[Afro-American religions|Afro-diasporic religion]] of ''[[Haitian Vodou|Vodou]]'' as an official religion in Haiti. According to the presidential decree, the recognition of Vodou granted by the Ministry of Culture and Religious Affairs will have the specific effect of enlisting assistance and protection from any constituted authority. The temples, sacred sites, and Vodou organisations or associations, endowed with the rights and prerogatives associated with their functioning, may obtain qualified support from the State, the decree indicates. Vodou chiefs and temple or sacred site officials are invited to take an oath before the presiding judge of the appropriate civil tribunal. Once they have taken the oath, the Vodou chiefs can be empowered to officiate at baptisms, marriages and funerals.

This decision by the government is based on a set of articles in the constitution and the laws of the Republic. The presidential decree considers that Vodou is an ancestral religion, an essential element of national identity. The authorities consider that it is the duty of the State to protect the cultural heritage of the nation, especially considering that Vodou practitioners, who represent a considerable portion of the Haitian population, have demonstrated through their efforts their desire to structure their institutions, and considering also the participation by Vodou practitioners in the social, political and moral development of the Haitian people

[[Vodou]] is very similar to other regional variations such as [[Brazil]]ian [[Candomblé]], [[Cuba]]n [[Santería]], and [[Espiritismo]] of [[Puerto Rico]].

About 95% of the population follows [[Christianity]], however denominations vary. [[Roman Catholicism]] is the other official state religion besided [[Vodou]] and approximately 80% of the population considder themselfes Catholic. An estimated 15% of the population follows the teachings of various [[Protestant]] churches such as [[Seventh-day Adventist]], [[Pentecostal]], etc. As of 2007 there were 14,772 [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] in Haiti. The Catholic Church has increasingly allowed their churches to be used for Vodou related activities. Protestant churches have been far less tolerant and many missionaries openly combat and demonize traditional Haitian belief systems and cultural practices.

===Carnival===
Haiti has a vibrant and important [[carnival]] season; it is referred to as ''[[Mardi Gras]]'' or ''Carnaval'' in [[French language|French]] and ''Kanaval'' in [[Haitian Creole language|Haitian Creole]]. It is held every year on the Sunday, Monday, and Tuesday before [[Ash Wednesday]]. The [[Jacmel]] Carnival is well known for its appealing displays of original costumes and masks. While it is a rather large carnival, it is dwarfed by the much larger ''Carnival of Port-au-Prince''; the national parade which draws thousands of people annually. Vivid floats sponsored by the country's popular brand name products host some of the country's most well-known musicians. Carnival season is a joyous event attended by both locals as well as visitors from abroad, including the [[diaspora]] and foreigners. During this time, the country is engulfed by music and raucous celebration, a scene in dramatic contrast to the temporarily forgotten troubles that plague the country.

===Music===
{{main|Music of Haiti}}
{{Unreferencedsection|date=February 2008}}
Haiti's most well-known music style is ''[[Compas music|compas]]'' (also known as '''konpa''' or '''kompa'''), a vibrant music and dance genre similar to that of their Cuban neighbors but also related to American jazz. Kompa was created in 1957 by [[Nemours Jean-Baptiste]][http://www.nemoursjeanbastiste.org] and Wébert Sicot. Compas often employs African drumming, modern guitars/synthesized sounds, saxophones, and lyrics sung in [[Haitian Creole]]. Some Haitian Compas bands are well-known throughout the world in the US and Europe, especially in Haitian communities: Tabou Combo, [[T-Vice]], and Carimi for example.

Haitian [[Méringue]], a similar-sounding style to Dominican [[Merengue (music)|Merengue]] is also quite popular. The origins of both genres are unclear however it is believed that they are historically connected somehow. Other genres include ''[[Rasin]]'', ''[[kadans]]'' and ''[[zouk]]'' (a derivation of [[Compas music|compas]], originating from the [[French Antilles]]).

===Cuisine===
[[Image:Ayiti&DR 2007 085.jpg|thumb|right|Haitian cuisine.]]
[[Haitian Cuisine]] is influenced by the methods and foods of [[Spanish cuisine]] as well as by staples originating from [[Africa]] and the local environment (the cuisine of the native [[Taino]]), such as [[cassava]] (kasav), [[yam]], and [[maize]] (mayi). Haitian food, though with unique characteristics, shares much with other cuisines of the Caribbean. Haitian food tends to be mildly spicy. The cuisine features several varieties of [[rice and beans]], the ''de facto'' national dish.

==References==
===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Resources===
* Paul Butel. ''Histoire des Antilles Françaises XVIIe - XXe siècle'', Perrin 2002 ISBN 978-2-2620154-0-6
* [[Noam Chomsky]]. ''U.S. & Haiti''. [http://www.thirdworldtraveler.com/Haiti/US_Haiti_Chomsky.html Z magazine, April 2004] Accessed 2008-05-07.
* [[Wade Davis]] ''The Serpent and The Rainbow''. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1985
* [[Michael Deibert]]. ''Notes from the Last Testament: The Struggle for Haiti''. Seven Stories Press, New York, 2005. ISBN-10: 1583226974.
* [[Jared Diamond]]. 2005. ''[[Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed]].'' New York: Viking. ISBN 0-670-03337-5.
* [[Paul Farmer]]. ''Pathologies of Power: Health, Human Rights, and the New War on the Poor''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003, 2005 edition. ISBN 978-0-520-24326-2.
* Paul Farmer. ''The uses of Haiti''. Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press 2003. ISBN 1-56751-242-9
* Carolyn E. Fick. ''The Making of Haiti: The Saint Domingue Revolution from Below''. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. first ed edition (1 February 1990). ISBN-10: 0870496670, ISBN-13: 978-0870496677
* Alroy Fonseca. [http://haitipapers.googlepages.com/AristidesSecondFallfromPower-ACaseof.pdf "Aristide's Second Fall", April 2006]
* Alroy Fonseca. [http://haitipapers.googlepages.com/CanadaandHaiti-Dist.pdf "Explaining the Shift in Canada's Haiti Policy, 1991-2004", September 2006]
* Robert Debs Heinl and Nancy Gordon Heinl. ''Written in Blood: The Story of the Haitian People 1492-1995''. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1996. ISBN 0761831770
* [[C. L. R. James]]. ''The Black Jacobins: Toussaint L’Ouverture and the San Domingo Revolution''. Vintage, 1938. ISBN 0-679-72467-2.
* [[J. Christopher Kovats-Bernat]]. ''Sleeping Rough in Port-au-Prince: An Ethnography of Violence and Street Children in Haiti''. University Press of Florida, 2006. ISBN 0-8130-3009-9
* [[Mark Kurlansky]]. [http://books.google.com/books?id=Us7n0V43ujEC&dq=continent+of+islands+searching+for+the+caribbean+destiny&pg=PP1&ots=igcAG5mEl0&sig=TQptwCMBVCPbPH7cheOGS1DA-Ps&hl=en&prev=http://www.google.com/search%3Fclient%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26channel%3Ds%26hl%3Den%26q%3DContinent%2Bof%2BIslands:%2BSearching%2Bfor%2Bthe%2BCaribbean%2BDestiny%2B(%26btnG%3DGoogle%2BSearch&sa=X&oi=print&ct=title&cad=one-book-with-thumbnail ''A Continent of Islands: Searching for the Caribbean Destiny'']. Addison-Wesley Publishing, 1992. ISBN 0-201-52396-5.
* Elizabeth McAlister. ''Rara! Vodou, Power, and Performance in Haiti and its Diaspora''. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2002. ISBN 0-520-22823-5.
* Melinda Miles and Eugenia Charles, eds. ''Let Haiti Live: Unjust U.S. Policies Toward Its Oldest Neighbor''. 2004.
* [[Jack Claude Nezat]]. ''The Nezat And Allied Families 1630-2007'' Lulu 2007 ISBN 978-2-9528339-2-9, ISBN 978-0-6151-5001-7
* [[Randall Robinson]]. ''An Unbroken Agony: Haiti, from Revolution to the Kidnapping of a President''. New York: Perseus Books Group, 2007. ISBN 0465070507.
* Martin Ros. ''Night of Fire - The Black Napoleon and the Battle for Haiti''. New York: DaCapo Press, 1993. ISBN 0-9627613-8-9

==External links==
{{sisterlinks|Haiti}}
* [http://www.superhaitian.com The place to share Haiti News, chat, economic ideas, music, and haitian movies.]
* [http://www.fouye.com If It's About Haiti, It's On Fouye!]
* [http://www.sbgq.com/ Haiti: Current events, news, politics, nonprofit]
* [http://www.haiti.org/ Embassy of Haiti to the United States, in Washington, DC]
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/httoc.html Library of Congress - A Country Study: Haiti]
* [http://www.voanews.com/english/broadcast_info.cfm?co=88&lang=13#webcast VOA kreyol]
* [http://www.britannica.com/nations/Haiti Encyclpaedia Britannica - Haiti's country page]
* [http://www.haitiwater.org International Action: Fighting the Water Crisis in Haiti]
* [http://www.hope-for-haiti.org Hope for Haiti: Education and grassroots development in rural Haiti]
* [http://www.premye.ht Search engine for the.ht tld (in french)]
* [http://www.conatel.gouv.ht Official website of The National Telecommunications Council, Conatel (in French)]
* [http://www.uflib.ufl.edu/ufdc/?h=anh&n=dloc&l=fr National Archives of Haiti materials] in the [http://www.dloc.com Digital Library of the Caribbean]
* [http://www.Haitilist.com Haiti List]
* [http://www.websteruniv.edu/~corbetre/haiti/haiti.html Bob Corbett's Haiti Page]
* [http://www.cartercenter.org/countries/haiti.html The Carter Center information on Haiti]

{{Template group
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{{Departments of Haiti}}
{{Countries and territories of the Caribbean}}
{{Countries of North America}}
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{{Template group
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{{Latin Union}}
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[[Category:Haiti| ]]
[[Category:CARICOM members]]
[[Category:Member states of La Francophonie]]
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[[Category:French-speaking countries]]
[[Category:Latin America]]
[[Category:Island countries]]
[[Category:Least Developed Countries]]

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Revision as of 15:09, 3 December 2008

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