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Sulejman Pačariz

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Sulejman Pačariz

Hodja
Native name
Sulejman Paçarizi
Born1900
Bioča near Berane, Ottoman Empire
Died1945
Allegiance
Years of service1941–1945
RankColonel[1]
Unit
Battles / warsWorld War II in Yugoslavia

Hafiz Sulejman Pačariz or Sulejman Paçarizi (1900–1945) was an Islamic cleric of Albanian origin[2] and commander of the detachment of Muslim militia from the village of Hisardžik[3] (Prijepolje, modern-day Serbia) during the Second World War.[4] When Germans took over control over Sandžak in 1943 Pačariz was appointed as commander of SS Polizei-Selbstschutz-Regiment Sandschak. Forces under his command were referred to as Pačarizovci (meaning "those belonging to Pačariz").[1] He allegedly led his forces while riding a black horse.[5] In 1945, Pačariz was captured, put on trial, found guilty for massacres of civilians and executed as war criminal.

Early life

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Pačariz was born in Bioča near Berane in 1900. His father was the local hodža, or Muslim religious leader. In 1912, during the First Balkan War, his village was set on fire by the Army of Montenegro, so his family fled, first to Lozna near Bijelo Polje and then to Brodarevo where his father became the local imam. In 1922, local Chetniks killed his father because he supported the local outlaw Jusuf Mehonjić. Until that time, Sulejman was a member of the Yugoslav gendarmerie. After the murder of his father, Sulejman joined the outlaws of Mehonjić for a short time and joined the gendarmerie again. Before 1930, he accepted the position of imam in Hisardžik. In 1938 Pačariz accepted the position of military imam in the county of Bar.[6]

World War II

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A song and drawing from "Osvit" magazine, published in Sarajevo during World War II

Within the Ustaše

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Main article: Sandžak Muslim militia

At the beginning of the Second World War in Yugoslavia, Ustaše forces of the Independent State of Croatia occupied Sandžak and appointed Pačariz, together with some other Muslim notables from Sandžak, on paid positions of military officers of the Sandžak Muslim militia. They were initially given the ranks of Major, and engaged against the Serbs who were part of the Chetniks.[7] By September 1941, the Ustaše handed control over Sandžak to the Italians.

Within the forces of Italy

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At the end of autumn of 1941, Montenegrin communists attempted to negotiate with Pačariz but failed to convince him and his subordinated officer to join the Partisans. Pačariz mobilized Muslims who lived in Prijepolje, on the right bank of Lim and the former municipalities of Velika Župa and Seljašnica. He received some weapons and military equipment from Ustaše and later from the Italians.[8] Pačariz often reported bigger number of militiamen under his command and kept for himself their monthly salaries received from the Italians.[9]

In mid-November 1941, a Chetnik unit of 40 men went to Kosatica and attempted to disarm the Muslim militia that were commanded by Sulejman Pačariz. The militiamen refused to surrender their arms, and in a subsequent struggle, a firefight engaged where two of them were killed while one Chetnik was wounded. To revenge death of his two men, Muslim militia under command of Pačariz attacked one part of Kosatica that populated by some Serbs and captured, brutally tortured, and killed seven Serbs from Kosatica.[10][11]

Battle of Sjenica

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Main article: Battle of Sjenica (1941)

On the 22nd of December, 1941, forces of the Muslim militia from Hisardžik and Sjenica that were commanded by Pačariz, successfully repelled the attack of Partisans who attempted to capture Sjenica. 18 Partisans were captured during this battle. Pačariz occasionally visited them in Sjenica's prison.[12] In February 1942, Pačariz was convinced by the command of Italian forces in Prijepolje to go to Sjenica and escort the 18 Partisans who were captured in that battle. The Italians intended to exchange the captured Partisans for some of the captured Italians. He escorted 13 Partisans to Prijepolje, leaving the 5 other wounded Partisans in Sjenica.[13][14] All the Partisans that Pačariz brought to the Italians were shot and killed in the Purića stream, below Srijetež.[15]

Pačariz would establish the so-called "flying platoon" of his most loyal men. He used the unit to forcefully mobilize people and to force wealthier Muslims to buy arms from him. Those who opposed him were brutally beaten and terrorized.[16] Pačariz used his position for personal enrichment, both through salary given to him by occupier and through various malversations.[17] In April 1942 Partisans razed three houses of pro-Chetnik families and a house of one of Pačariz's soldiers in Velika Župa. In retaliation for which Pačariz's men razed three pro-Partisan Orthodox houses. The next day, Pačariz organized a raid in Velika Župa with the Italians where he stole cattle for the villages of Hisardžik and Sjenica.[18] Alongside Italian and legalized Chetniks of Vuk Kalaitović in August 1942, Pačariz was involved in anti-Partisan action in Mileševa srez against local cell. Italians caught only two guerrilla fighters, Pačariz's men were more successful and caught five suspicious men, one of whom was executed by them.[19] Together with other commanders of Muslim militia (including Husein Rovčanin) he participated in a conference in village of Godijeva,[20] and agreed to attack the Serb villages near Sjenica and other parts of Sandžak.[21] During July 1943, Pačariz razed and pillaged the village of Stranjane. However, given that the Germans did not approve of robbery, he spent some time in custody.[22]

Within the forces of Germany

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Main article: SS Polizei-Selbstschutz-Regiment Sandschak

Following his appointment to the post of Höhere SS-und Polizeiführer Sandschak (Higher SS and Police Leader Sandžak) in September 1943, Karl von Krempler came to be known as the "Sandžak Prince" after his relatively successful formation of the SS Polizei-Selbstschutz-Regiment Sandschak. He went to the Sandžak region in October and took over the local militia of around 5,000 men headquartered in Sjenica. This formation was sometimes thereafter called the Kampfgruppe Krempler or more derisively the "Muslimischegruppe von Krempler". As the senior Waffen SS officer, Karl von Krempler appointed Pačariz as the formal commander of the unit, but as the key military trainer and contact person with German arms and munitions, remained effectively in control.[23] Pačariz participated in the Axis organized Operation Kugelblitz that started on 4 December 1943.[24] In early 1944, Pačariz was appointed as command of all militia units in Mileševo srez, including those of Husein Rovčanin.[25] In 1944, Pačariz personally killed his unit commander Hamda Bajraktarević during the meeting, because of Bajraktarević's attempts to create cooperation with partisans.[26] In July 1944, German soldiers and Pačariz's militia killed at least 18 Serbs in Karoševina near Prijepolje.[27]

In November 1944, after taking many losses from the Partizans, Pačariz and together with his units, retreated to Sarajevo where SS Polizei-Selbstschutz-Regiment Sandschak was put under command of Ustaše General Maks Luburić. Pačariz was promoted to the rank of Ustaše Colonel.

Death

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In 1945 Pačariz was captured near Banja Luka. where he was put on trial and found guilty of massacring civilians. He was executed as a war criminal.[28]

Pačariz is also commemorated in a song.[29]

References

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  1. ^ a b Miloš, Stojan (2004). Bleiburg i križni put: zločin bez kazne. Ogranak Matice hrvatske Livno, Hrvatski informativni centar. p. 254. ISBN 978-953-6058-36-5. Prema imenu pukovnika ustaške vojnice Sulejmana efendije Pačariza
  2. ^ Prcela, John; Guldescu, Stanko (1995). Operation Slaughterhouse. Dorrance Publishing Company.
  3. ^ Simpozijum seoski dani Sretena Vukosavljevića. Opštinska zajednica obrazovanja. 1982. p. 107.
  4. ^ Bojović, Jovan R.; Šibalić, Mijuško (1979). Durmitorska partizanska republika: materijali sa naučnog skupa održanog u Žabljaku 24, 25 i 26, avgusta 1977. godine. Istorijski in-t SR Crne Gore. p. 382.
  5. ^ Muñoz, Antonio J. (2001). The east came west: Muslim, Hindu and Buddhist volunteers in the German armed forces, 1941-1945. Axis Europa Books. p. 289. ISBN 978-1-891227-39-4.
  6. ^ Милутин Живковић - НДХ У СРБИЈИ Усташки режим у Прибоју, Пријепољу, Новој Вароши и Сјеници(април–септембар 1941, Последице усташке управе НДХ и рецидиви њене политике према муслиманима, Publishers: ДРУШТВО ИСТОРИЧАРА СРБИЈЕ „СТОЈАН НОВАКОВИЋ“, ИНСТИТУТ ЗА СРПСКУ КУЛТУРУ ПРИШТИНА-ЛЕПОСАВИЋ, Belgrade 2017 p.290
  7. ^ Serbia), Vojnoistorijski institut (Belgrade (1969). Zbornik Dokumenta. p. 399.
  8. ^ Radaković, Petko (1981), "Muslimanska milicija u službi okupatora", Užička Republika, Zapisi i sećanja - I (in Serbian), Užice: Muzej ustanka 1941, pp. 660, 661
  9. ^ (Живковић 2017, p. 435): "... Он је са друге стране, Италијанима у Пријепољу пријављивао често већи број бораца од оног који га је тренутно пратио, а допунска следовања у храни и плате (око 1.000 лира месечно по милицајцу) узимао за себе."
  10. ^ Radaković, Petko (1981), "Muslimanska milicija u službi okupatora", Užička Republika, Zapisi i sećanja - I (in Serbian), Užice: Muzej ustanka 1941, pp. 662, 663
  11. ^ (Живковић 2017, p. 407)
  12. ^ Djurašinović-Kostja, Vojin (1961). Stazama proleterskim. Prosveta. p. 395.
  13. ^ Ćuković, Mirko (1964). Sandžak. Nolit-Prosveta. p. 253.
  14. ^ Vujačić, Rada (1975). Žene Srbije u NOB. Nolit. p. 528.
  15. ^ Radaković, Petko (1981), "Muslimanska milicija u službi okupatora", Užička Republika, Zapisi i sećanja - I (in Serbian), Užice: Muzej ustanka 1941, p. 662
  16. ^ Radaković, Petko (1981), "Muslimanska milicija u službi okupatora", Užička Republika, Zapisi i sećanja - I (in Serbian), Užice: Muzej ustanka 1941, p. 661
  17. ^ (Живковић 2017, p. 452)
  18. ^ (Живковић 2017, p. 576)
  19. ^ (Живковић 2017, pp. 784–785)
  20. ^ Pajović, Radoje; Željeznov, Dušan; Božović, Branislav (1987). Pavle Đurišić, Lovro Hacin, Juraj Špiler. Centar za informacije i publicitet. p. 245. ISBN 978-86-7125-006-1.
  21. ^ Redžić, Vučeta (2002). Građanski rat u Crnoj Gori: Dešavanja od sredine 1942. godine do sredine 1945. godine. Stupovi. p. 61.
  22. ^ (Живковић 2017, pp. 1026–1027)
  23. ^ "The Moslem Militia and Legion of the Sandjak" in Axis Europa Magazine, Vol. II/III (No. 9), July–August–September 1996, pp.3-14.
  24. ^ Милутин Живковић - НДХ У СРБИЈИ Усташки режим у Прибоју, Пријепољу, Новој Вароши и Сјеници(април–септембар 1941, Последице усташке управе НДХ и рецидиви њене политике према муслиманима, Publishers: ДРУШТВО ИСТОРИЧАРА СРБИЈЕ „СТОЈАН НОВАКОВИЋ“, ИНСТИТУТ ЗА СРПСКУ КУЛТУРУ ПРИШТИНА-ЛЕПОСАВИЋ, Belgrade 2017 p.293
  25. ^ (Живковић 2017, p. 443)
  26. ^ (Живковић 2017, p. 439)
  27. ^ Radanović, Milan (2016). Kazna i Zločin: Snage kolaboracije u Srbiji (in Serbo-Croatian). Belgrade: Rosa Luxemburg Stiftung. p. 377.
  28. ^ Vojnoistorijski institut (Belgrade, Serbia) (1958). Zbornik dokumenata i podataka o narodnooslobodilačkom ratu naroda Jugoslavija. Vojnoistorijski institut. p. 32.
  29. ^ Etnografski institut, Srpska akademija nauka iumetnosti (1960). Posebna izdanja. Naučno delo. p. 28.

Sources

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  • Живковић, Милутин Д. (2017). Санџак 1941–1943. Филозофски Фалултет, Универзитет у Београду.
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