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Postcard purchased in 1955 depicting the liner 'Castel Felice'
Postcard purchased in 1955 depicting the liner 'Castel Felice'

Castel Felice was a SITMAR (Società Italiana Trasporti Marittima) Line liner.

History

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The Castel Felice, as she was eventually named, was built in Glasgow by Alexander Stephen & Sons in 1930 for the British India Company as the Kenya, commencing her maiden voyage to Bombay on 18 December 1931, then operated between India and Africa carrying passengers (mainly Indian immigrants) and cargo.

Castle Felice 1965 in Bremerhaven

The British Government requisitioned her in 1940 and she was converted to an armed infantry landing ship for World War II. Renamed first HMS Hydra, then HMS Keren, she was used to land troops for action in Madagascar, Sicily and North Africa.

The British India Line refused an option to resume ownership after the war in 1946 and consequently she was purchased by the British Ministry of Transport. Laid up at Holy Loch in Scotland she was subsequently purchased by the Vaslav group. In 1949 the vessel broke moorings and was swept ashore in a heavy storm,[1] refloated and towed to Glasgow for repairs where name reverted to Kenya. Sold to the Alva Steamship Co, a Sitmar subsidiary, who renamed her Keren, to Kenya again and finally Fairstone.

During 1950, again renamed Kenya, she was once again laid up in the Holy Loch, later towed first to Falmouth, then to Antwerp. Ownership was transferred to the Sitmar Line which re-modelled and refitted the ship in Genoa in the following year, and named the Castel Felice (‘Happy Castle’) for her inaugural Australian voyage to Melbourne.[2]

She began the South American immigrant service in 1952. Two years later she was refitted with air conditioning and a swimming pool to commence the Atlantic service to New York. Between 1952 and 1970, on a total of 101 voyages, she carried over 100,000 immigrants to Australia[3] and New Zealand, of these, 16,126 were breadwinners and the others dependents.[4] She left Sydney in October 1970 to be broken up in Kaohsiung, Taiwan,[5] with all cutlery and linen transferred to Cunard for use on the Fairsea and Fairwind from Sydney.

Configuration

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  • Engines: 11,000 s.h.p. six single-reduction-geared steam turbines / twin screws
  • Rigging; 1 tripod style communications mast (2 masts, with cargo cranes)
  • Surface Speed:15 knots, later 16 knots
  • Dimensions: 150.3 x 19.6 m
  • Depth: 7.6 m draught
  • Tonnage: 12,150 GRT
  • Passengers: 1,400 one class - based on her final configuration.
  • Previous names: Kenya (1930), Hydra (1941), Keren (1941), Kenya (1949), Fairstone (1950), Kenya (1950), Keren (1951–52)[2]

Notable passengers

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Arrival of the "Castel Felice" with Indo Eurasian repatriates from Indonesia; on the Lloydkade in Rotterdam, Netherlands, 20 May 1956
  • Giorgio Mangiamele (13 August 1926 – 13 May 2001) was an Italian/Australian photographer and filmmaker, creator of Sebastian the Fox who migrated to Australia aged 26, on the Castel Feilce in 1952.
  • The Groop travelled to UK on the Sitmar line cruiser Castel Felice on 31 January 1968. Traveling with them was Molly Meldrum[6]
  • The Twilights, an Australian rock and pop music group of the mid- to late 1960s with vocalist Glenn Shorrock, in July 1966 at Festival Hall, Melbourne, won the Hoadley's Battle of the Sounds prize of a trip to the UK. On 26 September 1966, the group embarked for London on the Castel Felice.
  • Ray (Raymond Frank) Mathew (14 April 1929 – 27 May 2002), an Australian author, was born in Sydney, New South Wales. Mathew wrote poetry, drama, radio plays and film scripts, short stories, novels, arts and literature criticism, and other non-fiction. He left Australia in 1960 on the Castel Felice and never returned, dying in New York where he had lived from 1968.[7]
  • Andrea Dworkin, while a student, was arrested in 1965 during an anti-Vietnam-War rally and imprisoned at New York Women's House of Detention, later testifying before a Grand Jury about her maltreatment there, receiving national and international news coverage resulting in the closure of the prison. Soon after, Dworkin left on the Castel Felice to live in Greece and to pursue her writing.[8]
  • Chantal Contouri, a Greek/Australian television and film actress and former dancer, best known for her role in the 1970s soap opera Number 96, migrated as a child to Australia on the ship in 1954.
  • Clive Shakespeare (3 June 1947 – 15 February 2012), co-founder of pop rock group Sherbet, migrated with his family to Australia in August 1964 via Castel Felice.[9][10] The family emigrated under the Government Assisted Passage Scheme to Sydney.[9]
  • Marina von Neumann Whitman (born March 6, 1935) is an American economist. She is a professor of Business Administration and Public Policy at the University of Michigan's Ross School of Business as well as The Gerald R. Ford School of Public Policy. Her father was John von Neumann, mathematician. She traveled from the USA to Europe on the Castel Felice in 1954.[11]
  • Jeffrey Smart departed Australia for London on the Castel Felice out of Sydney just after Christmas 1963, driving to Greece fellow painter Justin O'Brien.[12] On the same sailing was Margaret Reynolds (born 19 July 1941), Australian Labor Party Senator for Queensland from 1983 to 1999.[13]
  • Robyn Williams AM (born 1944 in Buckinghamshire, England) is a science journalist and broadcaster resident in Australia who has hosted the Science Show on the Australian Broadcasting Corporation since 1975, Ockham's Razor (created 1984) and In Conversation (created 1997). He immigrated to Australia from England in 1964 on the Castel Felice[14]
  • Jutta Feddersen, tapestry and installation artist migrated alone from Germany to Australia on the Castel Felice in December 1956 at 26 years of age.[15]
  • Bruce Beresford, Australian film director, moved to the UK in 1963.[16][17]

Literary references

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  • Events on the Castel Felice are at the centre of action in Calvin C. Hernton’s novel Scarecrow (Doubleday, 1974) which explores the fatal psychosexual, racial conflicts of voyagers on board.
  • Mention in Gee, Maurice (1992). Going west. Penguin Books, Auckland, N.Z., 158.
  • Hungarian playwright Kornél Hamvai's Castel Felice (2003) masquerades as a naturalist drama, but becomes surreal as passengers on the Castel Felice find themselves in a no-exit situation with national and existential dimensions.
  • Mentioned in Adam Shand's (2010) King of Thieves: The Adventures of Arthur Delaney and the Kangaroo Gang, 44,49.
  • Columnist Irma Kurtz recounts her travel from New Jersey to Europe in 1954 as an 18-year-old student on the ship in Then Again : Travels in Search of My Younger Self.[18]

Bibliography

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  • Burdett, Sandra (2013) Ten Pound Poms. Author House. ISBN 9781491878019
  • Jones, Lloyd (2013) A History of Silence: A Memoir. Text Publishing ISBN 9781922148360
  • Baty, S. 1984. Ships That Passed – The Glorious Era of Travel to Australia and New Zealand. Reed Books Pty Ltd. Frenchs Forest.
  • Plowman, P. 1992. Emigrant Ships to Luxury Liners. New South Wales University Press. Kensington.
  • Plowman, P. 2004. The Sitmar Liners – Past and Present. Rosenberg Publishing Pty Ltd. NSW.
  • Miller William H. Transatlantic Liners 1945-1980. Arco Pub 1981.
  • Miller William H. The Last Blue Water Liners. 1st U.S. ed. St. Martin's Press 1986.

References

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  1. ^ Miller, William H. (1986). The Last Blue Water Liners. ed. (1st U.S. ed.). New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. 176–177. ISBN 9780312469801.
  2. ^ a b Plowman, P. (2004) The SITMAR Liners: Past and Present. Rosenberg Publishing, ISBN 9781877058257
  3. ^ Plowman, P. (2006) Australian Migrant Ships. Rosenberg Publishing, ISBN 9781922013255
  4. ^ Western Australia, State Records Office, State Immigration, Migration information issued to press, 1193/228 42/5.
  5. ^ Kludas, Arnold; Hodges, Charles (1975). Great passenger ships of the world, 1858-1912 (1st ed.). Cambridge: Patrick Stephens. p. 72. OCLC 741730988.
  6. ^ Cadd, Brian (2010), From this side of things, New Holland Publishers (Australia), ISBN 978-1-74257-057-0
  7. ^ Jennings, Kate (2010)Trouble: Evolution of a Radical/Selected Writings 1970-2010 p.207 Chapter "Ray Mathew: An Australian for Life" p.191-293 ReadHowYouWant.com. ISBN 9781458715852
  8. ^ Andrea Dworkin (2006 )Heartbreak: The Political Memoir of a Feminist Militant Continuum, ISBN 9780826491473. p.66
  9. ^ a b "Item details: A1877, 5/7/1964 Castel Felice Shakespeare C R". National Archives of Australia. 13 August 2001. Retrieved 27 October 2022. Note: other sources have his birth year as 1949.
  10. ^ "Guitarist, co-founder brought fizz to Sherbet". The Sydney Morning Herald. 22 February 2012. Archived from the original on 9 February 2019. Retrieved 27 October 2022. Note: this source has birth year as 1949.
  11. ^ Marina von Neumann Whitman (2012) The Martian's Daughter. A Memoir. University of Michigan Press. p.85
  12. ^ Barry Pearce (2012) Master of Stillness: Jeffrey Smart Paintings 1940-2011 Wakefield Press, ISBN 9781743051238
  13. ^ Reynolds, Margaret (2007) Living Politics. Univ. of Queensland Press ISBN 9780702234385 p.31-32
  14. ^ "I arrived by boat for 10 quid. It wasn’t exactly leaky, but the Castel Felice, a converted troop carrier with the buoyancy of a brick and the cuisine of a remand home, was no castle of happiness." "Vicki Laurie Journalist and author. She and I were on the same ship to Australia, the Castel Felice back in 1964."
  15. ^ Feddersen, Jutta (2010). Substance of Shadows: The Life and Art of Jutta Feddersen Murdoch Books,ISBN 9781741964554, p.77
  16. ^ Wortham, Anne and Wortham, Christopher J (2009) Fragments; from Two Lives on Three Continents. Strategic Book Publishing, ISBN 9781606933305
  17. ^ Jeffrey, Antony (2011) Many Faces of Inspiration: Conversations on Australian Creativity. Wakefield Press, p.92. ISBN 9781862549548
  18. ^ Kurtz, Irma (2003). Then again : travels in search of my younger self (1st ed.). London, England: Fourth Estate. pp. 6, 18, 52, 56, 330. ISBN 978-0-00-739772-3. OCLC 958946190.
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